story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.
In some allegories, for example, an
author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial
consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").
The repetition can reinforce meaning,
unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something
which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.
Allusions can be historical, literary,
religious, topical, or mythical.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional
or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. Anachronism Anachronism is derived from a Greek word anachronous which means “against time”. Therefore, an anachronism is an error of chronology or timeline in a literary piece. In other words, anything that is out of time and out of place is an anachronism.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two
different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar.
Analogies can also make writing more
vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Apostrophe Apostrophe can also refer to an
exclamatory figure of speech. The definition of apostrophe as a literary device is when a speaker breaks off from addressing one party and instead addresses a third party. This third party may be an individual, either present or absent in the scene. It can also be an inanimate object, like a dagger, or an abstract concept, such as death or the sun. Because there is a clear speaker and change of addressee, apostrophe is most commonly found in plays. It does, however, sometimes occur in poetry and prose.
Assonance Assonance takes place when two or more
words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds.
Caricature Caricature is a device used in descriptive
writing and visual arts where particular aspects of a subject are exaggerated to create a silly or comic effect. In other words, it can be defined as a plastic illustration, derisive drawing or a portrayal based on exaggeration of the natural features, which gives a humorous touch to the subject.
Characterizatio Characterization is a literary device that is
n used step by step in literature to highlight and explain the details about a character in a story.
Cliché Cliché refers to an expression that has been
overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty. A cliché may also refer to actions and events which are predictable because of some previous events.
Cliffhanger A cliffhanger is a type of narrative or a plot
device in which the end is curiously abrupt so that the main characters are left in a difficult situation without offering any resolution of conflicts.
Climax Climax, a Greek term meaning “ladder”, is
that particular point in a narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point.
Colloquial/ The use of slang or informalities in speech
Colloquialism or writing.
Not generally acceptable for formal
writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialect
Comparison Comparison is a rhetorical or literary
device in which a writer compares or contrasts two people, places, things, or ideas. In our everyday life, we compare people and things to express ourselves vividly. So when we say, “as lazy as a snail,” you compare two different entities to show similarity i.e. someone’s laziness to the slow pace of a snail.
Conflict In literature, a conflict is a literary element
that involves a struggle between two opposing forces usually a protagonist and an antagonist.
Connotation The non-literal, associative meaning of a
word; the implied, suggested meaning.
Connotations may involve ideas, emotions
or attitudes
Consonance Consonance refers to repetitive sounds
produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase. This repetition often takes place in quick succession such as in pitter, patter.
Contrast Contrast is a rhetorical device through
which writers identify differences between two subjects, places, persons, things or ideas. Simply, it is a type of opposition between two objects highlighted to emphasize their differences.
Denotation The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a
word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the denotation of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal
Denouement Denouement is derived from a French
word called “denoue” that means “to untie”. The denouement is a literary device which can be defined as the resolution of the issue of a complicated plot in fiction. Majority of the examples of denouement show the resolution in the final part or chapter that is often an epilogue.
Dialect The language used by the people of a
specific area, class, district or any other group of people. The term dialect involves the spelling, sounds, grammar and pronunciation used by a particular group of people and it distinguishes them from other people around them.
Dialogue A dialogue is a literary technique in which
writers employ two or more characters to be engaged in conversation with each other. In literature, it is a conversational passage or a spoken or written exchange of conversation in a group or between two persons directed towards a particular subject. The use of dialogues can be seen back in classical literature, especially in Plato’s Republic. Several other philosophers also used this technique for rhetorical and argumentative purposes. Generally, it makes a literary work enjoyable and lively.
Diction Diction can be defined as style of
speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer.
Enjambment It can be defined as a thought or sense,
phrase or clause in a line of poetry that does not come to an end at the line break but moves over to the next line.
Euphemism From the Greek for "good speech,"
euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT
Extended A metaphor developed at great length,
Metaphor occurring frequently in or throughout a work.
Figurative Writing or speech that is not intended to
carry literal meaning and is usually meant Language to be imaginative and vivid
Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is a literary device in
which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story.
Hyperbole A figure of speech using deliberate
exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")
Hyperboles often have a comic effect;
however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. The opposite of hyperbole is understatement.
Idiom The term refers to a set expression or a
phrase comprising two or more words. An interesting fact regarding the device is that the expression is not interpreted literally. The phrase is understood as to mean something quite different from what individual words of the phrase would imply. Alternatively, it can be said that the phrase is interpreted in a figurative sense. Further, idioms vary in different cultures and countries.
Imagery The sensory details or figurative language
used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.
On a physical level, imagery uses terms
related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory.
On a broader and deeper level, however,
one image can represent more than one thing.
For example, a rose may present visual
imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection.
An author may use complex imagery while
simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work.
Inference To draw a reasonable conclusion from the
information presented.
Invective An emotionally violent, verbal
denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.
Irony The contrast between what is stated
explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.
Irony is often used to create poignancy or
humor. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language: (1) verbal irony - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational irony - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic irony - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Jargon Jargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation, profession or trade. These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field. Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing.
Metaphor A figure of speech using implied
comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.
Metaphorical language makes writing
more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.
Mood The prevailing atmosphere or emotional
aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.
Onomatopoeia A figure of speech in which natural sounds
are imitated in the sounds of words.
Simple examples include such words as
buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.
Oxymoron From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an
oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.
Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp"
and "cruel kindness."
Paradox A statement that appears to be self-
contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.
Parallelism Also referred to as parallel construction or
parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another."
It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical
framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element.
The effects of parallelism are numerous,
but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.
Parody A work that closely imitates the style or
content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.)
Well-written parody offers enlightenment
about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.
Pathetic Fallacy Pathetic fallacy is a literary device that
attributes human qualities and emotions to inanimate objects of nature. The word “pathetic” in the term is not used in the derogatory sense of being miserable; rather, here, it stands for “imparting emotions to something else”.
Pedantic An adjective that describes words,
phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).
Personification A figure of speech in which the author
presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.
Personification is used to make these
abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.
Point of view In literature, the perspective from which a
story is told. There are two general divisions of point of view, and many subdivisions within those.
(1) First person narrator tells the story
with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character.
(2) Third person narrator relates the
events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it."
There are two main subdivisions to be
aware of: (1) Third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters (2) Third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters.
In addition, be aware that the term point
of view carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude. Repetition The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.
Rhetoric From the Greek for "orator," this term
describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.
Sarcasm From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh,"
sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.
It may use irony as a device, but not all
ironic statements are sarcastic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.
Satire A work that targets human vices and
follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.
Style The consideration of style has two
purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc.
(2) Classification of authors to a group and
comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.
Syllogism From the Greek for "reckoning together," a
syllogism (or syllogistic reasoning or syllogistic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid.
Symbolism Generally, anything that represents itself
and stands for something else.
Usually a symbol is something concrete --
such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract.
(1) Natural symbols are objects and
occurrences from nature to symbolize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge).
(2) Conventional symbols are those that
have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers).
(3) Literary symbols are sometimes also
conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness.
Synecdoche Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which
a word or phrase that refers to a part of something is substituted to stand in for the whole, or vice versa. For example, the phrase “all hands on deck” is a demand for all of the crew to help, yet the word “hands”—just a part of the crew—stands.
Syntax The way an author chooses to join words
into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words.
Theme The central idea or message of a work,
the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.
Tone Similar to mood, tone describes the
author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, business-like, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc. Understatemen The ironic minimalizing of fact, t understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.
Wit In modern usage, intellectually amusing
language that surprises and delights.
A witty statement is humorous, while
suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks.
Wit usually uses concise language that
makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.
Juxtaposition Making an idea more dramatic by placing
it next to its opposite.
Rhetorical A question whose answer is assumed, a
Question rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and is a significant tool in the study of rhetoric.
Simile A critical figure of speech in an argument
when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance.
Sentence When an essay question asks you to
structure analyze sentence structure, look at the type of sentences the author uses. Remember that the basic sentence structures are simple, compound, and complex and variations created with sentence combining. Also consider variation or lack of it in sentence length, any unusual devices in sentence construction, such as repetition or inverted word order, and any unusual word or phrase placement with all devices, be prepared to discuss the effect of the sentence structure. For example, a series of short, simple sentences or phrases can produce a feeling of speed and choppiness. which may suit the author's purpose.
Stylistic An essay prompt that mentions stylistic
devices devices is asking you to note and analyze all of the elements in language that contribute to style-such as diction, syntax, tone, attitude, figures of speech, connotations, and repetition.
(Collected Works of Erasmus) Desiderius Erasmus, A.H.T. Levi - Literary and Educational Writings, volume 27 and volume 28_ 5_ Panegyricus _ Moria _ Julius exclusus _ Institutio principis christiani .