Noname manuscript No.

(will be inserted by the editor)

Circuit design and simulation for the fractional-order chaotic

behavior in a new dynamical system

Z.Hammouch · T.Mekkaoui

Received: date / Accepted: date

Abstract This paper presents a novel 3D fractional-ordered chaotic system. The dynamical be-
havior of this system is investigated. An analog circuit diagram is designed for generating strange
attractors. Results have been observed by using Electronic Workbench Multisim software, they
demonstrate that the fractional-ordered nonlinear chaotic attractors exist in this new system.
Moreover they agree very well with those obtained by numerical simulations.
Keywords Circuit design · Chaotic system · Fractional derivative · Stability.
PACS PACS 02.50.-r · 05.45.-a · 05.45.Gg.

1 Introduction

Recently, the study and the applications of fractional calculus have become a focus of interest
[1][2][20][17]. Besides, many scientists and engineers have been attracted to the theory of chaos
since the discovery of the Lorenz attractor [12]. It was found that fractional-order chaos has useful
application in many field of science like engineering, physics, mathematical biology, psychological
and life sciences [6]-[10]. Chaotic signal is a key issue for future applications of chaos-based in-
formation systems, and can be applied to secure communication and control processing, e.g., the
transmitted signals can be masked by chaotic signals in secure communications and the image
messages can be covered by chaotic signals in image encryption [22].In addition, the circuit imple-
mentation can verify the chaotic characteristics of the chaotic systems physically, provide support
for the application of chaos, and promote their technological application in the future. So the circuit
implementation of the chaotic systems has also attracted more and more attention for engineering
applications. Especially for those fractional-order attractors, the circuit implementations for them
are more important [11][13][21].
In this work, we construct a new 3D fractional-order chaotic system. Through studying its dynami-
cal behavior by numerical simulation based on the improved Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method [5]
and designs chain shape fractional-order chaotic circuit based on frequency-domain approximation
method [21].Besides, we realize the fractional-order chaotic system through Multisim software 13.0
circuit simulation platform.

2 Preliminaries

Fractional calculus is a generalization of integration and differentiation. Its idea has been known
since the development of the regular calculus, with the first reference probably being associated with
Z. Hammouch
E3MI, FSTE
E-mail: Hammouch.zakia@gmail.com
T.Mekkaoui
E3MI, FSTE
E-mail: toufik− mekkaoui@yahoo.fr
2 Z.Hammouch, T.Mekkaoui

Leibniz and L’Hôpital in 1695 where half-order derivative was mentioned. Historical introductions
on FDEs, can be found in [16]-[18]. Commonly used definitions for fractional derivatives are due
to Riemann-Liouville, and Caputo [3]. In what follows, Caputo derivatives are considered, taking
the advantage that this allows for traditional initial and boundary conditions to be included in the
formulation of the considered problem.

Definition 1 A real function f (x), x > 0, is said to be in the space Cµ , µ ∈ R if there exits a real
number λ > µ such that f (x) = xλ g(x), where g(x) ∈ C[0, ∞) and it is said to be in the space Cµm
if and only if f (m) ∈ Cµ for m ∈ IN .

Definition 2 The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator of order α of a real function

f (x) ∈ Cµ , µ ≥ −1, is defined as

Z x
1
J α f (x) = (x − t)α−1 f (t)dt, α > 0, x > 0 and J 0 f (x) = f (x). (1)
Γ (α) 0

The operators J α has some properties, for α, β ≥ 0 and ξ ≥ −1 :

– J α J β f (x) = J α+β f (x),

– J α J β f (x) = J β J α f (x),
– J α xξ = Γ Γ(α+ξ+1)
(ξ+1)
xα+ξ .

Definition 3 The Caputo fractional derivative Dα of a function f (x) of any real number α such
m
that m − 1 < α ≤ m, m ∈ IN , for x > 0 and f ∈ C−1 in the terms of J α is:

Z x
1
Dα f (x) = J m−α Dm f (x) = (x − t)m−α−1 f (m) (t)dt (2)
Γ (m − α) 0

and has the following properties for m − 1 < α ≤ m, m ∈ IN , µ ≥ −1 and f ∈ Cµm :

– Dα J α f (x) = f (x),
Pm−1 k
– J α Dα f (x) = f (x) − k=0 f (k) (0+ ) xk! , for x > 0,

2.1 Stability criterion

In order to investigate the dynamics and to control the chaotic behaviour of a fractional-order
dynamic system

Dtα x(t) = f (x(t)), (3)

we need the following indispensable stability theorem

Theorem 1 (See [14]) For a given commensurate fractional order system (3), the equilibria can
be obtained by calculating f (x) = 0. These equilibrium points are locally asymptotically stable if all
∂f
the eigenvalues λ of the Jacobian matrix J = at the equilibrium points satisfy
∂x

π
|arg(λ)| > α. (4)
2
Circuit design and simulation for the fractional-order chaotic behavior in a new dynamical system 3

Fig. 1 Stability region of the fractional-order system (3).

3 Circuits implementation and numerical simulations

3.1 Adams-Bashforth (PECE) algorithm

We recall here the improved improved version of Adams-Bashforth-Moulton algorithm [4][5] for
the fractional-order systems. Consider the fractional-order initial value problem
 α
 Dt x = f (x(t)) 0 ≤ t ≤ T,
(5)
 (k) (k)
x (0) = x0 , k = 0, 1, ..., m − 1.
It is equivalent to the Volterra integral equation
[α]−1 Z t
X (k) tk 1
x(t) = x0 + (t − s)α−1 f (s, x(s))ds. (6)
k! Γ (α) 0
k=0

Diethelm et al. have given a predictor-correctors scheme (see [4]), based on the Adams-Bashforth-
Moulton algorithm to integrate Equation (6). By applying this scheme to the fractional-order
system (5), and setting
T
h = , tn = nh, n = 0, 1, ..., N,
N
Equation (6) can be discretized as follows:
[α]−1 k n
X (k) t hα hα X
xh (tn+1 ) = x0 + f (tn+1 , xph (tn+1 )) + aj,n+1 f (tj , xh (tj )), (7)
k! Γ (α + 2) Γ (α + 2) j=0
k=0

where  α+1

 n − (n − α)(n + 1)α , j = 0,



(n − j + 2)α+1 + (n − j)α+1 − 2(n − j + 1)α+1 , 1≤j≤n (8)




1, j = n + 1,

and the predictor is given by
[α]−1 k n
(k) t 1 X
X
xph (tn+1 ) = x0 + bj,n+1 f (tj , xh (tj )), (9)
k! Γ (α) j=0
k=0

hα
where bj,n+1 = ((n + 1) − j)α − (n − j)α .
α
The error estimate of the above scheme is
maxj=0,1,..,N {|x(tj ) − xh (tj )|} = O(hp ),
in which p = min(2, 1 + α).
4 Z.Hammouch, T.Mekkaoui

3.2 The fractional frequency domain approximation

The standard definition of fractional differintegral does not allow the direct implementation of the
fractional operators in time-domain simulations. In order to study such systems, it is necessary to
develop approximations to the fractional operators by using the standard integer order operators.
According to circuit theory, the approximation formulation of α, from 0.1 to 0.9, in reference [11],
bode plot approximation chart, can be realized by the complex-frequency domain of the chain
shape equivalent circuit. When α = 0.98, it can be worked out that the approximation formula of
1
0.98
is
s
1 1.2974(s + 1125)
= . (10)
s0.98 (s + 1423)(s + 0.01125)
In formula (10), s = jω, it is complex frequency and the chain shape circuit unit is described in
Figure 2(a). The transfer function between A and B can be obtained as follows
 1 1

R1 + R2

C0 C0
+ C2 s + C1 +C2
R1 R2 1 C1
H0.98 (s) = + =   , (11)
sR1 C1 + 1 sR2 C2 + 1 C0 s + 1 s + 1
R1 C1 R2 C2

1
Taking C0 = 1νF. Since H(s)C0 = , we can reach
s0.98
R1 = 91.1873MΩ, R2 = 190.933Ω, C1 = 975.32nF, and C2 = 3.6806µF. (12)
1
Similarly, for α = 0.9, we can reach that the approximation formula of is
s0.9
1 2.2675(s + 1.292)(s + 215.4)
= . (13)
s0.9 (s + 0.01292)(s + 2.154)(s + 359.4)
The chain shape circuit unit for this case is shown in Figure 2(b). The transfer function between
A and B is
1 1 1
C1 C2 C3
H0.9 (s) = 1 + 1 + 1 , (14)
s+ R1 C1 s+ R2 C 2 s+ R3 C3

we can reach

R1 = 62.84MΩ, R2 = 250kΩ, R3 = 2.5kΩ, C1 = 1.23µF, C2 = 1.83µF, and C3 = 1.1µF. (15)

(a)

(b)

1 1
Fig. 2 The chain shape unit of: (a) and (b) 0.9 .
s0.98 s
Circuit design and simulation for the fractional-order chaotic behavior in a new dynamical system 5

4 A new 3D fractional-order chaotic system

We introduce the following system

 α

 D x = −2x − y 2 ,



Dα y = −4xz + 3y − z 2 , (16)




 α
D z = 4xy − 7z + yz,

where the fractional-order α ∈ (0, 1].

4.1 Dynamical analysis

In order to reveal dynamical properties of the nonlinear system (16), the equilibria should be
considered at first
 −2x − y 2 = 0,





−4xz + 3y − z 2 = 0, (17)




4xy − 7z + yz = 0.


The obtained equilibrium points from (17) and the corresponding eigenvalues are as given in
Table.1.

Table 1 Equilibrium points and corresponding eigenvalues.

Equilibrium points Eigenvalues

E0 (0, 0, 0) λ1 = 3, λ2 = −7, λ3 = −2.
E1 (−0.923250, 1.35886, −0.889584) λ1 = −5.478102, λ2,3 = 0.418480 ± 5.245549I.

Hence E0 is unstable, and E1 is a saddle point of index 2. With the aid of Theorem 1, a necessary
condition for the fractional-order systems (16) to remain chaotic is keeping at least one eigenvalue
απ
λi in the unstable region i.e, |arg(λi )| > , It means that when α > 0.949318 system (16) exhibits
2
a chaotic behaviour.

4.2 Circuit designs and numerical simulations

Applying the improved version of Adams-Bashforth-Moulton numerical algorithm described above

with a step size h = 0.01, system (16) can be discretized. It is found that chaos exists in the
fractional-order system (16) when α > 0.94 with the initial condition (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (0.7, 0.1, 0).
Figure 3 (a), (b) and (c) demonstrate that the systems has chaotic behavior for α = 0.98. On
the other hand, when we take some values of α ≤ 0.94, the fractional system (16) can display
the periodic attractors, and asymptotically stable orbits (see figures 4 and 5). On the other hand,
by using Multisim software 13 to conduct simulations on the 3D fractional-order system (16),
analog circuits are designed to realize the behaviour of (16). Three state variables x, y and z are
implemented by three channels, respectively. The implementations use resistors, capacitors, analog
multipliers and analog operational amplifiers, as shown in Figures 6 and 7. A comparison of Figure
3 to 8 (resp. 4 to 9 and 5 to 10), prove that analog circuit for system (16) is well coincident with
numerical simulations. A conclusion can be made that the chaotic and non-chaotic behaviors exist
in the fractional-order system (16), which verifies its existence and validity.
6 Z.Hammouch, T.Mekkaoui

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 3 Chaotic attractors of the fractional-order system (16) obtained by numerical simulations : (a) x − y (b) y − z
(c) x − z, for α = 0.98.
Circuit design and simulation for the fractional-order chaotic behavior in a new dynamical system 7

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 4 Asymptotically stable orbits of the fractional-order system (16) by numerical simulations: (a) x − y (b) x − z
(c) y − z, for α = 0.9.
8 Z.Hammouch, T.Mekkaoui

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 5 Time series of the fractional-order system (16) by numerical simulations : (a) x (b) y (c) z for α = 0.9.
Circuit design and simulation for the fractional-order chaotic behavior in a new dynamical system 9

Fig. 6 Circuit diagram for the realization of the fractional-order chaotic system (16) for α = 0.98.
10 Z.Hammouch, T.Mekkaoui

Fig. 7 Circuit diagram for the realization of the fractional-order chaotic system (16) for α = 0.9.
Circuit design and simulation for the fractional-order chaotic behavior in a new dynamical system 11

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 8 Chaotic attractors of the fractional-order system (16) observed by the oscilloscope 1V/Div : (a) x − y (b)
y − z (c) x − z with α = 0.98.
12 Z.Hammouch, T.Mekkaoui

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 9 Circuit simulation asymptotically stable orbits of the fractional-order system (16) observed by the oscillo-
scope 1V/Div : (a) x − y (b) x − z (c) y − z, for α = 0.9.
Circuit design and simulation for the fractional-order chaotic behavior in a new dynamical system 13

(a)

(b)

(a)

Fig. 10 Time series of the fractional-order system (??) observed by the oscilloscope 1V/Div : (a) x (b) y (c) z, for
α = 0.9.

5 Conclusion

In this paper, we introduce a new three-dimensional fractional-order chaotic system and its exis-
tence and stability. By adopting a chain shape circuit form the circuit experimental simulation of
this fractional-order system is presented. The derived results between numerical simulation and
circuit experimental simulation are in agreement with each other.
14 Z.Hammouch, T.Mekkaoui

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