A.

Animal Bites
-An animal bite is a wound, usually lacerations, caused by the teeth. An animal bite
usually results in a break in the skin but also includes contusions from the
excessive pressure on body tissue from the bite. The contusions can occur without
a break in the skin. Bites can be provoked or unprovoked. Other bite attacks may
be apparently unprovoked. Biting is a physical action not only describing an attack
but it is a normal response in an animal as it eats, carries objects, softens and
prepares food for its young, removes ectoparasites from its body surface, removes
plant seeds attached to its fur or hair, scratching itself, and grooming other animals.
Animal bites often result in serious infections and mortality. Animal bites not only
include injuries from the teeth of reptiles, mammals, but fish, and amphibians.
Arthropods can also bite and leave injuries.

How to Prevent Animal Bites:

-Never pet, handle, or feed unknown animals
-Leave snakes alone
-Watch your children closely around animals
-Vaccinate your cats, ferrets, and dogs against rabies
-Spay or neuter your dog to make it less aggressive
-Get a tetanus booster if you have not had one recently
-Wear boots and long pants when you are in areas with venomous snakes

What to Do:
-Wash the bite area with soap and water; apply pressure with sterile gauze or a
clean cloth if the bite is bleeding.
-If the bleeding has stopped, apply antibiotic ointment.
-Cover the area with a bandage or sterile gauze.
-Offer your child acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain.
B. First Aid for the Different Body Pains

-Headache
A headache involves pain in the head which can arise from many disorders or may
be a disorder in and of itself.

There are three types of primary headaches: tension-type (muscular contraction

headache), migraine (vascular headaches), and cluster. Virtually everyone
experiences a tension-type headache at some point. An estimated 18% of American
women suffer migraines, compared to 6% of men. Cluster headaches affect fewer
than 0.5% of the population, and men account for approximately 80% of all cases.
Headaches caused by illness are secondary headaches and are not included in these
numbers.

Approximately 40-45 million people in the United States suffer chronic headaches.
Headaches have an enormous impact on society due to missed workdays and
productivity losses.

Prevention:

Some headaches may be prevented by avoiding triggering substances and

situations, or by employing alternative therapies, such as yoga and regular
exercise. Since food allergies often are linked with headaches, especially cluster
headaches, identification and elimination of the allergy-causing food(s) from the
diet can be an important preventive measure.
-Toothache
A toothache is any pain or soreness within or around a tooth, indicating inflammati
on and possible infection.

A toothache may feel like a sharp pain or a dull ache. The tooth may be sensitive to
pressure, heat, cold, or sweets. Incases of severe pain, identifying the problem toot
h is often difficult. Any patient with a toothache should see a dentist atonce for dia
gnosis and treatment. Most toothaches get worse if not treated.

Emergency self-care:
Toothaches should always be professionally treated by a dentist. Some methods of
self-
treatment, however, may helpmanage the pain until professional care is available:

-rinsing with warm salt water

-using dental floss to remove any food particles

-
taking aspirin or acetaminophen (Tylenol) to relieve pain; the drug should be swall
owed—never placed directly onthe aching tooth or gum

applying a cold compress against the outside of the cheek; do not use heat, because
it will tend to spread infection.

using clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum) to numb the gums; the oil may be rubbed d
irectly on the sore area or used tosoak a small piece of cotton and applied to the sor
e tooth

Prevention:
Maintaining proper oral
hygiene is the key to preventing toothaches. The best way to prevent tooth decay is
to brush atleast twice a day, preferably after every meal and snack. Flossing once a
day also helps prevent gum disease byremoving food particles and bacteria at and
below the gum line, as well as between teeth. People should visit theirdentist at lea
st every six months for oral examinations and professional cleaning.

-Back Pain
Pain felt in or along the spine or musculature of the posterior thorax. It is usually c
haracterized by dull, continuous pain andtenderness in the muscles or their attachm
ents in the lower lumbar, lumbosacral, or sacroiliac regions. Back pain is oftenrefer
red to the leg or legs, following the distribution of the sciatic nerve.

Prevention
You may be able to avoid back pain or prevent its recurrence by improving your
physical condition and learning and practicing proper body mechanics.
To keep your back healthy and strong:

-Exercise. Regular low-impact aerobic activities — those that don't strain or jolt
your back — can increase strength and endurance in your back and allow your
muscles to function better. Walking and swimming are good choices. Talk with
your doctor about which activities are best for you.

-Build muscle strength and flexibility. Abdominal and back muscle exercises
(core-strengthening exercises) help condition these muscles so that they work
together like a natural corset for your back. Flexibility in your hips and upper legs
aligns your pelvic bones to improve how your back feels. Your doctor or physical
therapist can tell which exercises are right for you.

-Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight strains back muscles. If you're

overweight, trimming down can prevent back pain.
-Eye Pain

Eye pain can occur on the surface of your eye or within your eye's deeper
structures. Severe eye pain — especially accompanied by any degree of vision loss
— may be a signal that you have a serious medical condition. Seek immediate
medical attention.
Eye pain that's on the surface of your eye might be described as itching, burning or
shooting pain. Surface eye pain is often related to a foreign object in your eye, an
eye infection, or anything that irritates or inflames the membrane covering the
surface of your eye.
You might describe eye pain originating deeper within your eye as throbbing or
aching

Firts Aid:
-Try to keep off the victim from rubbing the eye.
-Wash your hands thoroughly before examining the victim’s eye.
-Do not attempt to remove a foreign object match, toothpick or any other paointed
instrument.
-Refer the victim to a physician if something is imbedded in the eyeball or if
something is thought to be embedded but cannot be located.
-Muscle Pain
Almost everyone has sore, aching muscles now and then. Muscle pain can involve
a small area or your whole body, ranging from mild to excruciating.
Although most muscle aches and pains go away on their own within a short time,
sometimes muscle pain can linger for months. Muscle pain can develop almost
anywhere in your body, including your neck, back, legs and even your hands.

Muscle Strain Treatment:

1. Control Swelling and Prevent Further Injury With PRICE
-Protect by applying an elastic bandage, sling, or splint.
-Rest the muscle for at least a day.
-Ice immediately, and continue to ice for 10 to 15 minutes every hour, for 2-3 days.
-Compress by gently wrapping with an Ace or other elastic bandage. (Don't wrap
tightly.)
-Elevate injured area above the person's heart level, if possible, for at least 24
hours.
2. Manage Pain and Inflammation
-Take an over-the-counter
pain medication like aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). Do not give aspirin to
anyone under age 18.
3. Follow Up
-Elevate and ice the area every 3 to 4 hours after the first day.
4. When to Call a Doctor
Call a health care provider if:
-After a day or two the person can't move or put weight on the affected area.
-The injured area is cool, pale, or changes color.
-There is tingling or numbness.
-There is new or severe pain.
-The person needs advice on how (and how soon) to resume normal exercise and
activity.

Prevention:

-Stretch your muscles before engaging in physical activity and after workouts.
-Incorporate a warm-up and a cooldown into all of your exercise sessions.
-Stay hydrated, especially on days when you are active.
-Engage in regular exercise to help promote optimal muscle tone.
-Get up and stretch regularly if you work at a desk or in an environment that puts
you at risk for muscle strain or tension.
C. Fever
Fever is part of the body's own disease-fighting arsenal: rising body temperatures
apparently are capable of killing off many disease- producing organisms. For that
reason, low fevers should normally go untreated, although you may need to see
your doctor to be sure if the fever is accompanied by any other troubling
symptoms. As fevers range to 104 F and above, however, there can be unwanted
consequences, particularly for children. These can include delirium and
convulsions. A fever of this sort demands immediate home treatment and then
medical attention. Home treatment possibilities include the use of aspirin or, in
children, non-aspirin pain-killers such as acetaminophen, cool baths, or sponging
to reduce the fever while seeking medical help. Fever may occur with almost any
type of infection of illness. The temperature is measured with a thermometer.

What to Do:
-Check if the victim has no other signs of illness.
-To reduce fever put wet towel on the victim’s forehead.
-Help the victim take medicine.
-Ask medicinal assistance if the fever doesn’t go down.

Prevention:

-Wash your hands often and teach your children to do the same, especially before
eating, after using the toilet, after spending time in a crowd or around someone
who's sick, after petting animals, and during travel on public transportation.

-Show your children how to wash their hands thoroughly, covering both the front
and back of each hand with soap and rinsing completely under running water.

-Carry moist towelettes or hand sanitizer with you for times when you don't have
access to soap and water.
-Try to avoid touching your nose, mouth or eyes, as these are the main ways that
viruses and bacteria can enter your body and cause infection.

-Cover your mouth when you cough and your nose when you sneeze, and teach
your children to do likewise. Whenever possible, turn away from others when
coughing or sneezing to avoid passing germs along to them.

-Avoid sharing cups, water bottles and utensils with your child or children.