fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk;

(cau;juk;)

ngsjpftpay;
ghlj;jpl;lk;
(2017k;Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhdJ)

tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if
www.nie.lk
 mwpKfk;
,t; mfpyj;jpd; mbg;gilj;Jzpf;iffs; xd;wpd; kPJ xd;W gpuNahfpf;Fk; tpirfSk; mt;tpirfspdhy;
cUthFk; tpisTlDk; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s gpujhd tpQ;QhdNk ngsjpftpay; MFk;. ,J tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; vy;yhg;
gpupTfSf;Fk; %yNtuhfj; jpfo;tJld; rfy ,aw;ifj; Njhw;wg;ghLfisAk; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ.
ngsjpftpaiyAk;> ngsjpftpay; KiwfisAk; fw;gjdhy; ngWk; kjpg;gPl;lwpthdJ fy;tpapd; KOikahd
gFjpahf tpQ;Qhd khztu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) ngsjpftpay; ghlkhdJ ,uz;L tUlj;jpw;Fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jld; ,j;jpl;lk;

MdJ cau; fy;tpiaf; fw;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; Vida Jiwfspy; gpuNtrpg;gtu;fSf;Fk; md;whl tho;tpw;Fj;
Njitahd ngsjpftpay; gpd;dzp mwpit toq;Ffpd;wJ.

ii
1.1 Njrpa ,yf;F fs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdp egu;fF

; k; r%fj;jpwF
; k; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis mltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdu;f;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fle;j fhyq;fspy;,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu;
NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;GfspYk;
nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj; jpl;l
tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapidj; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G > Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk;> ,yq;ifg; gd;ik r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk;>
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifah; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;gupajj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis
mq;fPfhpjj;Yk;> NgZjYk;.
3. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs; fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUth; kPJ xUth; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j
,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkg;gLj;Jk; r%f> ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;if Kiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fgg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngh\pf;ff; $baJk;> ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;f;$baJ
khd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;> jahh;gLj;jTk;> tpiuthf khwptUk;
cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk; vjph;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfis rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rh;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhh; ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk;> jpwd;fisAk; tsh;j;jy;.
Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;F Otpd; mwpf;i f (2003)

iii
1.2 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
fPNo $wg;gl;Ls;s fy;tp %yk; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy; NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s Njrpaf;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;F cjTk;

i. njhlu;g hly; gw;w pa Nju;r ;r pfs;

,j;jifikfspd; Kjw;njhFjp ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfshy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

- vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jputwpT> jftywpT vd;gd.

njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fs; (skills)

vOj; j wpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; tpjkhf thrpj;jy;> njspthfTk; jpUj;jkhfTk;
vOJjy; vd;gd
vz; z wpT: vz;fis vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;iw msg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jy;
rpj; j putwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa juTfs; mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;
Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk;> ,U kw;Wk; Kg;gupkhz mikg;Gfs;> tiuGf;FwpaPLfs; (graphic symbols)
cUtg;glk; (icons) vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;

jfty; njhlu;g hly; njhopy;El;gj; Nju;r ;r pfs;

fzzp njhlu;ghd mwpT> jfty; njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fis fw;wypy; my;yJ Ntiyapy; kw;Wk; gpuj;jpNaf tho;f;ifapy;
gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;

ii. MSik tpUj;j p njhlu;g hd Nju;r ;r pfs;

- nghJthd jpwd;fshd (General skills) Mf;fj; jpwd;> nt;NtW Kiwahd rpe;jid> (divergent thinking) Muk;gpj;jy; (initiative) >
KbT vLj;jy;> gpur;rid jPu;jj; y;> ju;ff
; k;> (critical) kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> FOepiy Ntiy> (team work) Ml;fSf;Fk;
(inter) jdpegupw;Fkhd njhlu;G> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; Muha;r;rp nra;jYk;
- kjpg;gLP fshd Neu;ik (integrity) > rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ij kjpj;jy;
- eltbf;if (cognition) vLj;jy;

iv
iii. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;
,j;jifikfspd; ,uz;lhk; njhFjp r%fk;> capupay;> kw;Wk; ngsjpfr; #oYld; njhlu;Gilad.

i. r%fr; # oy; : r%f mq;fj;jtu;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> Ez;Zu;T> jpwd;fs; vd;gd kw;Wk; r%f njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu;
elj;ij> nghJthdJk; rl;lg+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gfs;> flikfs;> flik
czu;r;rpfs;.

ii capupaw;#oy;: thOk; cyF> kdpjd;> capupaw; njhFjp vd;gd gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> Ez;Zzu;T> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk;
kuq;fs;> fhLfs; fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupdk; - jhtuk;> tpyq;F kw;Wk; kdpj capu; vd;gd.

iii ngsjpfr;#oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs; nghUl;fs; vd;gd gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> Ez;Zzu;T> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk;
mit kdpj tho;f;if czT> cil> tjptplk;> Rfhjhuk;> trjp> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T>
fopT> kyryk;> njhlu;ghlYk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fkhd rhjdk; / fUtp vd;gdtw;Wldhd njhlu;Gfs;.

iv cyfNtiyia jahupj;jy; njhlu;g hd Nju;r ;r pfs;

Ntiytha;g;G njhlu;ghd jpwd;fis mtu;fspd; jpwikfSf;F Vw;g mjpfg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;F
Vw;g mjpfg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;F gq;fspg;gjw;F mtu;fspd; Mw;wiy mjpfupj;jy;> mtu;fspd;
njhopy; rk;ge;jkhd eyd;fisAk; kdg;ghq;fpidAk; fz;lwpjy;> mtu;fspd; Mw;wYf;F Vw;gTk;> kw;Wk; ntFkjpahd
khWk; epiyahd tho;thjhuj;jpy; <Lglf;$baJkhd Ntiyiaj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;

v xOf;fhw;W> rkak; vd;gd njhlu;ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;

• Rw;Wr;#oy; tsq;fis Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf mtw;wpd rhj;jpaj; jd;ikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjd;%yk; epu;tfpg;gJ
njhlu;ghd jpwikfis cUthf;Fjy;
• cs> cly; uPjpahd MNuhf;fpa tho;it Kd;ndLg;gjw;F tpQ;Qhd mwptpd; gad;ghL njhlu;ghd jpwikfis
/ cUthf;Fjy;
• Njrj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpapd; xj;Jiog;Gf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; ntw;wpAld; $ba jdpegu; cUthFtjw;F>
NkYk; fy;tpapy; <Lgl kw;Wk; vjpuf
; hyj;jpy; rthyhd Ntiytha;gG ; fis vjpun
; fhs;sy; njhlu;ghd jpwikfis
cUthf;Fjy;
• ,aw;if epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; mfpyj;jpw;Fupa tpQQ ; hd mbg;gilia Gupjy; njhlu;ghd jpwikfis cUthf;Fjy;
• Mw;wy; kw;Wk; rf;jpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cfe;j mstpy; jpwd; kw;Wk; nray; jpwidg; guhkupg;gjw;F
Neu;j;jpahd njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jy;.

v
2.0 Nehf;fq;fs;

ghlKbtpy; khztu;fs;

1. njhopEl;g cyfpy; cWjpahd gpuiIahf tUtjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpitAk; tpsf;fj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

2. tpQ;Qhd KiwiaAk;> gad;ghl;ilAk;> vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; czu;e;Jnfhs;tJld; md;whl tho;tpy; ,tw;wpd; gpuNahfq;fis

Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;.

3. md;whl tho;tpd; ngsjpftpaypd; fw;iff;Fk; gad;ghl;bw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd jpwikfisAk; ,aYikfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;thu;.

4. ngsjpftpaYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd> jpUj;jkhd> mupjhd> nghUs; cz;ikj;jd;ikahd> jhdhfj; njhlq;Fk; jpwd;> fz;Lgpbf;Fk;
Mw;wy;> tprhuiz Nghd;w kdg;ghq;Ffis tpUj;jp nra;thu;.

5. #oy; gw;wpa fhg;igAk; Mu;tj;ijAk; J}z;Lthu;.

6. ngsjpftpayhsu; cgNahfpj;j cgfuzq;fs; gw;wpa nraw;ghLfisAk;> gupNrhjid uPjpahd mtjhdpg;GfisAk;> jpwd;fisAk;

mDgtuPjpahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

vi
 jiyg;Gfspd; gl;baYk; ghlNtisfspd; xJf;fPLk;. (List if topics and allocated number of periods)

myF jiyg; G ghlNtisfs;

myF 01 mstPL 30

myF 02 nghwpapay; 110

myF 03 miyTfSk; miyfSk; 100

myF 04 ntg;gg; ngsjpftpay; 60

myF 05 <u;g;Gg; Gyk; 20

myF 06 kpd; Gyk; 60

myF 07 fhe;jg; Gyk; 40

myF 08 Xl;l kpd;dpay; 70

myF 09 ,yj;jpudpay; 40

myF 10 rlj;jpd; nghwpapay; ,ay;Gfs; 40

myF 11 rlKk; fjpu;g;Gk; 30

nkhj;jg; ghlNtisfs; 600

vii
juk; juk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;

Kjyhk; jtiz 1.1 ,Ue;J 2.5 tiu ( 10 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;)

juk;-12 ,uz;lhk; jtiz 2.6 ,Ue;J 3.5 tiu ( 08 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;)

%d;whk; jtiz 3.6 ,Ue;J 4.9 tiu ( 15 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;)

Kjyhk; jtiz 5.1 ,Ue;J 7.6 tiu ( 09 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;)

juk;-13 ,uz;lhk; jtiz 8.1 ,Ue;J 10.2 tiu ( 14 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;)

%d;whk; jtiz 10.3 ,Ue;J 11.6 tiu ( 07 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;)

viii
3.0 ghlj;jpl;lk;
3.1 juk; 12 myF 1 - mstPL (30 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

1.0 1.1 • ngsjpftpay; - mwpKfk; ,g;g hl myif fw;w gpd;d h; khzth; 02

Kiwikahd ngsjpftpaypd; • md;whl tho;f;ifAld;  rf;jp> rf;jp njhlu;ghfr; rlg;nghUl;fspd;
ngsjpftpay; njhlu;GWk; tpjk; elj;ij kw;Wk; rf;jp ,lkhw;wk; Mfpad
Njly;fSf;fhf tpahgfj;ijAk;
gw;wpa fw;ifNa ngsjpftpay; vd
ngsjpftpaypd; NjlYf;fhf • etPd r%fj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjpy;
tpsf;F thh;.
gupNrhjid tpQ;Qhd ngsjpftpaypd; gq;fspg;G;
 ngsjpftpayhdJ mbg;gilj;
Kiwia • tpQQ; hd Kiwapd; mbg;gil
uP j pahd> Jzpf;iffspypUe;Jk; mbg;gil
vt;thW vz;z f;fU tpirfspdpd;Wk; mfpyj;jpd; ghupa
fzpjuPj pahf
gad;gj;jyhk; fl;likg;Gfs; kPJ fUj;J}d;wr; nra;Ak;
rl;lfq;fisAk;
vd;gij ghlk; vd tptupg;ghh;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. Muha;thu;.  ngsjpfj; jj;Jtq;fis md;whl
eltbf;iffspy; gad;gLj;jTk; ,aw;ifj;
Njhw;wg;ghLfis tpsf;Fthh;.
 etPd ehfupf tsu;rr ; papy; ngsjpftpaiy
vt;thW gpuNahfpf;fyhk; vd;gij
fPo;tUk; jiyg;Gfs; %yk; tpupj;Jf;
$Wthh;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J
 njhlu;ghly;
 rf;jp cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; rf;jpg;gad;ghL
 itj;jpak;
 Gtp kw;Wk; mz;lntsp Ma;Tfs;
 tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tfspw;F
tpQ;QhdKiwiag; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 ngsjpftpaypd; tsu;r;rpfs;>
mtjhdq;fspYk; mtw;wpdbg;gilapy;
ngwg;gl;l mDkhdq;fisAk; Mjhukhff;
nfhz;Ls;snjd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sthh;.

1
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

1.2 • ngsjpff; fzpaq;fSk; myFfSk; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

md;whl • mbg;gilahd ngsjpff;  mbg;gilg; ngsjpff; fzpaq;fisAk; 04
tho;f;ifj; fzpaq;fs; ngw;w ngsjpff; fzpaq;fisAk;
Njitfspd; • ru;tNjr myFKiw (SI) fz;lwpthh;.
NghJk; • mbg;gil myFfs;  nghUj;jkhd SI myFfisAk; ngWjp
Vida eil • kpif epug;G myFfs;; SI myFfisAk; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
Kiwr; • ngWjpg; ngsjpff; fzpaq;fSk;  myFld; my;yJ myF mw;w vz;
re;ju;g;gq;fspd; ngWjp myFfSk; gUkidf; nfhz;bUg;gJ vy;yh
NghJk; (SI) • myFfs; mw;w ngsjpff; ngsjpf fzpaq;fSf;Fk;
myFfisr; fzpaq;fs; nghUj;jkhdjhFk; vd;gij
nrk;ikahf • myFfspd; klq;FfSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;thh;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. cgklq;FfSk;  klq;FfisAk; cgklq;FfisAk;
fhl;Ltjw;F Kw;Nrh;f;iffisAk;
mtw;wpd; FwpaPLfisAk;
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 nghUj;jkhd myfpw;F khw;Wthh;
 nghUSila ,yf;fq;fis
gad;gLj;jk; mwpTit
ntspf;fhl;Lthh;.
1.3 • gupkhzq;fs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
mbg;gil  mbg;gilg; ngsjpff; fzpaq;fspd; 04
• nghwpapaypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
gupkhzq;fspd; mbg;gilahd %d;W ngsjpff; ghpkhzq;fis fz;lwptJld; mjid
%yk; fzpaq;fspd; gupkhzq;fs;. nghwpapaypy; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
ngsjpftpay; • jpzpT  rkd;ghLfis ghpkhzg;gb rupghu;g;ghh;.
fzpaq;fs; • ePsk;  Nfhitfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
gw;wp • Neuk; ghpkhzq;fis gad;gLjJthh;.

2
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
Njbaha;thu;. • ngWjp ngsjpff; fzpaq;fspd;  ngsjpf fzpaq;fl;F myFfis
gupkhzq;fs; fz;lwpa gupkhzq;fisg;
• gupkhzq;fspd; gad;ghLfs; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
• ngsjpfrkd;ghnlhdpd;
nka;ikiar; Nrhjpj;jy;
• njupahj ngsjpff;
fzpaq;fspd; myifAk;
gupkhzj;ijAk; Njly;
• rkd;ghLfisg; ngwy;

1.4 • mstPlL ; cgfuzq;fs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;; 12

mstPlb; d; tO • Nfhl;ghL> ,opntz;zpf;ifAk;  md;whlr; nraw;ghLfspYk;
,opthFk; tPr;Rk; gupNrhjidfspd;NghJ mstPLfs;
tifapy; • mstPlb ; d; tOf;fs; vLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpgupg;ghh;.
nghUj;jkhd • Kiwik tO  mstPlL ; cgfuzq;fspd;
mstPlL ; • vOkhw;WtO ,opntz;zpf;ifia fz;lwpthh;.
cgfuzj;ijj; • gpd;d kw;Wk; rjtPjtO  gy;NtW ngsjpff; fzpaq;fis
njupT nra;J • Ma;T$l mstPlL ; cgfuzq;fs; mstpl nghUj;jkhd mstPlL ;
mstPLfisj; • kPww; u; msf;Fk; Nfhy; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLjJthh;.
jpUj;jkhf • Ntzpau; ,Lf;fp  Ntzpah; Nfhl;ghl;ilAk;
ngWthu;. • Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rp jpUFf;Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;Fthh;.
• Nfhskhdp  Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp> efUk;
• efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b EZf;Ff;fhl;b> Ez;khdp jpUFf;
• Kf;Nfhy;juhR/ehw;Nfhy; juhR/ fzpr;rp> Nfhskhdp> Kf;Nfhy; juhR>
tpQ;Qhd ,yj;jpudpay; juhR ehw;Nfhy; juhR> ,yj;jpudpay; juhR>
• epWj;jy; kzpf;$L/ epWj;jy; kzpf;$L> epWj;jw; fbfhuk;>

3
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk;
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk;
epWj;jw; fbfhuk;/
,yf;f epWj;jw; fbfhuk
; • ,yf;f gd;khdp
• Ma; T $l ghpNrhjidfspy;
gad;g Lj;J k; cgfuzq;f s;;
• Ntzpau; ,Lf;fp
• Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;r p
• Nfhskhdp
• efUk; EZf;F f;f hl;b
4
fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
,yf;ff;(Digital) fbfhuk;
Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;;Jthh;.
 mstPLfspy; Kiwik tO
(G+r;rpatOf;fSld; Nrh;j;J)> kw;Wk;
vOkhw;WtO vd;gd vt;thW ghjpg;ig
nrYj;Jk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.
 gpdd; kw;Wk; rjtPj tOf;fis fzpgg ; hh;.
 xU gupNrhjidapd; ,Wjp KbtpYs;s
tOf;fspd; njhlu;Gg; gUkdpd;
nry;thf;if kjpg;gpLthh;.
 Ntzpah; ,Of;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp
nghs;shd cUis xd;wpd; Mok;>
cs;tpl;lk;> ntsptpl;lk; vd;gtw;iw
Jzpthh;. (ghpNrhjid)
 Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rpiag;
gad;gLj;jp ehzak; xd;wpd; tpl;lk;>
jbg;G vd;gtw;iw Jzpthh;.
(ghpNrhjid)
 Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp
nghs;shd cUisnahd;wpd;
Nkw;gug;gpd; Miuia Jzpthh;.
(ghpNrhjid)
 efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp
,wg;gh; Foha; xd;wpd; cs;tpl;lk;>
ntsptpl;lk; vd;gtw;iw Jzpthh;.
(ghpNrhjid)
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

 jug;gl;l mstPlL
; cgfuzq;fspy;
Vw;w cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
xOq;fhd tbtKila nghUs; xd;wpd;
mlh;j;jpia fzpg;ghh;. (ghpNrhjid)

1.5 • vz;zpfSk; fhtpfSk; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;; 08

re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Fg; • vz;zpf; fzpaq;fs;  fhtpf;fzpaq;fSf;Fk; vz;zpf;
nghUj;jkhd • fhtpf; fzpaq;fs; fzpaq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
thW • fhtpf; fzpaj;jpd; Nfj;jpufzpj NtWghl;il mwpaTk; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk;
fhtpf;$l;ly;> tbtk; cjhuzq;fs; juTk; $bajhf ,Ug;ghh;.
gpupf;if • tpisAs; fhtp  Nfj;jpufzpjKiwg;gb fhtpia Fwpgg ; hh;.
Mfpatw;iw • xNu Nfhl;by; my;yJ  xU jsfhtpfis $l;l> fopff ; $bajhf
gad;gLj;Jthu;. rkhe;juNfhLfspy; cs;s ,U ,Ug;ghh;.
fhtpfs;  fhtp ,izfu Kiwiag;gad;gLj;jp
• rha;thd ,U fhtpfs; rha;thd ,U fhtpfspd; tpisAs;
• fhtp ,izfu Kiw fhtpia fz;lwpthh;.
• fhtp Kf;Nfhzp Kiw  fhtp Kf;Nfhzp Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
• fhtpj; njhFjp tpisAs; fhtpia fz;lwpthh;.
• fhtpg; gy;Nfhzp Kiw  fhtpg; gy;Nfhzp Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
• fhtpj;Jzpg;G tpisAs; fhtpia fz;lwpthh;.
 fhtp xd;iw xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,U
nrq;Fj;jhd ,U jpirfspy; gphpg;ghh;.
 gy tpirfSf;Fg; gjpyhf xU
jdptpir gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
re;jh;g;gj;jpw;Fk; mjd;
kWjiyf;Fkhd cjhuzj;ij
jUthh;.

5
 myF 2 - nghwpapay; (110 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

2.0 2.1 • ,af;fj;jpay; (Kinematics) ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;;

ngsjpftpay; xU ghpkhz> • njhlu;gpaf;fk;  njhlh;gpaf;f vz;zf;fUit 15
,U ghpkhz • rkhe;jug;ghijfspy; xNu jpirapy; gad;gLj;jp epfo;Tfis
Nfhl;ghLfspd;
,af;fq;fis ,aq;Fjy; tpghpg;gjw;fhd cjhuzq;fis
mbg;gilapy;
gFj;jha;thu;. • rkhe;jug;ghijfspy; vjpuj; ; jpirapy; jUthh;.
vk;i kr; ,aq;Fjy;  epak FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp
#oTs;s • khwh Mu;KLfspd; fPo; Neu;Nfhl;baf;fk; njhlh;gpaf;fj;jpw;Fhpa rkd;ghLfis
,af;fq;fis • ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd tiuGfs; vOJthh;.
gFg;g ha;T • s  t tiuGfs;  nghUnshd;W kw;nwhU nghUSf;Fr;
nra;tjw;fhf • v  t tiuGfs; rhu;ghf rkhe;jukhd ghijfspy; xNu
mbj;jsj;ij • ,af;frkd;ghLfs; jpirapYk; vjpnujpu;j; jpirapYk;
,thu;. • Neh;Nfhl;by; ,af;fk; khwh Ntfj;Jld; mirAk; NghJ
• GtpaPu;g;gpd; fPo; vwpa ,af;fk; mg;nghUspd; Ntfj;ij fzpg;ghh;.
 ,lg;ngah;r;rp> Ntfk;> Mh;KLfy;
Mfpatw;iwf; fzpg;gjw;F ,lg;ngau;rr; p
vjpu; Neuk;> Ntfk; vjpu; Neuk; Mfpa
tiuGfisg; Njitf;Nfw;f
gad;gLj;Jth;.
 Ntf-Neu tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp
,af;frkd;ghLfis tpghpg;ghh;.
 nghUs; xd;wpd; Neu;fN ; fhl;L ,af;fk;>
fpilj;jsj;jpy; ,af;fk;> GtpaPu;g;gpd;
fPo; epiyf;Fj;jhd ,af;fk;> cuha;T
mw;w rha;jsj;jpy; ,af;fk; vd;gd
gw;wp tptupf;fTk;> vjpu;T$wTk; khwh
Mu;KLfYf;fhd ,af;fr;
rkd;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
6
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
 GtpaPh;g;gpd; fPo; Xh; vwpa ,af;fj;jpd;
fpil> epiyf;Fj;J ,af;fj;ij
tpghpg;ghh;.
 vwpa ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ mg;nghUspd;
Ntfj;ijAk; mjd; epiyiaAk;
fzpg;ghh;.
 vwpa ,af;fk; njhlh;ghd
gpuNahfq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis
jUthh;.
 nghUs; xd;wpd; ,af;fj;ij tiuG
Kiwahf jUthh;.
 ,af;f tiuGfis gad;gLj;jp
nghUs; xd;wpd; ,af;fj;ij
tpghpg;ghh;.
 gpur;ridfis jPh;ff ; tiuGfisAk;
,af;frkd;ghLfisAk; gad;gLj;jp
fzpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;
2.2
cly; xd;wpd; • tpirfspd;; tpisAs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
GtPaPh;g;G • ,U tpirfspd; tpisAs;  tpirfspd; tpisAis tpghpg;ghh;. 15
ikaj;ijj; • xUjs tpirj; njhFjpapd;  ,izfu tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp
Jzptjw;F tpisAs; tpir tpirfspd; tpisASf;fhd
tpisAs; • tpirj;jpUg;gk; mr;rufzpj Nfhitia vOJthh;.
tpiriaAk;> • xU Gs;spapy; tpirj;jpUg;gk;  xU js tpirj;njhFjpapd;
tpirj; • tpir ,izj;jpUg;gk; tpisAis tpirj;Jzpg;G
jpUg;gj;ijAk; • rkhe;ju tpirfspd; tpisAs; KiwiaAk; tpir,izfutpjpiaAk;
cgNahfpg;ghu;. gad;gLj;jp fhz;ghh;.
7
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

tpirAk; jhf;ff;NfhLk;  xNu jpirapYs;s ,U rkhe;ju

(xNu jpirapYs;s rkhe;jutpirfs;)
• nghUs; xd;wpd; GtpaPu;g;Gikak;
(rkhe;ju tpirfspd; tpisAisg;
gad;gLj;jy;)
• xOq;fhd nghUs;fspd;
GtpauP g
; G
; ikak;
• xOq;fhd tbtKila $l;Lg;
nghUs;fspd; GtpaPu;g;G ikak;
• jpzpT ikak;
• tpir ,izfu tpjpiag;
gad; g Lj;j p nghUnshd; w pd;
epiwiaj; Jzpjy;
tpirfspd; tpisAisAk; mjd;
jhf;ff; Nfhl;ilAk; fz;lwpthh;.
 rkhe;ju tpirfspd; tpisAis
gad;gLj;jp GtpaPh;g;G ikaj;ij
tpghpg;ghh;.
 xOq;fhd tbtKila
$l;Lg;nghUl;fspd; GtpaPu;g;G
ikaj;ijf;; fhz;ghh;.
 nghUs; xd;wpd; epiwia tpir
,izfutpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp
ghpNrhjid hPjpahf JzptJld;
tpjpia tha;gG ; k; ghh;gg
; hh;.
 tpirj;jpUg;gj;ijAk; tpir ,izapd;
jpUg;gj;ijAk; fhz;ghh;.
 cly; xd;wpd; jpzpT ikaj;jpD}L
tpir jhf;Fk;NghJ mjd; ,af;fj;ij
tpghpg;ghh;.
 cly; xd;wpd; jpzpT ikaj;ij
tpyj;jp tpir jhf;Fk;NghJ mjd;
,af;fj;ij tpghpg;ghh;.
 xU jsg; nghUs; xd;wpd;
GtpaPh;g;Gikaj;ij Jzpa vspa
nraw;ghl;il epfo;jJ ; thh;.

8
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

2.3 • tpirAk; ,af;fKk; 20

,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
nghUs;fspy; • jpzpT
 ,af;fj;jpd; epiyia khw;Wtjw;fhd
eilngWk; • rlj;JtjpzpT
jilNa rlj;Jtk; vd $Wthh;.
,af;fq;fisf; • <u;g;Gj;jpzpT
 Vfghpkhz rlj;Jtj;ij mstpLtNj
fl;Lg;gLj;J • rlj;Jt> rlj;Jtkw;w rl;lk;
jpzpT vd;gij Ghpe;J nfhs;thh;.
tjw;fhf • ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd epA+w;wdpd;
 <h;g;Gtpir fhuzkhd ngwg;gLk;
,af;fk; gw;wpa Kjyhk; tpjp
jpzpNt <h;g;Gj;jpzpT vd
• ce;jk;
mwpKfg;gLj;Jthh;.
epA+l;ldpd; • ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd epA+w;wdpd;
 epA+l;ldpd; ,af;f tpjpfis $Wthh;.
tpjpfisg; ,uz;lhk; tpjp
 epA+l;ldpd; Kjyhk;
gad; • F= ma Ig; ngWjy;
tpjpiag;gad;gLj;jp tpiria
gLj;Jthu;. • epA+w;wd; vd;gij
tiuaWg;ghh;.
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;
 F= ma Ig; ngWthh;.
• fzj;jhf;fq;fSk; fzj;jhf;f
 SI myfpy; tpiria epA+l;ld; vd
tpirfSk;
tiuaWg;ghh;.
• Neu;Nfhl;L ce;jf;fhg;Gj;jj;Jtk;
 khwhj; jpzpitAk; khwh
• ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd epA+w;wdpd;
tpirfisAk; fUjp ,af;fepiyfisg;
%d;whk; tpjp
gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F> epa+l;ldpd;
• Ra nrg;gk; nra;Ak; tpirfs;
,af;f tpjpfisAk; ce;jk; njhlu;ghd
• ,Oit
vz;zf;fUitAk; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
• cijg;G/neUf;fy;
 xU nghUspy; njhopw;gLk;
• epiyapay; cuha;T
tpirfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk;
• cuha;Ttpirfs;
tpisAs; tpirfisj; Jzptjw;Fk;
• epiyapay; cuha;T
RahjPdg; nghUs; tpir
• vy;iy cuha;T
tupg;glq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
• ,af;ftpay; cuha;T
• RahjPd nghUs; tpir thpg;glk;
9
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
 jhf;ftpiriaAk; kWjhf;f
tpirfisAk; fz;lwpthh;.
 vg;nghOJk; ,t;tpirfs; (jhf;fk;>
kWjhf;fk;) ,Uf;Fk; vd czh;e;J
nfhs;Sthh;;.
 fzj;jhf;F tpir nghJthf
kpfFWfpa Neuj;jpy; jhf;Fk; khWgLk;
tpir vd czh;e;J nfhs;Sthh;.
 fzj;jhf;F tpirfis gad;gLj;Jk;
fzq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis
jUthh;.
 Ra nrg;gk; nra;Ak; tpirfspd;
,ay;ig fz;bwpthh;.
 ,af;fj;njhFjpfspy; cuha;tpd;
tpisT gw;wp gFj;jha;T nra;thh;.
 vy;iy cuha;TlDk; ,af;ftpay;
cuha;TlDk; njhlh;ghd fzpg;Gfspy;
<LgLthh;.
 epA+l;ldpd; ,af;ftpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
fzpg;Gfspy; <LgLj;Jthh;.
 ce;jKk; mjd; fhg;Gk; njhlh;ghd
fzpg;Gfspy; <LgLthh;.
 epA+l;ldpd; tpjpfs; njhlh;ghd vspa
nraw;ghLfspd; <LgLthh;.

10
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

2.4 • rkepiy ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth; 10

nghUs; • rkepiyf;fhd epge;jidfs;  Gs;spg; nghUnshd;wpd; rkepiyf;fhd
xd;wpid • tpirj;jpUg;gq;fspd; jj;Jtk; epge;jidfisg; fz;lwptjw;fhd
rkepiyapy; • ,U tpirfspd; fPo; rkepiy nraw;ghLfis elj;Jthh;.
itj;jpU- • xUjs tpirfspd; rkepiy  xUjstpirj; njhFjpapd; fPo;
j;jYf;Fj; • %d;W rkhe;jukw;w tpirfs;; tpiwg;ghd nghUs; xd;wpd; rkepiyf;
Njitahd • %d;W rkhe;ju tpirfs;; fhd epge;jidfis fz;lwptw;fhd
fhuzpfisf; • tpir Kf;Nfhzpj; Njw;wk; nraw;ghLfis elj;Jthh;.
fz;lha;thu;. • tpirg; gy;Nfhzp  %d;W rkhe;jukhd xUjstpirfspd;
• rkepiy epiyfs; rkepiyf;fhd epge;jidfis tpgupgg ; hh;.
• cWjp  %d;W rkhe;ju kw;w xUjstpirfspd;
• cWjpapy; rkepiyf;fhd epge;jidfis tpgupgg ; hh;.
• eLepiy  jpUg;Gjpwd; jj;Jtj;ij tpghpg;ghh;.
• tpirj;j pUg;g j; jj; J tj;i jg;  tpirr; rkepiy njhlu;ghd vspa
gad; g Lj; j p clnyhd; w pd; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Fk; nghUl;L tpir
epiwiaj; Jzpjy; Kf;Nfhzj; Njw;wj;ijAk; jpUg;Gjpwd;
; jj;Jtj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 tpirg; gphpg;G Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
tpirr; rkepiy njhlh;ghd
gpurpdq;fis jPh;g;ghh;.
 njhFjp xd;wpd; rkepiyf;fhd vz;zf;
fUit cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sthh;.
 rkepiyf;fhd %d;W epiyfis
fz;lwpthh;.
 tpirj;jpUg;gj; jj;Jtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
clnyhd;wpd; epiwiaj; JzpjYf;fhd
ghpNrhjidia elj;Jthh;;.
11
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
2.5 ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
rf;jpg; • Ntiy> rf;jp kw;Wk; tY  nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy> ,af;fg;ghl;Lr;rf;jp> 15
gad;ghL> • Ntiy mOj;j rf;jp> tY Mfpatw;wpd; rf;jp
CLflj;jy; • Neu;Nfhl;baf;fj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; khw;wq;fisAk; jpwd;fisAk;
vd;gtw;iw Ntiy fzpf;Fk; nghUl;L rkd;ghLfisg;
mstwpKiwapy; • nghwpKiwr;rf;jp gad;gLj;Jthh;.
nra;thu;. • ,af;fg;ghl;Lrf;jp  kPspay; mOj;j rf;jpf;fhd Nfhitia
• ngau;T ,af;fg;ghl;Lr;rf;jp ,Oit> ePl;rp rhh;ghf tpghpg;ghh;.
• mOj;jrf;jp  kPspay; mOj;j rf;jpf;fhd Nfhitia
• <u;g;G mOj;jrf;jp tpirkhwpyp> ePl;rp rhh;ghf tpghpg;ghh;.
• kPspay; mOj;jrf;jp  rf;jpf; fhg;Gj; jj;jtj;ijAk; nghwpKiwr;
• tYTk; jpwDk; rf;jpf;fhg;Gj;jj;Jtj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp
• rf;jpf;fhg;Gj; jj;Jtk; gpur;rpdq;fis jPh;g;ghh;.
• nghwpKiwr; rf;jpf;fhg;Gj; jj;Jtk;  Ntiy - rf;jp jj;Jtj;ij $Wthh;.
• Ntiy rf;jp jj;Jtk;  cw;gj;jpahf;fYf;F vt;thW rf;jpia
gad;gLj;jKbAk; vd;gij gFg;gha;T
nra;thh;.
 tY> jpwd; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUf;fis
tpsq;FtJld; Qhgfg;gLj;Jthh;.
 NkhJifAlDk; ntbj;jYlDk;
njhlh;Ggl;l gpurpdq;fisj;
rf;jpf;fhg;Gj;jj;Jtj;ijAk; Vfghpkhd
ce;jf;fhg;Gj;jj;Jtj;ijAk;
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 kPs;jd;ik NkhJiff;Fk; kPspay; mw;w
NkhJiff;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il
tpsf;Fthh;.
12
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

2.6 • Row;rp ,af;fk; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

Row;rp,af;fk;> • Nfhz ,lg;ngau;r;rp
tl;l ,af;fk; • Nfhz Ntfk;
njhlu;ghd • Row;rp mjph;ntz;
vz;zf; • Nfhz Mu;KLfy;
fUf;fis • rPuhd Nfhz Mu;KLfypd; fPo;
EZfpaha;thu;. Row;rp ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfs;
• rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gk;
• nky;ypa rPuhd Nfhy;
• nky;ypa rPuhd tisak;
• rPuhd tl;lj;jl;Lk; cUisAk;
• rPuhd Nfhsk;
• Nfhz ce;jk;
• KWf;fk;
• KWf;fk;> rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gk;>
Nfhz Mu;KLfy; vd;gtw;Wf;
fpilapyhd njhlu;G
• Nfhz ce;jf;fhg;Gj; jj;Jtk;.
• Row;rp ,af;fj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l
Ntiy
• Row;rp ,af;frf;jp
• Neu;Nfhl;L ,af;fj;Jf;Fk; Row;rp
,af;fj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
xg;Gikfs;
• fpilj;jsj;jpy; rPuhd Nfhz
Ntfj;Jld; tl;l ,af;fk;
• kPbwd;
 Nfhz ,lg;ngah;r;rp> NfhzNtfk;> 15
Nfhz Mh;KLfy; vd;gtw;wpd; SI
myif $Wthh;.
 rpm ngWkhdj;ijAk;>
NfhzNtfj;ijAk; njhlh;GgLj;Jthh;.
 Vfghpkhz ,lg;ngah;r;rpf;Fk; Nfhz
,lg;ngah;r;rpf;Fk;> Vfghpkhzfjpf;Fk;
Nfhz fjpf;Fk;> Vfghpkhz
Mh;KLfYf;Fk; Nfhz Mh;KLfYf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlh;it jUthh;.
 miyTfhyj;ijAk; kPbwidAk;
gad;gLj;jp Row;rp ,af;fj;ij
tpsf;Fthh;.
 Row;rp ,af;fj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghLfis
vOJthh;.
 Row;rp ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfisg;
gad;gLj;jp gpurpdq;fis jPh;g;ghh;.
 Row;rp rlj;Jtj;ij mstpLtJ
rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gk; vd;gij tpghpg;ghh;.
 Fwpj;j mr;Rg;gw;wp Gs;spj;jpzpT xd;wpd;
rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gk; I = mr2 vd
tpghpg;ghh;.
 Fwpj;j mr;Rg;gw;wp cly; xd;wpd;
rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gk; I   mi ri 2 vd
tpghpg;ghh;.

13
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
• Mtu;jj
; d fhyk;  rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gkhdJ jpzpT> Row;rp
• njhlypf; fjp mr;R> jpzpTg;guk;gy; vd;gtw;wpy;
• ika ehl;l Mu;KLfy; jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gij nra;J fhl;Lth;.
• ika ehl;l tpir  nghUs; xd;wpy; jhf;Fk; KWf;fkhdJ
mjd; rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gj;jpw;Fk; Nfhz
Mh;KLfYf;Fkhd njhlh;G 
vd njhlh;G gLj;Jthh;.
 rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gj;jpdJk;
NfhzNtfj;jpdJk; ngUf;fk; Nfhz
ce;jk; vd;gij tpghpg;ghh;.
 nghUnshd;wpd; Row;rp ,af;fj;ij
mjd;kPJ njhopw;gLk; KWf;fj;ij
Jzptjd; %yk; vjpu;T $Wthh;.
 rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gk;> KWf;fk;>
Nfhzce;jk; vd;gtw;Wld;
njhlh;Ggl;l gpurpdq;fis jPh;g;ghh;.
 Nfhzce;jf;fhg;G jj;Jtk;
njhlh;ghd cjhuzq;fis jUthh;.
 Nfhzce;jf;fhg;Gj; jj;Jtjij
nra;J fhl;Ltjw;F vspa
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthh;.
 khwhf; fjpapy; nghUnshd;W tl;lg;
ghijapy; ,aq;Fk; epiyikfisg;
gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
 khwhf;fjpapy; fpilahd tl;lg;
ghijapy; ,aq;Fk; nghUnshd;wpd;
ikaehl;l Mu;KLfiyf; fzpg;ghh;.
14
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
 tpj;jpahrkhd tl;l,af;fq;fSf;fhd
ikaehl;ltpiria fz;lwpthh;.
 ikaehl;l Mu;KLfiy mg;nghUspd;
;kPJ njhopw;gLk; tpirfSld; njhlu;G
gLj;Jthh;.

2.7 • ePu;epiyapay; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;; 12

md;whl • ePu;epiyapay; mKf;fk;  Vaupd; Ma;fUtp> U Foha;fspy;;
tho;f;ifapYk; • tspkz;ly mKf;fk; mlu;j;jpfspd; xg;gPL njhlu;ghd
tpQ;Qhd • jputq; f spd; njhlh;g lu; j ; j piaf; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghh;.
NtiyfspYk; fhzy;  ePupaw;nwhFjp njhopw;gLk; jj;Jtj;ij
xa;tpYs;s • U Fohiag; gad;gLj;jy; tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;Fk;
jputq;fs; • Vaupd; Ma;f Utpiag; g];fhypd; (Pascal’s) jj;Jtj;ijg;
gw;wpa gad; g Lj; j y; gpuNahfpg;ghh;.
jj;Jtq;fisAk; • mKf;fk; CLflj;jg;gly;  mkpo;jy;> kpjj;jy; njhlu;ghd
tpjpfisAk; • g];fhypd; jj;JtKk; mjd; Njhw;wg;ghLfis tpsf;Ftjw;Fk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. gad;ghLk; gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;Fk; Mf;fpkpb]pd;
• NkYijg;G jj;Jtj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
• Mf;fpkPbrpd; jj;Jtk;  Mf;fpkpb]pd; jj;Jtj;ij nfhs;if
• kpjj;jy; hPjpahfTk; ghpNrhjid hPjpahfTk;
• kpjj;jYf;fhd epge;jidfs; cWj;jpg;gLj;Jthh;.
• kpjj;jy; tpjp  U-FohiaAk; Vahpd; Ma;fUtpiaAk;
• ePukhdp gad;gLj;jp jputq;fspd; mlh;j;jpfis
• epiwNaw; w g; g l; l Nrhjidf; xg;gpLthh;.
Fohiag; gad; g Lj; j p  ePukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mlh;j;jpia
jputq;f spd; mlu;j ; j pia Jzpthh;.
xg; g ply;
15
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

2.8 ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

md;whl • ghap ,af;ftpay;  nfhe;jspg;Ggha;r;riyAk; mUtpf;
tho;f;ifapYk; • nfhe;jspg;Ggha;r;rYk;> Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;riAk; NtWgLj;Jthh;.
tpQ;Qhd mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;rYk;  cWjpahd mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;rYf;F
uPjpapYk; • nfhe;jspgg ; w;w cWjpgg ; ha;rr
; Yf;fhd njhlu;rr
; pr; rkd;ghl;il cgNahfpgg
; hh;.
gha;r;rg; gLk; njhlh; r ; r pr; rkd; ghL  NgZaPapd; jj;Jtk; typjhtjw;fhd
ghapfs; gw;wpa • NgZaPapd; jj;Jtk; (ngWjy; epge;jidfis $Wthh;.
jj;Jtq;fisAk; mtrpak; md;W)  gpurpdq;fs; jPuf;Fk; nghUl;L NgZ}aPapd;
tpjpfisAk; • NgZaPapd; jj;Jtj;jpd; gad;ghLfs; jj;Jtj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;ghh;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.  NgZ}aPapd; jj;Jtj;ij
tpsf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F vspa
nraw;ghLfis nra;J fhl;Lthh;.

16
 myF 3 - miyTfSk; miyfSk; (100 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

3.0 3.1 • miyTfs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

kdpjdpd; ngsjpftpaiy • vspa ,ir ,af;fk; (S. H. M)  vspa ,ir ,af;fj;jpw;F mtrpakhd 15
Gyq;$ u; mbg;gilahff; • vspa ,ir ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd epge;jidfis tptupg;ghh;.
czu; r ; r p nfhz;L ngsjpff; fzpaq;fs;  vspa ,ir ,af;fj;ij tiuaWg;ghh;.
miyTfisg; • tPpr;rk;  vspa ,ir ,af;f rpwg;gpay;Gr;
fspd;
gFg;gha;T • kPbwd; rkd;ghL a = -2x I gad;gLj;jTk;
tPr;ir
nra;thu;. • Mtu;jj ; d fhyk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sthh;.
mfykhf;F -  miyAk; nghUnshd;wpd; ,af;fj;ij
• rf;jp
tjw;F • vspa ,ir ,af;fj;jpd; mjd;kPJ njhopw;gLk; tpirfSld;
miyfs; tiutpyf;fzk; njhlu;GgLj;Jthh;.
njhlu;g hd • vspa ,ir ,af;fj;Jf;Fupa  vspa ,ir ,af;fj;jpd; tPr;rk;> kPbwd;>
jj;Jtq;fis elj;ijr; rkd;ghL Mth;jj ; d fhyk; vdgtw;iw
-Ak; • a = 2x tpghpg;ghh;.
vz;z f; • rPuhd tl;l ,af;fnkhd;wpd; vwpa  vspa ,ir ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ
fUf;fisAk; ,af;fk; Xh; vspa ,ir ,af;fk; ,af;fg;ghl;Lr;rf;jpAk; mOj;jr;rf;jpAk;
• mjpu;tpd; mtj;ij xd;wpypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F khWk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• mtj;ij tpj;jpahrk; vd;gij tpghpg;ghh;.
• ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;fhd rkd;ghL  rPuhd tl;l ,af;fnkhd;wpd; vwpa ,af;fk;
(miyT t = 0 ,y; x = 0 ,y; Xu; vspa ,ir ,af;fk; vd vLj;Jf;
Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ kl;Lk;) fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Fthh;;.
x = Asint  mtj;ijia mwpKfg;gLj;Jthh;.
• vspa ,ir ,af;fj;jpw;F xj;j  mtj;ijiag; gad;gLj;jp vspa ,ir
,lg;ngau;r;rp - Neu tiuG ,af;fj;ij Mw;Wk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd;
• vspa Crypd; rpwpa miyT epiyia tpsf;Fthh;.
l  mtj;ijtpj;jpahrj;ij gad;gLj;jp ,U
miyTfhyk; T  2 vspa ,ir ,af;fq;fis tpghpff ; KbAk;.
g

17
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

• vspa Criy cgNahfpj;J  miyTWk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd;

GtpaPu ;g ;G Mu;K Lfiyj;
Jzpthu; .
• ,Nyrhd Rup tpy;ypy;
njhq;ftplg;gl;l jpzptpd;
rpwpa miyTfs;
m  vspa Criyg; gad;gLj;jp GtpaPh;g;G
• miyTfhyk; T  2
k Mh;KLfiy Jzpthh;.
• ,Nyrhd Rhp tpy; xd;wpy; tpy;
khwpypia Jzpth;
• RahjPd mjpu;T
• jzpj;j mjpu;T
• type;j mjpu;Tk; ghpTk;
,lg;ngah;r;rpia fz;lwpthh;.
Muk;gpf;Fk; ,lk; miyTikakhFk;
vd;gij mwpth;. ( x = Asint )
 Jzpf;if xd;wpd; vspa ,ir
,af;fj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;F ,lg;ngau;r;rp
– Neu tiuigg; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 ,Nyrhd Rhp tpy; xd;wpd;
tpy;khwpypia Jzpthh;.
 RahjPd> jzpj;j> type;j mjph;Tfis
NtWgLj;Jthh;.
 ghw;wdpd; Criy gad;gLj;jp type;j
mjphi; tAk; ghptjphi ; tAk; nra;J
fhl;Lthh;.
 type;j mjph;TfisAk; ghpitAk;
Jzpf;if cjhuzq;fis gad;gLj;jp
tpghpg;ghh;.
 rpy re;jh;gg ; q;fspy; ghpit mDkjpgg ; J
gaDs;sjhfTk; rpy re;jh;gg ; q;fspy;
ghpT jtph;f;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gij
tpghpg;ghh;.

18
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

3.2 • nghwpKiw miyfs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

gy;NtW • FWf;fiyfs;  rpypq;fpia cgNahfpj;J miy 08
tifahd • nel;lhq;F miyfs; ,af;fj;jpw;F nray;
miy • miy xd;wpd; tiuG tifFwpgG; tpsf;fkspg;ghh;.
,af;fq;fisAk; • miyAld; njhlu;Gila ngsjpff;  Jzpf;iffspd; vspa ,ir ,af;f
mtw;wpd; fzpaq;fs; mbg;gilapy; miyapafj;ij
gad;ghLfisAk; • kPbwd; - ƒ tptupg;ghh;.
Njbawpthu;. • miyePsk; - λ  nel;lhq;F miyfisAk;
• fjp - ν FWf;fiyfisAk; NtWgLj;Jthh;.
• tPr;rk; - A  miy ,af;fj;ij tiuGuPjpapy; tif
• miyf;fjp ν = ƒ λ Fwpf;fTk; xNu mtj;ijapYs;s
Gs;spfisAk; ntt;NtW
mtj;ijfspYs;s / vjpu;
mtj;ijapYs;s Gs;spfisAk;
,dq;fhZthh;.
 xNu mtj;ijg; Gs;spfisg; gad;gLj;jp
miyePsj;ij fz;lwpa KbAk;.
 miynahd;wpd; fjp> kPbwd;>
miyePsk; vd;gtw;wpd;
tiutpyf;fzq;fis gad;gLj;jp
v  f I ca;j;jwpthh;.
 miy ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghh;.

19
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
3.3 ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
miyfspd; • miyfspd; ,ay;Gfs;  miyfspd; ,ay;Gfisg; gw;wp vspa 15
,ay;Gfis • njwpg;G nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; nray;
Muha;e;J • tpiwj;j njwpg;G tpsf;fkspf;f Fw;wiy jhq;fpiaAk;
mit • nkd; njwpg;G ,io/rpypqf ; piaAk; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
gad;gLk; • KwpT  miyfspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfshfj;
re;ju;g;gq;fs; • Nfhzy; njwpg;G> KwpT> jiyaPL kw;Wk;
gw;wp • Kidthf;fk; Nfhzy; gw;wp tptupg;ghh;.
Njbaha;thu;. • miyfspd; kPg;nghUj;jy; jj;Jtk;  vspa nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; tpiwj;j
• jiyaPL njwpg;G> nkd;njwpg;G vd;gtw;Wf;fhd
• epiyahd miyfs; nray;tpsf;fkspg;ghh;.
• mbg;Gfs;  tpiwj;j njwpg;igAk;
• fb  f1  f 2 > nkd;njwpg;igAk; NtWgLj;Jthh;.
 Kwptpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTis
(ngWjy; mtrpakpy;iy)
tpsf;Ftjw;F tpj;jpahrkhd
• epiyahd miyapidAk; tpUj;jp
Clfq;fspy; Ntfj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
miyapidAk; xg;gpLjy;
khw;wk;> miyePsk;> nrYj;Jif jpir
vd;gtw;iw gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 KwpTr;Rl;bia tiuaWg;ghh;.
 KwpTf;Rl;bAld; fjp> miyePsk;>
gLNfhzk;> KwpNfhzk;
vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlh;ig
jUthh;.
v1 1 sin i
1 n2   
v2 2 sin r
 KwpTnjhlh;ghd fzpj;jy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.

20
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

 miyfspd; Nkw;nghUe;Jifia
$Wthh;.
 tiuT tiff;Fwpgg ; pd; %yk; miyfspd;
kPnghUe;jiy tpghpg;ghh;.
 jiyaPL> epiyahd miyfs;> kw;Wk;
mbg;Gfs;; epfo;tij tpsf;Ftjw;F
miyfspd; kPnghUj;jy; jj;Jtj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 ,io mjphpiag; gad;gLj;jp
epiyahd miyfs; gw;wp nray;
tpsf;fkspg;ghh;.
 epiyahd miy cUthtjw;Fj;
Njitahd epge;jidfis $Wthh;.
 epiyahd miyfis tiuG
Kiwahf fhl;Lthh;.
 epiyahd miyiaAk; tpUj;jp
miyiaAk; NtWgLj;Jthh;.
 fNjhl;Lf; fjph;T miyTfhl;b(CRO)
iaAk; ,irf;fitfisAk;
gad;gLj;jp mbg;Gf;fs; gw;wp nray;
tpsf;fkspg;ghh;.
 mbg;Gfs;> epiyahd miyfs;
njhlu;ghd fzpg;Gfis
Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.
 gz;G hPjpahf jiyaPL> Nfzy;>
Kidthf;fk; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthh;.

21
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
3.4 ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
khwpfisf; • ,iofspy; epiyahd miyfs;  FWf;fiyapd; fjpf;fhd Nfhitia 12
fl;LgLj;Jtjd; • <u;f;fg;gl;l ,ioapy; epiyahd ,ioapYs;s ,Oit> myF
%yk; miyfs; ePsj;jpw;fhd jpzpT rhh;ghf jUthh;.
,iofspYk;  ,iofspy; epiyahd miyfSf;Fupa
T
Nfhy;fspYk; • FWf;fiyfspd; fjp v  gupT kPbwd;fspd; vz;Nfhyj;ij
cz;lhFk; m
tpsf;Fthh;.
mjpu;T • <u;ff; g;gl;l ,ioapy; mjpuT
; tiffs;  mbg;gilr;Ruk;> Nkw;nwhdpfs;>
tiffis 1 T ,irr;Ruk; vd;gtw;iw fz;lwpthh;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. • mbg;gilr;Ruk; f 0   mbg;gilr;Ruk;> Nkw;nwhdpfs;
2l m
vd;gtw;wpd; kPbwDf;fhd Nfhitfis
• Nkw;nwhdpfSk; ngWthh;.
,irr;Ruq;fSk;  ,iofspy; Njhd;Wk; epiyahd miy
• Rukhdp Nfhyq;fs; njhlu;ghd fzpg;gPLfis
• ,ioapd; ,Oitia Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.
khw;Wtjd; %yk; ,irf;
 Rukhdp xd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
fitapd; kPbwidj; Jzpjy;
,irf;fit xd;wpd; kPbwidj;
• mjpu;T ePs j;j pw;F k;
Jzpthh;.
kP b wdpw; F k; ,ilapyhd
 mjph;TePsj;jpw;Fk; kPbwDf;Fk;
njhlu;i g tha; g ; G g;
,ilapyhd njhlh;it ghpNrhjid
ghh; j ; j y;
hPjpahf gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
• nel;lhq;F miyfspd; fjp v  E  nel;lhq;F miyapd; fjpf;fhd

• eLf;f miyfs;> Gtp eLf;fk; Nfhitia aq;fpd;kl;L> mlh;j;jp
upr;lu; mstPL> Rdhkp rhh;ghf jUthh;.
 miyfs; gw;wpa mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp
• tspapy; miyfs; eLf;f miyfs;> Gtp eLf;fk;> wpr;rh;

22
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

msTj; jpl;lk;> gz;G hPjpahf Rdhkp

cUthjy; Mfpatw;iw tptupg;ghh;.
 Gtp eLf;fk;> Rdhkp vd;gtw;iw
tpsf;Ftjw;F mwpf;if jahhpg;ghh;.

3.5 khwpfisf; p ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

• tspapy; xyp miyap d; fjp v
fl;LgLj;Jtjd;   tspapy; xypapd; fjpf;fhd Nfhitia 10
%yk; thA RT jUthh;.
epuy;fspd; • v
M RT
mjpu;T • tspapy; xyp miyfspd; fjp  v vd;Dk; Nfhitia ngWthh;.
tiffisg; M
jq;fpAs;s fhuzpfs;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. • tsp epuy;fspy; mjpu;Tfspd;  mKf;fk;> ntg;gepiy> %yh;j;jpzpT>
tiffs; njhlh;G<ug;gjd; vd;gdtw;wpdhy;
• %ba Foha; tspapy; xypapd; fjpapd; ghjpg;ig
• jpwe;j Foha; tpghpg;ghh;.
• %ba Fohiag; gad;gLj;jy;  %ba FohapYk;> jpwe;j FohapYk;
%yk; tspapy; xypapd; epiyahd miy Njhd;Wk; tpjj;ij
fjpiaj; Jzpjy; tpghpg;ghh;.
• Xu; ,irf;fitapd; %yk;  %ba FohapYk;> jpwe;j FohapYk;
• ,irf;f itj;n jhFjp %yk; epiyahd miyfSf;fhd vz; tbt
(tiuGKiw %yk; ) ghptjph;ntz;fis tpsf;Fth;.
 ghpTf;Foha; xd;wpy; mbg;gilapdJk;>
Nkw;nwhdpapdJk; kPbwDf;fhd
Nfhitia ngWthh;.
 xU ,irf;fitia gad;gLj;jp
tspapy; xypapd; Ntfj;ijAk;

23
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; Jzptjw;fhd
gupNrhjid mikg;Gfis tbtikg;ghh;.
 ,irf;fit njhFjpia gad;gLj;jp
tspapy; xypapd; Ntfj;ijAk;
Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; Jzptjw;fhd
gupNrhjid mikg;Gfis tbtikg;ghh;.
 ghpTf;Foha;fspy; epiyahd miyfs;
njhlu;ghd fzpg;gPLfspy; <LgLthh;.
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
3.6 • nlhg;supd; tpisT  vspa nraw;ghLfis elj;Jtjd; %yk; 05
nlhg;supd; • Njhw;w kPpbwdpw;fhd rkd;ghLfs; nlhg;sh; tpisit nray;
tpistpd; • Nehf;Feu; khj;jpuk; tpsf;ffspg;ghh;.
gad;ghL gw;wp ,aq;Fk;NghJ  Kjypd; ,af;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk;
Muha;thu;. • xyp Kjy; khj;jpuk; miyePskhw;wj;ijf; fUjp Njhw;w
,aq;Fk;NghJ kPbwDf;fhd Nfhitia ngWthh;.
• Nehf;FeUk; xypKjYk;  mtjhdpapd; ,af;fj;jpd; fhuzkhd
xNu Neh;Nfhl;by; njhlh;G xypf;fjpia fUjp
,aq;Fk;NghJ Njhw;wkPbwDf;fhd Nfhitia ngWthh;.
• xyp tpir mjphn ; thyp  KjypdJk; mtjhdpapdJk; ,af;fj;jpd;
(Sonic boom) fhuzkhd Njhw;wkPbwDf;fhd
Nfhitia ca;j;jwpthh;.
 nlhg;supd; tpisitg; gad;gLj;jp
Njhw;w kPbwdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
njhlu;ghd Njhw;wg;ghl;il tptupg;ghh;.
 Vw;w gz;G tif rhh;e;j xypf;F
nlhg;sh; tpisit gpuNahfpg;ghh;.

24
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

 mjph;r;rp miy vt;thW cUthfpd;wJ

vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.
 xyptpir mjph;nthypia gz;G hPjpahf
tpghpg;ghh;.
 nlhg;su; tpisTg; gad;gLj;jp
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Njhw;wg;ghLfspd;
tpsf;fq;isAk; gpuNahfq;fisAk;
Ma;T nra;J tpghpg;ghh;.
3.7 • xypapd; ,ay;Gfs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;fs;
xypapd; • xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;  xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tptupg;ghh;. 05
,ay;Gfis • RUjp  gy;NtW epiyikfis tpsf;Ftjw;F
Vw;w tpjj;jpy; • cug;G kdpj nrtp czu;tpd; nrwpT
njhFg;gjd; • gz;G kl;lj;Jf;F vjpu; kPbwDf;Fupa
%yk; xyp • Nfs;jF vy;iy tiuigg; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
Mf;fq;fisr; • Nfs;jfT Eiotha;  xypapd; rpwg;gpay;GfSf;F nray;
nra;thu;. (Threshold of hearing) tpsf;fkspf;f vspa nraw;ghLfis
• Neh Eiotha; Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.
(Threshold of pain)  nrwpT kl;lk; (nlrpgy;) kw;Wk; nrwpT
• xypr;nrwpTk; xypr;nrwpT kl;lKk; njhlu;ghd fzpg;Gf;fspy; <LgLthh;.
• kdpjf; fhJf;fhd xypr;nrwpT -  fopnahyp> fPo; xyp vd;gtw;iw gz;G
mjpu;ntz; tiuG hPjpahf mwpKfg;gLj;Jthh;.
 xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfspd; mwpitg;
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 Vw;w xyp kl;lq;fspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.

25
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

3.8 • kpd;fhe;j miyfs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth; 05

kpd;fhe;j • kpd;fhe;jj; jpUrpak;  miyTWk; kpd;Gyj;ijAk;
miyfs; gw;wp • kpd;fhe;j miyfspd; ,ay;Gfs; fhe;jg;Gyj;ijAk; kpd;fhe;j miy
Muha;thu;. • kpdf; he;j miyfspd; cgNahfq;fs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;gij $Wthh;.
• LASER fw;iwfs;  Vw;wg;gl;l Jzpf;iffspd; Mh;KLfy;
• Nfhl;ghL my;yJ mkh;KLfy; miltjd;
• ,ay;Gfs; fhuzkhf kpd;fhe;j miy
• cgNahfq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk; vd;gijf; $Wthh;.
 kpd;fhe;j miyfspd; ,ay;Gfis
tiuGKiwahf tpghpg;ghh;.
 kpd;fhe;j jpUrpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
kpd;fhe;j miyfis tifg;gLj;Jthh;.
 kpd;fhe;j miyfspd; ,ay;Gfis
tpghpg;ghh;.
 xt;nthU gpujhd miy ePs tPrR ; fspy;
kpd;fhe;j miyfspd; ,ay; G fisAk;
gpuNahfq;fisAk; tptupg;ghh;.
 LASER fw;iwapd; jj;Jtj;ij
tpsf;Fthh;.
 LASER fw;iwfspd; ,ay;GfisAk;
gad;ghLfisAk; fz;lwpthh;.

26
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

3.9 • Nfj;jpu fzpj xspapay; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

xsp KwpT • KwpT  KwpT fhuzkhf cUthFk; 15
gw;wpa • KwpT tpjpfs; tpk;gq;fisf; fz;lwptjw;F
jj;Jtq;fis • KwpTr; Rl;b gupNrhjidfis tbtikg;ghh;.
md;whl • jdp KwpTr; Rl;b  KwpT tpjpfis $Wthh;.
tho;f;ifj; • njhlh;G KwpTr; Rl;b  jdp KwpTr; Rl;b> njhlh;G KwpTr;Rl;b
Njitfspy; • KwpTr; Rl;bfSf;fpilapyhd vd;gtw;iw tiuaWg;ghh;.
gpuNahfpg;ghu;. njhlu;G  cz;ik Moj;jpw;Fk;
• cz;ik Moj;jpw;Fk; Njhw;w Njhw;wMoj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
Moj;jpwF; k; ,ilapyhd njhlh;G njhlh;ig ngWthh;.
 1  Njhw;w ,lg;ngah;r;rpf;fhd Nfhitia
• Njhw;w ,lg;ngau;rr; p d  t 1  
 n ngWthh;.
• efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b %yk;  Njhw;w ,lg;ngah;r;rp njhlh;ghd
fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;biaj; gpurpdq;fis jPh;g;gjw;F fzpg;Gf;fis
Jzpjy; Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.
• mtjpf;Nfhzk;  js vy;iyfspy; KwpT kw;Wk;
• mtjpf;Nfhzj;jpw;Fk; njhlh;G KOtfj;njwpg;G njhlu;ghd
KwpTr;Rl;bf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fzpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.
1  efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b %yk;
njhlu;G n 
sin c fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;biaj;
• KO mfj; njwpg;G Jzpthh;.
• mupaj;jpDL xspKwpT  mtjpf;Nfhzj;ijAk;
• mupaj; j pD}lhf nry; W k; KOmfj;njwpg;igAk; tpghpg;ghh;.
fjph; xd;wpd; tpyfiy  mtjpf;Nfhzj;jpw;Fk; KwpTr;Rl;bf;Fk;
gupNrhjid hP j pahd Muha;T ,ilapyhd njhlh;ig ca;j;jwpthh;.
nra; j y;

27
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

• tpyfy;  mtjpf;Nfhz Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp

• d  i tiuG
• ,opT tpyfy;
• mhpaf;Nfhzk;> KwpTr;Rl;b>
,opT tpyfy; Nfhzk;
vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd
njhlh;G
• mtjpf;N fhz Kiwapy;
mupak; Mf;fg;gl;l
gjhu;jj
; j;jpd;
KwpTr; R l; b iaj; Jzpjy;
• jpUrpakhdp
• jpUrpakhdpapd; gpujhd
nrg;g Q; nra;i ffs;
• mupaf; Nfhzj;ijj;
Jzpjy;.
• ,opT tpyfy;
Nfhzj;i jj; Jzpjy;
• nky;ypa tpy;iyfspD}L KwpT
• FtpT> FopT tpyi ; yfspy; Njhd;Wk;
cz;ik/kha tpk;gq;fs;;
• njf;fhl;bd; Fwp tof;iff;
nfhz;l tpy;iyr;#j;jpuk;
• Neu;Nfhl;L cUg;ngUf;fk;
 FtpT> FopT tpy;iyfspd;
Ftpaj;J }uk; Jzpjy;
KwpTr;Rl;biaf; fhz;gjw;fhd
ghpNrhjidia tbtikg;ghh;.
 mhpaj;jpD}L xU fjpUf;fhd
fjph;thpg;glj;ij tiuthh;.
 mhpaj;jpD}L fjph; xd;wpd; Kwpit
tpghpg;ghh;.
 gLNfhzj;Jld; tpyfy; Nfhzkhw;wj;ij
Muha;tjw;F ghpNrhjid xd;iw
elj;Jthh;.
 ,opTtpyfy; Nfhzj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;Jthh;.
 mhpaf;Nfhzk;> KwpTr;Rl;b>
,opT tpyfy; Nfhzk; vd;gtw;Wf;
fpilapyhd njhlh;ig ngWthh;.
 jpUrpakhdpapd; %d;W gpujhd nrg;gk;
nra;iffis Nkw;nfhs;thh;.
 jpUrpakhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mhpaj;jpd;
mhpaf;Nfhzj;ijAk; ,opTtpyfy;
Nfhzj;ijAk; fhz;ghh;.
 gutad;ik Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
tpy;iyfspy; cUthFk; tpk;gq;fis
fz;lwpthh;.
 tpy;iyapdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk;
tpk;gj;ij fz;lwptjw;fhd
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.

28
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

• tpy;iyapd; tY  fjpu; tupg;glk; %yk; tpy;iyfspy;

• nky;ypa njhLif tpyi
; yr; cUthf;fg;gLk; tpk;gj;ij mikg;ghh;.
Nru;khdk;  Vfghpkhz cUg;ngUf;fj;ij
tiuaWg;ghh;.
 Vfghpkhz cUg;ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd
Nfhitia ngWthh;.
 tpy;iyapd; tYit tiuaWg;ghh;.
 njf;fhl;bd; Fwp tof;iff; gad;gLj;jp
Nfj;jpufzpj Kiwg;gb tpy;iyr;
#j;jpuj;ij ngWthh;.
 njhLifapYs;s nky;ypa
tpy;iyr;Nrh;khdk; xd;wpd;
Ftpaj;J}uj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia
gad;gL;j;Jthh;.
 tpy;iy kw;Wk; tpy;iyfspd; Nru;khdk;
njhlu;ghd fzpg;Gf;fis
Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.
 tpy;iyfspd; tYf;fis $Wthh;.
x U f ;F j y ; 
tphpj;jy; 
 FtpT> FopT tpy;iyfspd;
Ftpaj;J}uj;ij fhz;gjw;fhd
ghpNrhjidfis elj;Jthh;.

29
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
3.10 • kdpjf; fz; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;;
ghu;itf; • fz;zpy; tpk;g cUthf;fk;  kdpjf; fz;zpd; xspapaw; njhFjpia 04
FiwghLfis • ghh;itf;Nfhzk; tptupg;ghh;.
eptu;j;jpg;gjw;F • ghu;itf; FiwghLfSk;  kdpj fz;zpd; tpk;gk; cUthtij
tpyi ; yfspy; mtw;iwj; jpUj;jYk; tpsf;Fthh;.
Njhd;Wk; • FWk;ghu;it (Myoia)  mz;ikg;Gs;sp> Nra;ikg;Gs;sp>
tpk;gq;fs; • ePsg; hu;it (Hypermetrobia) njspTg;ghh;itapd; ,opTj;J}uk;
gw;wpa • nts;nsOj;J (Presbyopia) vd;gtw;iw tpthpg;ghh;.
mwpit Vw;w  ghh;itf;Nfhzj;ij tiuaWg;ghh;.
tpjj;jpy; gad;  ghh;itf; FiwghLfis tpghpff; Tk; fjph;
gLj;Jthu;. thpg;glk; %yk; mtw;iw epth;j;jpf;Fk;
Kiwia tpghpg;ghh;.
 ghu;itf; Fiwghl;Lf;fhd jpUj;jq;fs;
njhlu;ghd fzpg;Gf;fis
Nkw;nfhsSthh;
 gz;G hPjpahf nts;nsOj;ij
tpghpg;gh;.

30
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
3.11 • xspapaw; fUtpfs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
xspapay; • vspaEZf;Ff;fhl;b  vspa/$l;LEZf;Ff;fhl;b> thdpay; 06
fUtpfspd; • ,ay;ghd nrg;gQ;nra;if njhiyfhl;b vd;gtw;iw Kiwahf
Mf;fj;jpwF; • ngupjhf;Fk; tY gad;gLj;Jthh;.
tpyi ; yfspdhy; (Nfhz cUg;ngUf;fk;)  EZf;Ff;fhl;bapdJk;
Njhd;Wk; • $l;LEZf;Ff;fhl;b njhiyfhl;bapdJk; cUg;ngUf;f tY
tpk;gq;fs; • ,ay;ghd nrg;gQ;nra;if (NfhzcUg;ngUf;fk;) it
gw;wpa mwpit • ngupjhf;Fk;tY tiuaWg;ghh;.
Vw;w tpjj;jpy; (Nfhz cUg;ngUf;fk;)  vspa kw;Wk; $l;L EZf;Ff; fhl;b
gad;gLj;Jthu;. • Kbtpypapy; tpk;gk; vt;thW njhopw;gLfpd;wd vd;gij
• thdpay; njhiyfhl;b tpsf;Ftjw;F fjpu;tupg;glq;fis
• ,ay;ghd nrg;gQ;nra;if tiutJld;> mJ njhlu;ghd
• ngupjhf;Fk; tY fzpg;Gf;fis nra;thh;.
(Nfhz cUg;ngUf;fk;)  thdpaw; njhiyfhl;b vt;thW
• mz;ikg; Gs;spapy; tpk;gk; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij
tpsf;Ftjw;F fjpu;tupg;glk;
tiuaJld; mJ njhlu;ghd
fzpg;Gf;fisr; nra;thh;.

31
 myF 4 - ntg;gg; ngsjpftpay; (60 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

4.0 4.1 • ntg;gepiy ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

kdpjj; Njitf;Nfw;w • ntg;gr; rkepiy  ntg;gepiy $ba ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 08
Njitfis ntg;gkhdpfisj; • ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; G+r;rpa tpjp ntg;gepiy Fiwe;j ,lj;jpw;F
epiwT njupTnra;J • ntg;gkhd ,ay;Gfs; ntg;gg;gha;r;ry; epfOk; vd;gij
ntg;gepiyiaj; • epiyj;j ,U Gs;spfspd; $Wthh;.
nra;t jw;F k;
jpUj;jkhf mbg;gilapy; ntg;gepiyia  ntg;g,af;ftpaypd; G+r;rp tpjpia
tpQ;Q hd mstpLthu;. tiuaWj;jy; $Wthh;.
Ntiyfspd;  x x   rkdhd ntg;gepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;
tpUj;jpff
; hfTk;     L  ( H   L )   L gFjpfs; ntg;gr;rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;
ntg;g k;  xH  xL 
• nry;rpa]; msTj;jpl;lk; vd;gij mwpthh;.
njhlu;g hd  ntg;gkhd ,ay;Gfis $Wthh;.
 x x 
mwptpidg;     L 100 oC  ntg;gkhd ,ay;GfSf;F
gad;gLj;Jthu;.  xH  x L  cjhuzq;fSk;> ntg;gepiy
• jdp ntg;gepiy msTj;jpl;lk; msTj;jpl;lj;jpd; epiyj;j
(ntg;g ,af;ftpay; msTj;jpl;lk;) Gs;spfisAk; $Wthh;.
• jdpg;G+r;rpak;  ve;jnthU ntg;gkhdpg; gjhh;jj ; q;fspd;
• ePupd; Kk;ikg;Gs;sp ,ay;Gfspy; jdp ntg;gepiy
• ePupd; Kk;ikg;Gs;spapd; mbg;gilapy; msTj;jpl;lk; jq;fpapUf;fhJ vd;gij
jdpg;G+r;rpantg;gepiyia mwpthh;.
tiuaWj;jy; (i.e ntg;g,af;f mstpilAk;
X jdpg;G+r;rpa vz;zf;fUTk;)
T  T  273.16
X tr  ,U epiyj;j Gs;spfs; rhh;ghf
• nry;rpa]; msTj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;fhd Nfhitia $Wthh;.
jdpg; G+r;rpa msTj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fk;  ePhpd; Kk;ikg;Gs;spia tiuaWg;ghh;.
,ilapyhd njhlu;G  ePhpd; Kk;ikg;Gs;sp rhh;ghf
jdpntg;gepiyf;fhd Nfhitia $Wthh;.
T    273.15

32
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

• ntg;gkhdpfs;  tpj;jpahrkhd tifahd

• jput - fz;zhb ntg;gkhdpfs; ntg;gkhdpfis tpsf;Fthh;.
• ,ur/mw;fNfhy; fz;zhb  nfy;tpd; kw;Wk; nry;rpa]; msTj;
ntg;gkhdpfs; jpl;lj;ijAk; njhlu;GgLj;JtJld;
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 ntg;gepiy NfhitfSld;
njhlh;Ggl;l gpurpdq;fis jPh;g;gjw;F
vz;fzpj fzpg;Gf;fis
Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.
 ,ur/mw;fNfhy; fz;zhb
ntg;gkhdpfspd; gad;ghl;il
tpsf;Fthh;.
4.2 ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
• ntg;gtpupT
jpz;k> jput  ntg;gtphpit tpsf;Fthh;. 06
• jpz;kq;fspd; tpupT
tpupT • ePs tpupT  ePs> gug;G> fdtsT tphpTfis
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; • gug;G tpupT tiuaWg;ghh;.
re;ju;g;gq;fs; • fdtsT tpupT  ePs> gug;G> fdtsT tphpTfSf;fhd
gw;wp • ePs> gug;G> fdtsT tpupTfSf;F Nfhitfis $Wthh;.
Muha;thu;. ,ilapyhd njhlu;G  ePs> gug;G> fdtsT tphpTfSf;F
• jputq;fspd; fdtsT tpupT ,ilapyhd njhlh;it $Wthh;.
• cz;ik tpupT  jputj;jpd; cz;ik tphpTit
• Njhw;w tpupT tiuaWg;ghh;.
•  cz; ik   Njhw; wk;  3  jputj;jpd; Njhw;w tphpTit
tiuaWg;ghh;.
(ngWjy; mtrpakd;W)
• ntg;gepiyAld; mlu;j;jp khwy;  cz;ik Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd
• ePupd; xOq;fw;w tpupT Nfhitia mwpKfg;gLj;Jthh;.

33
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

 jpz;kq;fspdJk; jputq;fspdJk;
ntg;gtpupT fhuzkhd gpurpdq;fis
jPh;g;gjw;F fzpj fzpg;gpLfis
Nkw;nfhs;StJld; mJ njhlu;ghd
gpuNahfq;fis tptupg;ghh;.
 jputq;fspd; ntg;g tphpT fhuzkhf
mjd; mlh;j;jpapd; khw;wj;ij
tpsf;Fthh;.
 ePupd; Nehpy; tpupT njhlu;ghd
Njhw;wg;ghl;il tpsf;Fthh;.
 ehshe;j nraw;ghLfspy;
jpz;kq;fspdJk; jputq;fspdJk; tphpT
gw;wpa mwpit gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 jpz;kq;fspdJk; jputq;fspdJk;
tphptpd; gad;ghLfSf;Fk; mjdhy;
Vw;gLk; gpujp$yq;fSf;Fk;
cjhuzq;fs; jUthh;.

4.3 • thA tpjpfs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

 Nghapypd; tpjpia $Wthh;. 10
thA tpjpfspd; • Nghapypd; tpjp
cjtpAld; • ,wFf; Fohapiag; gad;gLj;jp  ,wFf; Fohapiag; gad;gLj;jp
thAf;fspd; tspkz;l y mKf;fj;i jj; tspkz;ly mKf;fj;ijj; Jzpthh;.
Jzpjy;  rhs;rpd; tpjpia $Wthh;.
elj;ij gw;wp
 khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAtpd;
EZfpaha;thu;. • rhs;rpd; tpjp
fdtsTf;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;
• khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAtpd;
,ilapyhd njhlu;ig EZfp
fdtsTf;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;
Muha;thh;.

34
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

,ilapyhd njhlu;i g  mKf;f tpjpia $Wthh;.

EZfp Muha;jy;  khwhf; fdtstpy; mKf;fj;jpw;Fk;
• mKf;f tpjp ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
• khwhf; fdtstpy; njhlu;ig EZfp Muha;thh;.
mKf;fj;jpw;Fk;  ,yl;rpa thAr;rkd;ghL pV = nRT I
ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ngWthh;.
njhlu;i g EZfp Muha; j y;  thAf;fspd; elj;ijia tpsf;Ftjw;F
• ,yl;rpa thAr;rkd;ghL pV = nRT thAtpjpfis gad;gLj;Jthh;.
• jhy;w;wdpd; gFjp mKf;f tpjp  ,yl;rpa thAr;rkd;ghl;il gad;gLj;jp
thAf;fspd; elj;ijia gFg;gha;G
nra;thh;.
 jhy;w;wdpd; gFjp mKf;f tpjpia
$Wthh;.
 ,yl;rpa thAr; rkd;ghl;bidAk;; thA
tpjpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp fzpg;Gfis
nra;thh;.
4.4 • thAf;fspd; ,af;fg;ghl;Lf;nfhs;if ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
thAnthd;W • ,af;fg;ghl;L nfhs;ifapd;  thAf;fspd; ,af;fg;ghl;L nfhs;ifapd; 04
mlq;fpAs;s mbg;gilf; fUJNfhs;fs; mbg;gilf; fUJNfhs;fis $Wthh;.
ghj;jpuk; • ,af;fg;ghl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd;  %yf;$Wfspd; ,af;fj;jpdhy; vt;thW
xd;wpd; Nky; thAtpdhy; mKf;fk; cUthf;fg;
1 2
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; rkd;ghL PV  Nmc gLfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.
3  thA %yf;$Wfspd; ,il
mKf;fj;ij
thAf;fs; (epWty; mtrpakpy;iy) ,af;fg;ghl;Lr; rf;jpAld;; ntg;gepiyiaj;
gw;wpa • thA %yf;$nwhd;wpd; ,il njhlu;GgLj;Jthh;.
,af;fg; ghl;Lf; ,af;fg;gl;Lrf;jpf;fhd rkd;ghL

35
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

nfhs;ifapd;  tpj;jpahrkhd ntg;gepiyapy;

3
cjtpAld; E kT %yf;$Wfspd; fjpg;guk;gy; vt;thW
Muha;thu;;. 2 njhlh;Ggl;bUf;Fk; vd;gij
tpsf;Fthh;.
 ,af;fg;ghl;Lf; nfhs;ifr;
rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp fzpg;Gfis
Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.
 thA %yf;$Wfspd; Ez;fhl;rp epiy
mbg;gilapy; thAf;fspd; elj;ijia
tpsf;f KaYk; nfhs;ifNa
thAf;fspd; ,af;fg;ghl;Lf;
nfhs;ifahFk; vd;gij
Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sthh;.
4.5 • ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
10
nghUl;fspd; • ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT  jpz;kq;fspdJk; jputq;fspdJk;
jd;ntg;gf; • jpz;kq;fspdJk; jputq;fspdJk; ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTfis tiuaWg;ghh;.
nfhs; s stpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT  jpz;kq;fspdJk; jputq;fspdJk;
%yk; nghUl; • thAf;fspd; %yH; ntg;gf; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTfis
fSf; f pilNa nfhs;ssT tiuaWg;ghh;.
gupkhw;wg;gLk; • fyit Kiwapdhy;  thAf;fspd; %yH; ntg;gf;
ntg; g rf; j papd; jpz;kq;f spd; jd;n tg;g f; nfhs;ssit tiuaWg;ghh;.
msitf; nfhs;sitj; Jzpjy;  fyit Kiwapdhy; jpz;kk; xd;wpd;
fzpg;ghu;. • epA+w;wdpd; Fspuy; tpjp jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssit JzpAk;
• Fspuy; Kiwapdhy; ghpNrhjidia nra;J fhl;Lthh;.
jputq; ; f spd; jd; n tg; g f;  ntg;gg; ghpkhw;wj;ij fUJtjd; %yk;
nfhs;sit Jzpjy; fzpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.

36
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk;
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk;
4.6 • epiykhw;wk;
nghUl;fspd; • rlg;nghUl;fspd; epiyfs;
epiykhw;wq;fspd;
• jpz;k> jput> thA
NghJ ,lk;khWk; %yf;$Wfspd; gz;GfSf;F
rf;jp gaDWjp ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs;.
Ailajhf • cUfy;> Mtpahjypd;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ %yf;
re;ju;g;gq;fis $Wfspd; gq;fspg;Gj;
Muha;thu;. njhlu;ghd vspa tpsf;fk;
• cUfy; (cUFjy;)
• cUfypd; jd; kiwntg;gk;
• gdpf;fl;b cUfypd; jd;kiw
ntg;gijj; Jzpjy;
(fyit Kiw)
• nfhjpj;J Mtpahjy;
• Mtpahjypd; jd;kiw ntg;gk;
• ePu pd; nfhjpj;J Mtpahjypd;
jd;kiw ntg;gj;ijj; Jzpjy;
(fyit Kiw)
37
fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
 epA+l;ldpd; Fspuy; tpjpia $Wthh;.
 Fspuy; Kiwapdhy; jputk; xd;wpd;
jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssit JzpAk;
ghpNrhjidia nra;J fhl;Lthh;.
 ntg;g tpuaj;Jld; njhlu;ghd
fzpg;Gfisr; nra;a epa+w;wdpd;
Fspuy; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
 epiykhw;wj;Jld; njhlh;ghd ngsjpf
08
nraw;ghLfis gz;gwphPjpahf
tpsf;Fthh;.
 nghUspw;F ntg;gk; toq;Fk; NghJ>
cUFepiy> nfhjpepiy Mfpa epiy
khw;wk; epfOk; vdpd; mg;NghJ
ntg;gepiy khwpypahfNt ,Uf;Fk;
vd;gij $Wthh;.
 cUfypd; jd;kiw ntg;gj;ij
tiuaWg;ghh;.
 Mtpahjypd; jd;kiw ntg;gj;ij
tiuaWg;ghh;.
 Fwpj;j xU gjhh;jj
; j;jpw;F cUfypd;
jd;kiw ntg;gj;ij tpl Mtpahjypd;
jd;kiw ntg;gk; nghpaJ vd;gijf;
$Wthh;.
 jputpaq;fspd; kiw ntg;gk; njhlh;ghd
fzpg;Gfspy; <LgLthh;.
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

• cUFepiy Gs;sp> nfhjpepiy Gs;sp  ntg;gepiy-Neu tisapia gad;gLj;jp

vd;gtw;wpy; mKf;fg; ghjpg;G cUfiyAk;> nfhjpj;J MtpahjiyAk;
fz;lwpthh;.
 gdpf;fl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiw
ntg;gj;ijj; JzpAk; ghpNrhjidia
elj;Jthh;.
 ePhpd; Mtpahjypd;
jd;kiwntg;gj;ijAk; JzpAk;
ghpNrhjidia elj;Jthh;.
 cUFepiyg;Gs;sp> nfhjpepiyg;Gs;sp
vd;gtw;wpy; mKf;fg;ghjpg;ig $Wthh;.
 epiykhw;wj;Jld; $ba ngsjpf
epiyikfis gz;gwp hPjpahf
tpsf;Fthh;.
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;fs;
4.7 • MtpAk; <ug;gjdpaYk;
 MtpahjiyAk; nfhjpjj ; iyAk; 08
fhyepiyapy; • Mtpahjy;
NtWgLj;Jthh;.
ePuhtpapd; • MtpahjiyAk; nfhjpj;J
 epuk;ghj kw;Wk; epuk;gpa ePuhtpapd;
nry;thf;if MtpahjiyAk; xg;gply;
elj;ijfis tpsf;Fthh;.
njhlu;G • MtpaKf;fKk;> epuk;gyhtp  ntg;gepiyAld; ePupd; epuk;gy;
gLj;Jthu;. mKf;fKk; MtpaKf;fk; kw;Wk; epuk;gh
• ntg;gepiyAld; MtpaKf;fk; ePuhtpaKf;f khwy;fis tiuGuPjpahf
NtWgly; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthh;.
• fdtsTld; MtpaKf;fk;  fdtsTld; ePupd; epuk;gy;
NtWgly; MtpaKf;fk; kw;Wk; epuk;gh
• gdpgLepiy ePuhtpaKf;f khwy;fis tiuGuPjpahf
• jdp <ug;gjd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthh;.

38
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

• njhlh;G <ug;gjd;  gdpgLepiyia tiuaWg;ghh;.

 jdp <ug;gjid tiuaWg;ghh;.
• Jyf; f khd
 njhlh;G <ug;gjid tiuaWg;ghh;.
fNyhupkhdpiag; ghtpj; J
 njhlh;G <ug;gjDf;fhd Nfhitia
njhlh;G <ug;g jidj; Jzpjy;
miwntg;gepiyapYs;s epuk;gh
MtpaKf;fj;jpdJk;> epuk;gyhtp
aKf;fj;jpdJk; rhh;ghf $Wthh;.
 njhlh;G <ug;gjDf;fhd Nfhitia
gdpgLepiyapYk;>
miwntg;gepiyapYk;
epuk;gyhtpaKf;fj;jpd; rhh;ghf
$Wthh;.
 <ug;gjd; vd;gJ tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s
<ug;gw;W (tspapYs;s ePuhtpapd;
msT) I Fwpf;Fnkd tpsf;Fthh;.
 njhlh;G <ug;gjd;> jdp <ug;gjd; kw;Wk;
gdpgL epiy Mfpad njhlh;ghd
gpurpdq;fis jPh;g;gjw;F fzpj
fzpg;gPLfspy; <LgLthh;.
 nfhjp epiyf;Fk;> epuk;gy;
MtpaKf;fj;Jf;FkpilNaahd njhlu;G
gw;wpf; tpghpg;ghh;.
 <u-cyu; Fkpo; <ukhdpiag;
gad;gLj;jp tspapd; njhlh;G
<ug;gjid mstpLthh;.
 njhlh;G <ug;gjid Jzptjw;F
ghpNrhjidfis elj;Jthh;.

39
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

4.8 • ntg;gtpaf;ftpay; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

gy;NtW ntg;g  • ntg;gk;> rf;jpapd; epiykhw;wypd;  rf;jpg;gha;r;rypd; xU epiy jhd; 04
,af;ftpay; xU re;ju;gg ; khf tpsf;fy; ntg;gk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.
nraw;ghLfisg;  • mfr; rf;jp  cly; xd;wpd; rhh;ghd ntg;gepiy
gFg;gha;tjw;F • ntg;gtpaf;ftpaypd; Kjyhk; tpjp mjpfhpg;Gf; fhuzkhf mjd; mfr;rf;jp
ntg;gtpaf;ftpay; Q  U  W mjpfhpf;fKbAk; vdgij tpsf;Fthh;.
tpjpfisg;  ntg;gtpaf;ftpaypd; KjyhtJ tpjpia
• ntg;gtpaf;ftpaypd; Kjyhk; tpjp
gad;gLj;Jthu;. tpsf;Fthh;.
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpNrl
 thAtpy; khw;wq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;F
re;ju;g;gq;fs;
ntg;gtpaf;ftpaypd; KjyhtJ
• khwh mKf;f nrad;Kiw
tpjpiag; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
• khwhf;fdtsT nrad;Kiw
 khwh mKf;fnra;Kiwapd; NghJ
• rkntg;Gr; nrad;Kiw
vt;thW njhFjpapd; mfr;rf;jp
• Nrwypyh nrad;Kiw
khw;wilAk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.
• rf;fur; nrad;Kiw
 khwh mKf;fnra;Kiwapd; NghJ
• Nkw;$wpa nrad;KiwfSf;fhd nra;ag;gl;l mf my;yJ Gw Ntiy
mKf;f - fdtsT tisap vt;thW khw;wilAk; vd;gij
tpsf;Fthh;.
 khwh mKf;fr; nra;iff;F
ntg;g,af;ftpaypd; Kjyhk; tpjpia
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 khwh fdtsT nra;ifapd; NghJ
njhFjp xd;wpd; mfr;rf;jp khw;wj;ij
tpsf;Fthh;.
 khwh fdtsT nra;ifapd; NghJ
nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy G+r;rpak; vd;gij
tpsf;Fthh;.

40
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

 khwh fdtsT nra;iff;F

ntg;g,af;ftpaypd; Kjyhk; tpjpia
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 rkntg;Gr; nra;if xd;wpd; NghJ
mfr;rf;jpkhw;wk; G+r;rpak; vd;gij
tpsf;Fthh;.
 rkntg;Gr; nra;iff;F
ntg;g,af;ftpaypd; Kjyhk; tpjpia
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 Nrwypyh nra;Kiw xd;wpd;NghJ
ntg;gg;ghpkhw;wk; G+r;rpakhFk; vd;gij
tpsf;Fthh;.
 Nrwypyh nra;iff;F
ntg;g,af;ftpaypd; Kjyhk; tpjpia
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 rkntg;Gsp> Nrwypyh> khwh mKf;f>
khwhf;fdtsT nrad;KiwfSf;F
nrad;Kiw tpsf;fkspf;f vspa
nraw;ghLfis elj;Jthh;.
 NkYs;s nra;iffSf;fhd p -V
tiuig tiuthh;.
 jug;gl;l rf;fur;nra;Kiwia
tpsf;Ftjw;F p -V tiuig
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 Kjyhk; ntg;gtpaf;ftpay; tpjpia
gad;gLj;jpf; fzpg;Gfspy; <LgLthh;.

41
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

4.9 • ntg;g ,lkhw;Wif ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

ntg;g • flj;jy; 06
 ntg;g ,lkhw;wg; nghwpapaf;fkhdJ
,lkhw;Wif • ntg;gf;flj;jhW
flj;jy;> Nkw;fhTif kw;Wk; fjpu;gG
;
Kiwfs;> • ntg;gf;flj;jy; tPjj;jpw;fhd
vd;gtw;iw Fwpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij
msT vd;gd rkd;ghL
tptupg;ghh;.
gw;wp • fhtyplg;gl;lJk;
 fhtyplg;gl;lJk; fhtyplg;glhjJkhd
ftdj;jpw; fhtyplg;glhjJkhd rPuhd
Nfhy; topNaahd ntg;gepiyg;
nfhs;tJld; Nfhypd; topNa ntg;gepiy
guk;giy tiuGKiwahf tpsf;Fthh;.
md;whl khwy;
 ntg;gepiyg; gbj;jpwid
NtiyfisAk; • ntg; gf;flj;jhiwj; Jzpjy;
mwpKfg;gLj;Jthh;.
tpQ;Qhd • Nrypd;Kiw (Searl’s Method)
 ntg;gf;flj;jYf;fhd Nfhitia
NtiyfisAk; • Nkw;fhTif jUthh;.
jpl;lkpLthu;. • fjph;g;G  ntg;gf; flj;jy; njhlh;ghd fzpj;jiy
Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.
 ntg;gf;flj;jhiw tiuaWg;ghh;.
 gz;gwp Kiwahf Nkw;fhTifiaAk;
fjph;gi
; gAk; tpsf;Fthh;.
 Nrypd; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
ntg;gf;flj;jhiw Jzptjw;fhd
ghpNrhjidia elj;Jthh;.

42
 myF 5 - <u;g;Gg;Gyk; (20 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

5.0 5.1 • <u;g;G tpirg; Gyk; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
<u;g ;G g;G yj; <h;g;Gg;Gyj;jpd; • <u;g;Gtpir  ,U jpzpTfSf;fpilapyhd 08
fPo; nghUs; • ,U jpzpTfSf;fpilapyhd fth;r;rptpiria <h;g;Gtpir vd
jj;Jtq;fis
xd;wpy; <u;g;Gtpir $Wthh;.
Ak; >
nry;thf;F • epA+l;ldpd; mfpy <u;g;G tpjp  epA+l;ldpd; <h;g;G tpjpiaf; $Wthh;.
tpjpfisAk; gw;wp • <u;g;Gg; Gyr; nrwpT  epA+l;ldpd; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,U
gaDUjp epA+l;ldpd; • Gs;spj; jpzpnthd;wpy; ,Ue;J jpzpTfSf;fpilapyhd <h;g;Gtpiria
cilajhf <u;g;G tpjpfspd; Fwpj;j J}uj;jpy; mike;Js;s fzpg;ghh;.
md;w hl mbg;gilapy; Gs;spnahd;wpd; <h;g;Gg; Gyr;nrwpT  tpirg; Gyk; vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit
NtiyfspYk; gFg;gha;thu;. • Nfhstbtpyhd jpzpnthd;wpd; tpsf;Fthh;.
tpQ;Q hd ntspNa cs;s Gs;spapy;  vy;yh jpzpTfSk; <h;g;Gg;Gyj;ij
NtiyfspYk; Gyr;nrwpT cUthf;Fk; vd;gij $Wthh;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. • Gyr;nrwpT khw;wj;ij tiuglk;  <h;g;Gg;Gyk; vd;gJ xU tpirg;Gyk;
%yk; fhl;ly; vd;gij tpsq;Fthh;.
• <u;g;G mOj;jk;  ‘J}uj;Jldhd jhf;fk;’ <h;g;Gtpir
• m jpzpTila nghUspy; ,Ue;J vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthh;.
r J}uj;jpYs;s Gs;spapy; cs;s  <h;g;Gtpir vd;gJ jpzpTfspd;
ngUf;fj;jpw;F Neh;tpfpjrkdhFk;
Gm
<u;g;G mOj;jk; V   vd;gij $Wthh;.
r  <h;g;Gg;GynrwpT vz;Zk;
(ngWjy; mtrpakd;W) vz;zf;fUit gad;gLj;jp <h;g;Gg;Gyk;
• <h;g;Gg; Gynkhd;wpy; xd;wpy; cs;s jpzptpy; jhf;Fk;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpzpT tpiriaf; fzpg;ghh;.
nfhz;Ls;s mOj;j rf;jp  <h;g;Gg;Gyr;nrwpit tiuaWg;ghh;.
• <u;g;G mOj;jk; J}uj;Jld;  Gs;sp xd;wpy; Gs;spj;jpzpnthd;wpdhy;
khwiyf; fhl;Lk; tiuG cz;lhFk; <h;g;Gg; Gyr; nrwptpidAk;>
Nfhsj;jpzpnthd;wpd; Gwj;Nj cs;s

43
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

<u;g;Gg;Gyr; nrwptpidAk; epa+l;ldpd;

<u;g;G tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fhz;ghh;.
 Gs;sp xd;wpy; Gs;spj;jpzpnthd;wpdhy;
cz;lhFk; <h;g;Gg; Gyr; nrwpT
J}uj;Jldhd khw;wj;jpid tiugpd;
%yk; tpghpg;ghh;.
 Gs;sp xd;wpy; <u;g;G mOj;jj;jpid
tiuaWg;ghh;.
 <h;g;GGyk; xd;wpy; cs;s jpzpnthd;wpy;
<h;g;GmOj;j rf;jp nghjpe;jpUf;Fk;
vd;gij $Wthh;.
 <h;g;Gg; Gyk; xd;wpYs;s xU Gs;spapy;
<h;g;G mOj;jj;jpid fzpg;ghh;.
 <u;g;Gg; Gyk; xd;wpYs;s jpzpnthd;wpd;
<h;g;G mOj;j rf;jpf;fhd Nfhitia
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 Gs;spj;jpzptpy; ,Ue;Jk;> Nfhsj;
jpzpnthd;wpd; Gwj;Nj cs;s mjd;
ikaj;jpypUe;jhd J}uj;Jld; <u;gG ;
mOj;jj;jpd; khwiy tiugpd; %yk;
fhl;Lthh;.

44
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

5.2 • Gtp <u;g;Gg;Gyk; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;;

khdplu; • Gtp Nkw;gug;gpw;fUfpy; <u;g;Gg; Gyr; 12
 <u;g;Gg; Gyk; njhlu;ghf ngwg;gl;l
Njitfis nrwpT mwpit> xj;j Gtpapd; <u;g;G Gyj;
epiw Ntw;W • <u;g;G Mu;KLfSf;Fk; <u;g;Gg; Gyr; njhlu;Gfis ca;j;jwptjw;F
tjw;F Gtp nrwptpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G gad;gLj;Jthh;.
<u;g;Gg;Gy • Gtpapd; cgNfhs;fs;  GtpNkw;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J <h;g;Gg;
mwpitg; • Gtprhu; epiyahd cgNfhs;fs; Gyr;nrwptpd; khwiy tpsf;Fthh;.
gad;gLj;Jk; • jg;gy; Ntfk; (Escape Velocity)  GtpNkw;gug;gpy; <h;g;Gg;Gyr;nrwpTf;fhd
re;ju;g;gq;fs; Nfhitia ca;j;jwpthh;.
gw;wp  <h;g;Gg;Gyr;nrwpT vz;zstpy; <h;g;G
Muha;thu;. Mh;KLfYf;Fr; rkdhFk;.
 <h;g;G mOj;j rf;jpff ; hd Nfhitia
(mgh) ngWthh;.
 Gtpiar; Rw;wp tl;l kz;lyq;fspy;
,aq;Fk; nra;kjp xd;Wf;F Njitahd
epge;jidfis tpsf;Fthh;.
 nra;kjpapd; ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd
ngsjpf fzpaq;fis fhz;gJld;>
mt;tif ,af;fq;fspw;fhd
epge;jidfis tpgupg;ghh;.
 tl;l kz;lyq;fspy; ,aq;Fk;
nra;kjpfs; njhlh;ghd njhlypf;fjp>
Nfhzfjp> Rw;wy; fhyk;> kPbwd;
vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthh;.
 Gtprhh; epiyahd cgNfhs;fspd;
,af;fj;jpw;fhd epge;jidfis
$;Wthh;.

45
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
 tl;l kz;lyq;fspy; ,aq;Fk;
nra;kjpfs; njhlh;ghd fzpj;jy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;Sthh;.
 nra;kjpfspd; gad;ghLfs; Fwpj;J
tpghpg;ghh;.
 jg;GNtfj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia
ngWthh;.
 jg;GNtfk; vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit
tpsf;Ftjw;fhd cjhuzq;fis
jUthh;.

46
 myF 6 - kpd;Gyk; (60 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
6.0 6.1 • epiykpd; tpir ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
kpd;G yj; gy;NtW Vw;wk; • ,U Vw;wq;fSf;fpilapyhd  $Nyhkpd; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,U
jj;Jtq;fisAk; nfhz;l epiykpd;tpir Vw;wq;fSf;fpilapyhd 15
tpjpfisAk; nghUl;fspdhy; • $Nyhkpd; tpjp epiykpd;tpiria fzpg;ghh;.
gaDUjp Njhw;Wtpff
; g;gLk; • kpd;Gyr; nrwpT  vy;yh Vw;wq;fSk; kpd;Gyj;ij
cilajhf kpd;Gyj;jpd; • kpd; Gyf; NfhLfs; cUthf;Fk; vd;gij tpghpg;ghh;.
md;w hl guk;gy;> • Gs;sp Vw;wnkhd;iwr; #o  kpd;Gyr; nrwpit tiuaWg;ghh;.
gUkd; • Gs;sp Vw;wq;fs; ,uz;ilr; #o  epiykpd; (kpd;) Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;l
NtiyfspYk;
vd;gtw;iw • Vw;wq;nfhz;l ,uz;L Vw;wj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; tpiria
tpQ;Q hd fhz;gjw;F FE  EQ vDk; rkd;ghl;il
mwptjw;F rkhe;juj; jl;LfSf;F ,ilapy;
NtiyfspYk; kpd;Gyk; • Gs;sp Vw;wnkhd;wpypUe;J VjhtJ gad;gLj;Jthh;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. njhlu;ghd x U J }uj j; py ; c s s; Gs s; pn a hd w
; py ;  kpd; Gyf;NfhLfs; vd;Dk;
tpjpfisg; Gy r ; n r wpT vz;zf;fUit gad;gLj;jp kpd;Gyj;ij
nghUj;jkhd • kpd;Gyr; nrwpT khwYf;fhd tpsf;Fthh;.
Kiwapy; tiuT tiff;Fwpg;G  gy;NtW kpd;Gyq;fspw;F kpd; Gyf;
cgNahfpg;ghu;. NfhLfis tiuaWg;ghh;.
 kpd; Gyf;NfhLfspd; ,ay;Gfis
tpsf;Fthh;.
 $Nyhkpd; tpjpia gad;gLj;jp
kpd;Gyj;jpYs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy;
kpd;Gyr; nrwpit fzpg;ghh;.
 Gs;sp Vw;wq;fspd; guk;gy;fspdhy;
Fwpj;j Gs;sp xd;wpy; tpisAs;
kpd;Gyr;nrwpit fhz;ghh;.
 tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp Gs;sp
Vw;wnkhd;wpypUe;J Jhuj;Jld;
kpd;Gyr; nrwpT khwiy tpsf;Fthh;.

47
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

6.2 • ghakhjpup ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;;

gha khjpupia • kpd;ghak;
cgNahfpj;J • fTrpd; Njw;wk;
kpd;Gyj;ij • fTrpd; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
mstpLthu;. kpd;Gyr; nrwpitj; Jzpjy;
• Gs;sp Vw;wnkhd;iwr; #o
• Vw;wq;nfhz;l Kbtpypf;
flj;jpapd; jsj;jpd; mUNf
• Vw;wq;nfhz;l Nfhstbtf;
flj;jpiar; #o
• Nfhsj;jpw;F ntspNa
• Nfhs Nkw;gug;gpy;
• Nfhsj;jpd; cs;Ns
• Vw;wq;nfhz;l Kbtpyp ePsk;
cila nky;ypa fk;gpapd;
mr;rpypUe;J r J}uj;jpy; Gyr;nrwpT.
15
 fTrpd; Njw;wj;ijf; $Wthh;.
 fTrpd; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Gs;sp
Vw;wnkhd;iwr; #o> Vw;wq;nfhz;l
Nfhsflj;jpiar; #o> Vw;wq;nfhz;l
Kbtpyp ePs fk;gpia #o
Gyr;nrwpit fhz;gh;.
 kpdG; yr; nrwpitf; fhz;gjw;F fTrpd;
Njw;wj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;ghh;.
 Vw;wg;gl;l Nfhsnkhd;wpd;
ikaj;jpypUe;J Jhuj;Jld; kpd;Gyr;
nrwptpd; khwiy tiuG %yk;
fhl;Lthh;.
 ntt;NtW Vw;wg;gl;l cly;fspdhy;
cz;lhFk; kpd;Gyr; nrwptpid
mjw;Fupa Nfhitfspd; cjtpAld;
fzpg;ghh;.

6.3 • kpd; mOj;jk; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth; 15

kpd;Gyj;jpy; • kpd; Gynkhd;wpDs; cs;s  kpd; mOj;jj;ij tiuaWg;ghh;.
itf;fg;gl;l Gs;spnahd;wpy; mOj;jj;ij  Gs;sp Vw;wk; kw;Wk; gy Gs;sp
Vw;wnkhd;wpy; tiutpyf;fzk;. Vw;wq;fspd; guk;gy; fhuzkhf
Njhw;Wtpff
; g;gLk; • Gs;sp Vw;wq;nfhz;l nghUs; ahjhapDnkhU Gs;spapy; kpd;
mOj;jrf;jpia xd;wpypUe;J VjhtJ xU mOj;jj;jpid fhz;ghh;.
mstpLthu;. J}uj;jpYs;s Gs;spapd; mOj;jk;>  flj;Jk; Nfhsnkhd;wpd; ikaj;jpypUe;J
J}uj;Jld; kpd; mOj;jj;jpd; khwiy
tiugpdhy; tpsf;Fthh;.
48
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk;
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk;
1 Q
V (epWty; mtrpakp;y;iy)
4 r
• Gs;sp Vw;wq;fspd; guk;gy;
fhuzkhf Fwpj;j Gs;spapy;
kpd;dOj;jk;
• ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilNa cs;s
mOj;j tpj;jpahrk;.
• mOj;jtpj;jpahrj;jpw;Ff; FWf;Nf
Vw;wk; xd;iw ,af;Fk;NghJ
nra;ag;gl;lNtiy.
• kpd;Gynkhd;wpy; cs;s
Vw;wnkhd;W nfhz;Ls;s
mOj;j rf;jp
• ,U Vw;wq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s
njhFjpnahd;wpd; mOj;j rf;jp
• mOj;jg;gbj;jpwd;
• mOj;jg;gbj;jpwd; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT
vd;gdtw;wpw;fpilNaahd njhlu;G
• rk mOj;j Nkw;gug;Gf;fs;.
• gy;NtW Gyq;fspd; rk mOj;j
Nkw;gug;Gf;fs;
• Gs;sp Vw;wnkhd;wpw;fUNf
• xj;j Gs;sp Vw;wq;fSf;fpilNa
• xt;thg;Gs;sp Vw;wq;fSf;fpilNa
49
fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
 kpd;Gynkhd;wpYs;s Vw;wk; xd;wpd;
kpd; mOj;j rf;jpapid fhz;ghh;.
 kpd;Gynkhd;wpYs;s ,U Gs;spfSf;
fpilapy; mOj;j tpj;jpahrj;ij
tiuaWg;ghh;.
 ,yj;jpud; Nthy;w;W vd;gJ rf;jpapd;
xU myF vd tiuaWg;ghh;.
 kpdG ; yr; nrwpT> kpd; mOj;jg;gbj;jpwd;
vd;gtw;wpf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig
$Wthh;.
 kpdm ; Oj;jj;JlDk;> kpd;mOj;jrf;jp
AlDk; njhlh;Ggl;l gpurpdq;fis
jPh;g;ghh;.
 tpj;jpahrkhd gpuNjrq;fspy;
rkmOj;j Nkw;gug;Gf;fis tiue;J
fhl;Lthh;.
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

6.4 • kpd; nfhs;ssT ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

kpd; • nfhs;sstpd; tiutpyf;fzk; • rkhe;juj;jl;Lf; nfhs;sstpapd; 15
Rw;Wf;fspd; • rkhe;juj;jl;Lf; nfhs;sstpfs; nfhs;ssit tiuaWg;ghh;.
nfhs;sstpfis k 0 A  rkhe;juj; jl;L nfhs;sstpapdJk;>
gaDWjp • C vd;Dk; rkd;ghl;ilg; Nfhsflj;jpapdJk; nfhs;sstpw;fhd
d
cilajhfg; Nfhitia ngWthh;.
ngwy;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.  nfhs;sstpfs; njhlu;> rkhe;ju
• Nfhsf;flj;jpapd; nfhs;ssT
(Nfhs nfhs;sstpfs; epiyapy; ,izf;fg;gbd; mtw;wpd;
cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy) rktY nfhs;ssit ngWthh;.
• nfhs;sstpr; Nrh;khdq;fs;  Vw;wg;gl;l nfhs;sstpapy;
• njhlu; epiy ,izg;G Nrfupf;fg;gl;l rf;jp;f;fhd Nfhitia
• rkhe;ju epiy ,izg;G ngWthh;.
• Vw;wq;nfhz;l nfhs;sstpapy;  nfhs;sstpfs; njhlu;ghd
Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rf;jp gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;ghh;.
• rf;jpf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngwy;  gy;NtW tbtq;fisAila
• gy;NtW tbtf;flj;jpfspy; flj;jpfspd; Vw;wg;guk;giy
Vw;wq;fspd; guk;gy; tiuglq;fs; %yk; tpsf;Fthu;.
• Gs;sp; kpd;,wf;fp (corona discharge)

50
 myF 7 - fhe;jg;Gyk; (40 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
7.0 7.1 • fhe;j tpir ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;fs;
kpd;N dhl;l khwpfis • fhe;jg;Gyk; xd;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;  ,aq;Fk; Vw;wq;fspdhy; my;yJ 10
j;j pw;F k; MSifg; ghAk; flj;jpapy; njhopw;gLk; tpir kpd;NdhLk; flj;jpfspdhy;
fhe; j g; gLj;Jjy; • fhe;jtpirapd; gUkdpwf; hd Nfhit fhe;jg;Gyj;ij cUthf;f KbAk; vd;
Gyj;j pw;F k; %yk; • fhe;jg;gha mlu;j;jp $Wthh;.
fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; • gpskpq;fpd; ,lf;if tpjp  kpd;Ndhl;lj; juhir gad;gLj;jp
,ilapyhd
itf;fg;gl;l • fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; Vw;wj;jpy; kpd;fhe;jtpirapd; ,ay;Gfis nra;J
tpisTfis fhl;Lthh;.
kpd;Ndhl;lj; njhopw;gLk; tpir
md;w hl  fhe;jg;gha mlu;j;jpia tiuaWg;ghh;.
ijf;fhTk; • tpirapd; gUkd;
NtiyfspYk; flj;jpapYk; • tpirapd; jpir  fhe;jg;gha mlh;j;jp> kpd;Ndhl;lk;>
tpQ;Q hd ,aq; Fk; • N`hy; tpisT flj;jpapd; ePsk; vd;gd rhh;ghf
NtiyfspYk; Vw;wj;jpYk; • gz;gwp Kiwapy; tpsf;fy; fhe;jtpirf;fhd Nfhitia ngWthh;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. njhopw;gLk; • N`hypd; mOj;jj;Jf;fhd  fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; Vw;wj;jpy;
tpiria Nfhitiag; ngwy; njhopw;gLk; tpirf;fhd Nfhitia
fl;Lg;gLj;Jthu;. gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 NkNy cs;s fhe;j tpirf;fhd
jpiria gpskpq;fpd; ,lf;if
tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp fhz;ghh;.
 fhe;etpir kw;Wk; fhe;jg;gha mlh;j;jp
njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfis jPh;g;ghh;.
 N`hypd; tpisit tpsf;Fthh;.
 N`hypd; mOj;jj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia
ngWthh;.
 N`hypd; tpisT njhlh;ghd
gpur;rpidfis jPh;g;ghh;.
 N`hypd; tpisT njhlh;ghd gad;ghL
fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis jUthh;.

51
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk;
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk;
7.2 • fhe;jg;Gyr; nrwpT
Njitf;Nfw;w • gpNah - rth tpjp
khwpfis • kf;];nty;ypd; jf;if jpUF tpjp
ifahStjd; • kpd;idf;nfhz;L nry;Yk;
%yk; fhe;jg; Kbtpypf; flj;jpapd; mUNf
Gyj;ij fhe;jg;ghamlu;j;jp
cUthf;Fthu;. (epWty; mtrpakpy;iy)
• kpd;idf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;
tl;lr;RUspd; ikaj;jpy;
fhe;jg;gha mlu;j;jp
• kpd;idf;nfhz;L nry;Yk;
ePskhd tupr;RUspd; mr;rpy;
fhe;jg;gha mlu;j;jp
(epWty; mtrpakpy;iy)
• kpd;idf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;
Kbtpyp ePsKila rkhe;juf;
flj;jpfs; ,uz;bw;fpilNa
Njhd;Wk; tpirapd; gUkd;
• mk;gpahpd; tiutpyf;fzk;
52
fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
 jFe;j Nfhitiag; gad;gLj;jp gpNah- 15
rth (Brot-savart) tpjpia tpsf;Fthh;.
 kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij fhTk; tl;lr;RUspd;
ikaj;jpy; fhe;jg;gha mlu;j;jpf;fhd
Nfhitia jUtpg;ghh;.
 kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fhTk; Kbtpyp ePs
Neupa flj;jpf;F ntspNaAk;>
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fhTk; ePz;l
tupr;RUspd; mr;rpd; topNaAk;
fhe;jg;gha mlu;j;jpf;fhd Nfhitfis
jUthh;.
 ,U rkhe;ju kpd;Ndhl;;lj;ij fhTk;
Kbtpyp ePs Neupa flj;jpfspy;
njhopw;gLk; tpirf;fhd Nfhitia
ngWthh;.
 kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij fhTk; tl;lr;RUs;>
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fhTk; Kbtpyp ePs
Neupa flj;jp> kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fhTk;
ePz;l tupr;RUs; njhlh;ghd
gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;ghh;.
 kpd;idf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; Kbtpyp
ePsKila rkhe;juf; flj;jpfs;
,uz;bw;fpilNa Njhd;Wk; tpirfis
tpsf;f KbtJld; tpirapd;
jpirapid vjph;T $Wthh;.
 mk;gpaiu tiuaWg;ghh;.
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

7.3 • kpd;Ndhl;lj; jlj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

kpd;Ndhl;lj; KWf;fk;  rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;l 15
jpw;Fk; fhe;jg; • rPuhd fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;;lj;ijf; fhTk; nrt;tf
Gyj;jpw;Fk; itf;fg;gl;l kpd; XLk; nrt;tf RUspy; njhopw;gLk; KWf;fj;jpw;fhd
,ilapyhd tbtkhd RUs; Nfhitiag; ngWthh;.
,ilj;njhlu;G • Miuad; fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy;  Miuad; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;l
fhuzkhf itf;fggl;l kpd; XLk; nrt;tf kpd;Ndhl;;lj;ijf; fhTk; nrt;tf
Row;rp tbtkhd RUs; RUspy; njhopw;gLk; KWf;fj;jpw;fhd
tpistpid • ,aq;F RUs; fy;tNdhkhdp Nfhitiag; ca;j;jwpthh;.
Muha;thu;. • jpUk;gYf;fhd Nfhit  kpd;Ndhl;lj; jlj;jpy; jhf;Fk; KWf;fk;
nahd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;ghh;.
• Xl;l Gyd;$u;ikapy;  ,aq;F RUs; fy;tNdhkhdpapd;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fl;likg;igAk;> njhopw;ghl;ilAk;
fhuzpfs; tpgupg;ghh;.
• Neu; Xl;l Nkhl;lu;  ,aq;F RUs; fy;tNdhkhdpapd;
jpUk;gYf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWthh;.
 ,aq;F RUs; fy;tNdhkhdpapd;
Xl;l Gyd; $u;ikia tpghpg;ghh;.
 NeNuhl;l Nkhl;lupd; fl;likg;igAk;>
njhopw;ghl;ilAk; tpgupg;ghh;.

53
 myF 8 - Xl;l kpd;dpay; (70 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

8.0 8.1 • mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fs; Q ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

Xl;l Xl;l • kpd;Ndw;wq;fs;> kpd;Ndhl;lk; I   kpd;Ndhl;lk; vd;gJ Vw;wg;gha;r;ry; 10
t
kpd;d pay; kpd;dpay; • cNyhff; flj;jpnahd;wpDs; tPjk; vd tpsf;Fthh;.
tpjpfs; njhlu;ghd Xl;lk; flj;jg;gLtjd; nghwpKiw  cNyhff; flj;jpapDlhd
ngsjpf • kpd;Ndhl;lk;> efu;T Ntfk; kpd;flj;jYf;fhd nghwpKiwia
jj; J tq; f s; >
fzpaq;fis vd;gtw;Wfpilapyhd tpsf;Fthh;.
tpisTfs;
Vw;w njhlh;Gf;fhd Nfhit  kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk;> ,yj;jpud;fspd;
vd;g tw;iw re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; • Xl;lg; gug;glu;j;jp efu;T Ntfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
nghUj;jkhd nghUj;jkhff; • mOj;j NtWghL njhlh;ig ngWthh;.
jhfTk; ifahs;thu;.  Xl;lg; gug;glu;j;jpf;fhd Nfhitia
l
gaDUjp • jil> jilj;jpwd; R   ca;j;jwpthh;.
AilajhfTk; A
 jilia tiuaWg;ghh;.
• ntg;gepiyAld; jil khWk; tpjk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.  jilia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis
• jilapd; ntg;gepiyf; Fzfk;
tpsf;Fthh;.
• kPflj;Jjpwd;
 jilj;jpwid tiuaWg;ghh;.
• kPflj;jpfspd; elj;ij
• kPflj;jpg; nghUl;fs;  ntg;gepiyAld; flj;jpfspdJk;
• kPflj;jpfspd; ,ay;Gfs; fhtypfspdJk; jilapd; khw;wj;ij
• kPflj;jpfspd; gad;fs; tpsf;Fthh;.
• jilfspd; Nru;khdk;  kPflj;jpfspd; ,ay;Gfis Ghpe;J
• njhlu; ,izg;G nfhs;StJld; mjd; gad;ghl;ilAk;
• rkhe;ju ,izg;G $Wthh;.
• Xkpd; tpjp  Xkpd; tpjpia $Wthh;.
• Xkpd; tpjp nry;YgbahFk;  I -V tisapia gad;gLj;jp Xkpa>
epiyikfs; Xkpa my;yhj flj;jpfisg; gw;wp
• V vjph; I tiuG tpsf;Fthh;.
• Xkpaf; flj;jpfs;  tpj;jpahrkhd mOj;jg;gphpiffisf;

54
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
• Xkpd; tpjpfF
; mikahj nfhz;l Kjy; xd;wpdhy; mOj;jg;
flj;jpfs; gphpifr;Rw;W jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.
• mOj;jg; gphpifr;Rw;W  vspa tiy Ntiyfspd;
rktYj;jiliaf; fhz;ghh;
 Xkpd; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp
gpurpdq;fisj; jPug;ghh;.
8.2 • rf;jpAk; tYTk; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
Neu; Xl;l • Vw;wk; gha;tjw;fhd tpuakhFk;  ve;j xU kpd;cgfuzj;jpD}lhfTk;
rf;jp gw;wpa Nfhit 06
kpdR; w;Wf;fspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; NghJ rf;jp
rf;jpiaAk; W  QV cld; W  VIt . tpuaj;jpw;Fhpa nray; tpsf;fkspf;f
tYitAk; • tYTf;fhd Nfhit (rf;jp vspa nraw;ghLfis elj;Jthh;.
mstpLthu;. tpuakhFk; tPjk;) P  VI  Vw;wg; gha;rr ; y; fhuzkhf rf;jp
tpuaj;jpw;fhd #j;jpuj;ij vOJthh;.
2
• P  I 2 R > P  V Ak; W  I 2 Rt ,  rf;jp tpua tPjj;jpw;fhd #j;jpuj;ij
R vOJthh;.
2
V  ve;jnthU kpd; cgfuzj;jpw;Fk;
W t I ngwy;
R W  VIt > P  VI Mfpatw;iw
• P  VI > W  VIt I VjhtJ gpuNahfpg;ghh;.
cgfuzq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jy;  capu;g;gp;y; jilia tpsf;Fthh;.
 capu;g;gp;y; jilfspy; (passive resisfors)
V2 V2
• P  I 2R > P  > W  I 2 Rt , W  t ntg;gtpuaj;ij fhz;gjw;F
R R
vd;gtw;iw ntg;gj;ij khj;jpuk; V2 V2
2 >P  > W  I 2
Rt , W  t
Njhw;WtpfF ; k; $WfSf;fhfg; PI R R R
gad;gLj;Jjy; (A+ypd; vd;gtw;iw gad;gLjJthh;.
ntg;gtpisT)

55
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk;
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk;
8.3 • kpd; ,af;f tpir
kpd;Rw;Wf;fspd; • vspa kpd;fyj;jpd;
tY jfLfSf;fpilNa kpd; mOj;jk;
Kjy;fisj; Njhd;Wk; Kiw
Njbaha;thu;. • gy;NtW kpd; ,af;f tpir
Kjy;fspy; rf;jpg; gupkhw;wk;
• kpd; ,af;f tpirapd;
tiutpyf;fzk;
• mfj;jilapd; mwpKfk;
• kpd;dpaf;ftpir Kjy;
xd;iwf;nfhz;l Rw;wpw;fhd
rf;jpf; fhg;G tpjpapd; gad;ghL
• %ba Rw;wpy; fyj;jpd;
KidfSf;fpilapyhd mOj;j
NtWghl;bw;fhd Nfhit V  E  Ir
• fynkhd;w pd; kpd;d paf;f
tpirnahd; i wAk;
mfj; j iliaAk; Jzpjy;
(tiuG Kiw %yk; )
• kpd; ,af;f tpir Kjy;fspd;
Nru;khdk;
• njhlu;epiy ,izg;G
• xj;j Kjy;fis rkhe;ju epiy
,izg;G
• jilap xd;wpd; jilf;Fk; mjpy;
tpuakhFk; tYTf;Fk;
56
fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;;
 vspa kpd;fyj;ij gad;gLj;jp 10
kpd;dpaf;ftpir cUthf;fj;ij
tpsf;Fthh;.
 tpjj; pahrkhd tifahd kpdd ; paf;ftpir
(kp.,.tp) Kjy;fspd; rf;jp khw;wj;ij
tpgupg;ghh;.
 kpd;dpaf;ftpir(kp. ,. tp) vd;gJ
Kjy; xd;wpdhy; rf;jp khw;wg;gLjy;
vd;gij tiuaWg;ghh;.
 Kjy; xd;wpdhy; rf;jp toq;fg;gLk;
tPjk; EI ngUf;fj;jpdhy; jug;gLk; vd
$Wthh;.
 %ba Rw;nwhd;wpy; mfj;jilAila
kpd;dpaf;ftpir Kjnyhd;wpw;F
FWf;Nfahd mOj;j NtWghl;Lf;fhd
rkd;ghl;il vOJthh;.
 kpd;dpaf;ftpir Kjypd; Kbtpl
mOj;j NtWghl;il mfj;jil
ghjpf;Fk; vd;gij tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;Sthh;.
 kpd; ,af;f tpir Kjy;fis
njhluha; ,izj;jy; njhlh;ghd
Nru;khdq;fis tpghpg;ghh;.
 xj;j kpd; ,af;f tpir Kjy;fis
rkhe;jukhf ,izj;jy; njhlh;ghd
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

,ilapyhd tiuG tiff;Fwpg;G Nru;khdq;fis tpghpg;ghh;.

• kpd;,af;ftpir  tY vjpu; jil (jilf;F vjpuhf
Kjy;fspypUe;J cr;r tYtpd;)tiuig gad;gLj;jp> cau;tY
tYitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; ,lkhw;wj;jpw;fhd epge;jidia
epge;jid. tpsf;Fthh;.
(ngWjy; mtrpakd;W)  fyk; xd;wpd; kpd;dpaf;ftpiriaAk;
mfj;jiliaAk; Jzptjw;fhd
ghpNrhjidiar; elj;Jthh;.
8.4 ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
kpd;Rw;Wf;fis • kpd;Rw;Wf;fs;  fph;f;Nfhg;gpd; tpjpfis vOJthh;. 06
tbtikg;g • fpu;f;Nfhg;gpd; tpjp  Vw;wf;fhg;G vd;gjdbg;gilapy;
jw;fhd • Kjyhk; tpjp (Vw;wf; fhg;G) fpu;f;Nfhg;gpd; KjyhtJ tpjpia
Xl;lkpd;dpay; • ,uz;lhk; tpjp; (rf;jpf; fhg;G) tpsf;Fthh;.
njhlu;ghd  rf;jpf;fhg;gpd; Xu; tbtk;; jhd;
jj;Jtq;fisAk; fpu;f;Nfhg;gpd; ,uz;lhtJ tpjp
tpjpfisAk; vd;gjid tpgupg;ghh;.
gaDWjpAld;  gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;f kpd;tiy
gad;gLj;Jthu;. NtiyfSf;F fph;r;Nfhg;gpd; tpjpfisg;
gpuNahfpg;ghh;.

8.5 • mk;gpah;khdp> Nthy;w;Wkhdp> ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

mstPL gd;khdp vd;gtw;wpd; gad;ghLfs;  kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij msg;gjw;F mk;gpah; 10
ngwg;gl • tPw;]u; d; ghyk; khdpia gad;gLj;Jthh;.
Ntz;ba • rkepiyr; re;ju;gg
; j;jpy;  mOj;jNtWghl;il msg;gjw;F
fzpaj;jpw;F jilfSf;fpilapyhd Nthy;w;Wkhdpia gad;gLj;Jthh;.
Vw;w njhlu;G  kpd;Ndhl;lk;> mOj;jNtWghL> jil
• kPww ; u; ghyk;
57
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
cgfuzj;ijj; • kPww; u; ghyj;ijg; vd;gtw;iw msg;gjw;F gd;khdpia
njupTnra;J gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ gad;gLj;Jthh;.
kpd; mstPl;L ftdpf;fNtz;ba fhuzpfs;  ,yl;rpa mk;gpah; khdp> ,yl;rpa
fUtpfis • kPw;wu; ghyj;i jg; gad;gLj;jp Nthy;w;Wkhdp vd;gtw;wpd;
jpUj;jkhfTk; • jilfspd; ntg;g epiyf; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.
ghJfhg;ghfTk; Fzfj; i jf; fzpj; j y;  tPw;]u; d ghyk; rkepiyapy;
ifahSthu;. • mOj;jkhdp cs;sNghJ jilfspw;F ,ilapyhd
• mOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtk; njhlu;ig ngWthh;.
• mOj;jkhdpia msTf;Nfhbly;  jilfspdhy; Md vspa
• mOj;jkhdpia gad;gLj;Jk; tiyNtiyfspd; rktYj;jilia
NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s fhz;gjw;F tPw;]u; d ghyj; njhlh;ig
Ntz;ba fhuzpfs; gad;gLj;jp ngWthh;.
• mOj; j khdpapd; gad;g hL  jil ntg;gepiyf; Fzfj;ij
• kpd;, af;f tpirfis kpfj;jpUj;jkhf fhz kPww ; u; ghyj;ij
xg; g ply; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
• fyk; xd;wpd; mfj;;jilia  kPww
; h; ghyk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
mstply; fhuzj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.
• mOj;jkhdpapd; gad;ghl;bd;  nghUj;jkhd epiyikfspy; tPw;]u; d;
mD$yq;fSk; ghyk; njhlh;ghd fzpj;jy;fis
gpujp$yq;fSk; rupahf gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 mOj;jkhdpapid gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ
fUjg;gl Ntz;ba fhuzpfis
tpsf;Fthh;.
 mOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtj;ij tpgupg;ghh;.
 mOj;jkhdpia gad;gLj;jp
kp.,.tpirfis xg;gpLthh;.

58
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
 fyq;fspd; mfj;jilia
mOj;jkhdpia gad;gLj;jp Jzpthh;.
 mOj;jkhdp gad;ghl;bd;
mD$yq;fisAk;>
gpujp$yq;fisAk; tpghpf;f KbAk;.
 mOj;jkhdp njhlu;ghd
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;ghh;.
8.6 • kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;;
kpd;fhe;jj; • fhe;jg;ghak;  kpd;fhe;j Jhz;ly; tpjpfis
J}z;ly; 20
• gha ,izg;G tpsq;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F nraw;ghLfis
tpjpfis • kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly; tpjpfs; nra;J fhl;Lthh;.
njhopy;El;gj; • guNlapd; tpjp  guNlapd; tpjpiaAk; nyd;rpd;
NjitfSf;fhfg; • nyd;w;rpd; tpjp (Lenz’s Law) tpjpiaAk; $Wthh;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.  fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; ,aq;Fk; Nfhypy;
• kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;liyr;
nra;J fhl;ly; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;ftpirf;fhd
• fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; ,aq;Fk; Nfhitfis ngWthh;.
Neuhd flj;jpnahd;wpy;  fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; RoYk; Nfhypy;
J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;f tpir Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;ftpirf;fhd
• J}z;ly; kpd; ,af;f Nfhitfis ngWthh;.
tpirf;fhd tpsf;fKk;  fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; RoYk; jl;by;
NfhitAk; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;ftpirf;fhd
• gpnskpq;fpd; tyf;if tpjp Nfhitfis ngWthh;.
• fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; RoYk;  rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; RUspd;
Nfhypy; J}z;lg;gLk; jsj;jpw;Fk; Gyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa
kpd;dpaf;ftpir tpj;jpahrkhd Nfhzq;fspy; RoYk;
• fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; RoYk; jl;by; nrt;tf RUspy; Jhz;lg;gl;l

59
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;f tpir kpd;dpaf;ftpiria tpsf;Fthh;.
• fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; RoYk;  fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; RoYk; nrt;tf RUspy;
nrt;tfr; RUspy; J}z;lg;gLk; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;ftpirf;fhd
kpd;dpaf;f tpir> cau; cah; ngWkhdj;jpw;Fhpa Nfhitia
ngWkhdj;jpw;fhd Nfhit ngWthh;.
• MlNyhl;l kpd;gpwg;ghf;fp  MlNyhl;l kpd; gpwg;ghf;fpfspd;
• xOq;fikg;G xOq;fikg;igAk; njhopw;ghl;ilAk;
• Neuj;Jld; kpd;dpaf;f tpir tpgupg;ghh;.
khwiyf; fhl;Lk; tiuG  Mly; kpd;Ndhl;l gpwg;ghf;fpapy;
• MlNyhl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpdJk;> Neuj;Jld;> kpd;dpaf;f tpirapd;
mOj;jj;jpdJk; mwpKfk; khwiy tpsf;Fk; tiuig tiuthh;.
• kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpdJk;
 kpdN; dhl;lj;jpdJk; mOj;jj;jpdJk; r. m. s
mOj;jj;jpdJk; r. m. s
ngWkhdj;jpw;Fk; cr;r
ngWkhdKk; cr;r
ngWkhdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
ngWkhdKk;
njhlh;ig $Wthh;.
• jilr;Rw;Wf;fspy; ,il tY
 kpdN; dhl;lj;jpdJk; mOj;jj;jpdJk; r. m. s
thw;wpy; jUjy;
• RupaNyhl;lKk;; mjd; cgNahfKk; ngWkhdj;ij gad;gLj;jp
• Nkhl;lu; xd;wpd; gpd; kpd; ,af;f tpir jilr;Rw;Wf;fspy; ,il tYitf;
• Nkhl;lu; xd;wpd; gpd; kpd; ,af;f fzpf;fKbAk; vd $Wthh;.
tpiria nra;J fhl;ly;  Neh; xl;l Nkhl;lhh; xd;wpy;
• MNkr;rupad; Clhf kpdN ; dhl;lj;jpy; gpd;kpd;dpaf;ftpir cUthf;fj;ij
gpd; kpd;dpaf;f tpirapd; tpisT tpsf;Fthh;.
• Muk;g Xl;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;/  njhlf;Fk; Mspapd; (stater switch)
njhlf;f Msp gad;ghl;il tpghpg;ghh;.
• khw;wpfs;  epiykhw;wpapd; fl;likg;G>
• mikg;G njhopw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthh;.

60
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk;
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk;
• Kjy; Rw;wpYk; Jizr;Rw;wpYk;
cs;s Rw;Wf;fSf;Fk;
mOj;jtpj;jpahrj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlu;G
• gbFiw> gb$l;b khw;wp
• khw;wpapd; nga;g;G kw;Wk; gag;G
tY
• VI ngUf;fk; MdJ khw;wpapd;
nga;g;G/gag;G tYthFk;.
• khw;wpapy; rf;jp tpuak;
• A+y; ntg;g tpuak;
• Rupay; Xl;l tpuak;
• rf;jp tpuaj;ij
Fiwg;gjw;fhd Kiw
• khw;wpfspd; gad;ghL
• kpd; tY CLflj;jy;
61
fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
 Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;
mOj;jNtWghLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlh;ig vOJthh;.
 epiykhw;wpfs; njhlh;ghd
gpur;ridfis jPh;g;ghh;.
 kpd;tY CLflj;jiy gz;gwp hPjpahf
tpsf;fkspg;ghh;.
 kpd;tY njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfis
jPh;g;ghh;.
 ,yl;rpa epiykhw;wpapd; gag;G nga;g;G
tYf;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;ig
mOj;jk;> kpd;Ndhl;lk; rhh;ghf
$Wthh;.
 gb $l;L epiykhw;wp> gbFiw
epiykhw;wp vd;gtw;iw
mwpKfg;gLj;Jthh;.
 gb $l;L epiykhw;wp> gbFiw
epiykhw;wp vd;gtw;wpw;F cjhuzk;
jUthh;.
 epiykhw;wpapy; A+ypd; ntg;gtpisT
fhuzkhd rf;jp ,og;ig tpsf;Fthh;.
 epiykhw;wpapy; Rhpay; Xl;lk;
fhuzkhd rf;jp ,og;ig tpsf;Fthh;.
 kpd;tY CLflj;jypy; gb $l;L
epiykhw;wp> gbFiw epiykhw;wp
vd;gtw;wpd; gad;ghl;il tpsf;Fthh;.
 myF 9 - ,yj;jpudpay; (40 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

9.0 9.1 • Fiwflj;jpfs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

khdplj; Fiw flj;jpf; • cs;sl P ;L Fiwflj;jpfs;  J}a rpypf;fDk; N[khdpaKk; 10
Njitfis $Wfspd; • ntspaPl;L Fiwflj;jpfs; cs;sl P ;L Fiwflj;jpfs; vd
njhopw;gLk; • n- tif fz;lwpthh;.
tpidj;
jj;Jtq;fs; • p- tif  ntspaPl;L Fiwflj;jpfis
jpwDld;
gw;wp • re;jp ,Uthap tpsf;Fthh;.
epiwT • p - n re;jp ,Uthap  twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrk; cUthjiyAk;
Muha;thu;.
nra; J • twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrk; p - n re;jpapy; jLg;G mOj;jj;ijAk;
nfhs; t jw;F • Kd;Kff; Nfhly; tpsf;Fthh;.
,yj;jpudpay; • gpd;Kff; Nfhly;  ,yl;rpa ,UthapdJk; nra;Kiw
Rw;W f;f isg; • ,Uthapapd; rpwg;gpay;G tisapfs; ,UthapdJk;; rpwg;gpay;Gfis
gad; • ,yl;rpa ,Uthapapd; I - V tiugpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthh;.
gLj;J thu; . tisap  ,Uthap xd;W Kd;KfNfhlypy;
• nra;Kiw ,Uthapapd; I - V cs;s NghJ mjd; njhopw;ghl;il
tisap tpsf;Fthh;.
• rPuhf;fpahf ,Uthap  ,Uthap xd;W gpd;Kff; Nfhlypy;
• miu miyr; rPuhf;fk; cs;s NghJ mjd; njhopw;ghl;il
• KO miyr; rPuhf;fk tpsf;Fthh;.
• xg;gkhf;fy;  ghpNrhjidia xOq;fikg;gjd; %yk;
• rPu hf; f iy fNjhl;L f;f jpu; nra;Kiw ,Uthapapd; I - V tisapia
miyTfhl;b %yk; nra;J ngWthh;.
fhl;Ljy; (CRO)  jFe;j thpg;glj;jpd; cjtpAld;
• Mspahf ,Uthap ,Uthap miu miy rPuhf;fpahf
• ,Uthapfspd; tiffs; gad;gLj;jiy tpsf;Fthh;.
• Nrdu; ,Uthap  ghytiyr; rPuhf;fp xh; KO miy
• Nrdu; ,Uthapapd; rPuhf;fp vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.

62
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

Nthw;wsT rPuhf;fy;  KO miy rPuhf;fj;jpd; xg;gkhf;fiy

• xspfhYk; ,Uthap (LED)
• xsp ,Uthap (Photo diode)
tpsf;Fthh;.
 ,Uthap Mspahf njhopg;gLjiy
tpsf;Fthh;.
 ,Uthapfs; njhlu;ghd vz;zpay;
rhh;e;j gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;ghh;.
 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; rPuhf;;fj;jpd;
njhopw;gLjiy nra;J fhlLthh;.
 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; Mspahf
njhopw;gLjiy nra;J fhlLthh;
 Nrdu; ,Uthapapd; Nthw;wsT
rPuhf;fiy tpsf;Fthh;.
 gz;gwp hPjpahf xspfhYk; ,Uthapapd;
njhopw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthh;.
 gz;gwp hPjpahf xsp ,Uthapapd;
njhopw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthh;.

9.2 • jpuhd;rpw;wu; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

jpuhd;rpw;wupd; • ,U KidT jpuhd;rpw;wu;  npn, pnp jpuhd;rpw;wu;fspd; fl;likg;ig
14
njhopwg; hLfis • npn> pnp jpuhd;rpw;wu;fspd; tpsf;Fthh;.
nra;Kiwj; fl;likg;Gk; Rw;Wf; FwpaPLk;  npn jpuhd;rpw;wh; xd;wpd; njhopw;ghl;il
Njitfspy; • npn jpuhd;rpw;wu; Rw;Wf;fs; ,yj;jpud;fspdJk; JisfspdJk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. • Rw;W cUtikg;Gf;fs; ,af;fk; rhh;ghf tpsf;Fthh;.
• nghJ mb  jFe;j tupg;glq;fspd; cjtpAld;
• nghJf;fhyp nghJf;fhyp> nghJmb> nghJ
• nghJ Nrfupg;ghd; Nrfupg;ghd; cUtikg;Gfis
• jpuhd;rpw;whpd; njhopw;ghL tpgupg;ghh;.

63
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk;
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk;
• nghJ - fhyp
cUtikg; g py;
jpuhd; r pw; w upd; rpwg; G
,ay;Gfis EZfp
Muha; j y;
• ngag;G ,ay;Gfs;
• khWepiy ,ay;Gfs;
• gag;G ,ay;Gfs;
• jpuhd;rpw;wh; Nfhlyply;
• nghJf;fhyp jpuhd;rpw;wu;
tpupayhf;fp
• Xl;l tpupayhf;fk;
• mOj;j tpupayhf;fk;
• nghJf;fhyp jpuhd;rpw;wu; Msp
• xU KidT jpuhd;rpw;wu;
• Gy tpisT jpuhd;rpw;wu;(JFET)
• n-top JFET ,d; fl;likg;G
• n -top JFET ,d; njhopwg
• rpwg;gpay;G tisapfs;
64
fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
 ghpNrhjidfis elj;Jtjd; %yk;
nghJfhyp jpuhd;rpw;wu; cUtikg;gpd;
nga;g;G> gag;G ,lkhw;w
rpwg;gpay;Gfis tiugpdhy;
tpsf;Fthh;.
 nghUj;jkhd tupgg ; lq;fspd; cjtpAld;
npn jpuhd;rpw;whpd; Nfhliy
tpsf;Fthh;.
 nghJf;fhyp cUtikg;gpy; kpd;Ndhl;l
tphpayhf;fpahf njhopw;ghl;ilAk;
gad;ghl;ilAk; tpghpg;ghh;.
 nghJf;fhyp cUtikg;gpy;
Nthy;w;wsT tphpayhf;fpahfTk;
njhopw;ghl;ilAk; gad;ghl;ilAk;
tpghpg;ghh;.
 jpuhd;rpw;wu; xd;W Mspahf
njhopw;gLtij tpgupg;ghh;.
; hL  jpuhd;rpw;wu; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfis
jPug;ghh;.
 n-top> p-top xU KidT
jpuhd;rpw;wupd;(FET) fl;likg;G>
njhopw;ghL> rpwg;gpay;G vd;tw;iw
tpsf;Fthh;.
 n-top xU KidT jpuhd;rpw;wupd;(FET)
mOj;jtphpayhf;fj;ij rpwg;gpay;G
tisapiag; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;Fthh;.
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
9.3 • nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpfs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;fs;
nraw;ghl;L • xd;wpize;j Rw;whf (IC’s)  nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpapd; ghj 06
tpupayhf;fpapd; nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fp vz;fis ,dq;fhz;ghh;.
gad;ghL gw;wp • ghjq;fis ,dk; fhzy;  nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpapd; jpwe;j jl
EZfpaha;thu;. • nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fy; rpwg;gpay;ig tpgupg;ghh;.
njhopw;ghL  jpwe;j jl epiyapy; mOj;jeaj;jpw;
• jpwe;j jl epiyf;;fhd fhd Nfhitia ntspg;gLjJthh;.
rpwg;gpay;Gfs;  nraw;ghl;L tphpayhf;fpapd; ,ay;Gfis
• nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpia $Wthh;.
mOj;j tpupayhf;fpahfg;  kiwahd gpd;D}l;lypd; Nehf;fj;ijAk;
gad;gLj;jy; nraw;ghl;L tphpayhf;fpapd; eaj;jpd;
• %ba jl epiy tpisTfisAk; tpsf;Fthh;.
• nghd;dhd tpjpfs; I ck;>  Neu;khW> Neu;khW my;yhj nraw;ghl;L
II ck;. tpupayhf;fpfspd; njhop;w;ghl;il jFe;j
• Neu;khw;W tpupayhf;fp Rw;Wtupg;glq;fSld; tiuG Kiwapy;
• Neu; khwhj tpupayhf;fp tpsf;Fthh;.
• nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpia  nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpapd; %ba
mOj;j xg;ghsp / Msp jlepiyf;Fhpa nghd;dhd tpjpfs; I
(Voltage Comparator) IAk;> II IAk; $Wthh;.
gad;gLj;jy; • Neu;khw;W tpupayhf;fp> Neu;khwhj
tpupayhf;fp vd;gtw;Wf;Fhpa mOj;j
eaj;jpw;Fhpa Nfhitfis ngWthh;.
• nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpia mOj;j
xg;ghspahf gad;gLj;Jtjd; gaid
tpsf;Fthh;.
• nraw;ghl;L tphpayhf;fp njhlh;ghd
gpurpdq;fis jPH;g;ghh;.
65
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

9.4 • ,yf;f ,yj;jpudpay; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

,yf;fr; • ju;ff
; g;gliyfspy; G+y NfhitAk;  AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EX-OR, 12
Rw;Wf;fspd; (Boolian algebra) nka; ml;ltizAk; EX-NOR jUf;f gliyfSf;fhd
nraw;ghl;ilf; • NOT gliy • AND gliy cz;ik ml;ltiz> g+ypad;
fl;Lg;gLj;J • OR gliy • NAND gliy Nfhitfis vOJthh;.
tjw;F • NOR gliy • EXOR gliy  ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W nga;g;Gf;fisf;
ju;f;fg;gliy • EXNOR gliy nfhz;l vspa ,yf;f jUf;f
fisg; gad; • mbg;gilj; ju;f;fg;gliyfspd; Rw;Wf;fhd jUf;f Nfhitfis
gLj;Jthu;. nka; ml; l tizfis EZfp cUthf;Fthh;.
Muha; j y;  jug;gl;l jUf;f Nfhitfis jUf;f
• vspa ,yf;fr; Rw;wpf;fhd Rw;Wf;fshf khw;Wthh;.
ju;ff; f; Nfhit  jug;gl;l epge;jidfSf;F mikthf
($baJ %d;W nga;g;Gfs;) vspa jUf;f Rw;Wf;fis
• jug;gl;Ls;s ju;ff ; f; Nfhitia tbtikg;ghh;.
ju;f;fg;gliyahf khw;wy;  NOR gliyfis nfhz;L jdp Qhgf
• nka; ml;ltizia %yfq;fis tpsf;Fthh;.
ju;ff; f;Nfhitahff; fhl;ly;  cz;ik ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp
• vspa ju;f;f Rw;Wf;fis SR (set Reset) vO-tpO kpd; Rw;wpd;
tbtikj;jy; njhopw;ghl;il tpgupg;ghh;.
• ,yj;jpudpay; epidtfk;
(Electrionic memory)
• NOR gliyfSld; jdp
epidtfk; %yk;
(Single memory element)
• mbg;gil SR vO-
tpO (flip-flop )
(Bistable)
66
 myF 10 - rlj;jpd; nghwpapay; ,ay;Gfs; (40 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

10.0 10.1 • jpz;kq;fspd; kPsj; d;ik ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
rlj;j pd; kPs;jd;ik • ,OitAk; ePl;rpAk;  ,io my;yJ tpy; xd;wpd; 10
nghwpapay; gw;wpa • Rik - ePl;rp tiuG ,Oitf;Fk; ePl;rpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
mwpitg; • `{f;fpd; tpjp njhlh;ig mwpa ghpNrhjid
,ay;G fs;
gad;gLj;jp • ,Oitj; jifg;G elj;Jthh;.
gw;wpa  `{f;fpd; tpjpia $Wthh;.
md;whl • ,Oit tpfhuk;
mwpit  jifg;G> tpfhuk;> aq;fpd; kl;L
tho;f;ifj; • aq;fpd; kl;L
md;w hl NjitfSf;Fg; vd;gtw;iw tiuaWg;ghh;.
• cNyhff;f k;g papd; aq; f pd;
NtiyfspYk; nghUj;jkhf  jifg;G vjph; tpfhuk; tisapiag;
kl;i lj; Jzpjy;
gjhu;jj
; q;fisj; gad;gLj;jp gjhh;jj ; q;fspd;
• jifg;G - tpfhu tiuG
njupT ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthh;.
• ,Oitf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;l ,ioapy;
nra;thu;.  cNyhff; fk;gpnahd;wpd; aq;fpd; kl;il
Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rf;jp
Jzpthh;.
 jifg;Gf;F cl;gl;l fk;gp my;yJ
tpy;ypy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l rf;jpf;fhd
Nfhitia jUthh;.
 kPs;jd;ikAld; njhlh;Ggl;l
vz;zpay; rhh;e;j gpur;rpidfis
jPh;g;ghh;.
 njhopEl;g Nehf;fq;fSf;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kPs;jd;ik gw;wpa
mwpT rhh;e;j mwpf;ifia vOJthh;.

67
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

10.2 • gpRf;Fik ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

gpRf;Fik • gpRf;Fik tpir
gw;wa • gpRf;Fikf; Fzfk;
mwpit
F=Av1-v2) /d
md;whl
NjitfSf;Fk; • ghapg;gha;r;rypw;fhd GthNrapd;
tpQ;Qhd #j;jpuk;
NtiyfspYk; • nry;YgbahFk; epge;jidfs;
cgNahfpg;ghu;. • gupkhzg;gFg;gpD}lhf
#j;jpuj;ij rup ghu;j;jy;
• gpRf; F ikf; F zfj; i jj;
Jzptjw; F GthNrapd;
#j;jpuj;i jg; gad;g Lj;j y;
• gpRf;Fik Clfq;fspd; Clhd
nghUs;fspd; ,af;fk;
• nghUs; kPJ jhf;Fk; tpirfs;
• KbT Ntfk;
• ];nuhf;fpd; tpjp
• gupkhzg;gFg;gpD}lhf
#j;jpuj;ij rup ghu;j;jy;
• KbT Ntfj;jpw;fhd
rkd;ghnlhd;iwg; ngwy;
• Nky;Nehf;fp
,aq;FnghUs;
• fPo;Nehf;fp
,aq;Fg;nghUs;
 vspa nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; NtWgl;l 15
jputq;fspd; gha;r;rypd; NtWghl;bw;F
nray; Kiw tpsf;Fthh;.
 gpRf;Fikia tpghpf;f jput
ghar;;rYf;F Ntfg; gbj;jpwd;>
njhlypj;jpir jifg;G vd;gtw;iw
njhlu;GgLj;Jthh;.
 gpRf;Fik Fzfj;ij tiuaWg;ghh;.
 gpRf;Fiktpirf;fhd Nfhitia
gad;gLj;jp gpurpdq;fis jPh;g;ghh;.
 jput gha;rrYf;fhd GtNrapd;
#j;jpuj;ij tpghpg;ghh;.
 GtNrapd; #j;jpuk; typjhtjw;fhd
epge;jidfis $Wthh;.
 kapu;j;Jis gha;r;ry; Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;jp> ePupd; gpRf;Fik
Fzfj;ij JzpAk; gupNrhjidia
nra;J fhlLthh;.
 gpRf;Fik Clfj;jpD}L epiyf;Fj;jhf
,aq;Fk; Nfhsj;jpy; jhf;Fk; tpiria
tpghpg;ghh;.
 gpRf;Fik Clfj;jpD}L ,aq;Fk;
clnyhd;wpd; v - t tiuig gad;gLj;jp
KbTNtfj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.
 ];nuhf;fpd; tpjpia $Wthh;.

68
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

 gpRf;Fik Clfj;jpD}L epiyf;Fj;jhf

,aq;Fk; Nfhsj;jpd;
KbTNtfj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia
ngWthh;.
 gpRf;Fik njhlu;ghd vspa
vz;zpay; rhh;e;j gpur;rpidfis
jPu;g;ghh;.
10.3 • Nkw;gug;G ,Oit ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth; 15
gug;G ,Oit • Nkw;gug;G ,Oitapd;  vspa nraw;ghLfis cgNahfpj;J
gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk; jputnkhd;wpd; RahjPd Nkw;gug;gpd;
mwpit • njhLiff; Nfhzk; elj;ijia nra;J fhl;Lthh;.
md;whl • jput gpiwAU ,ay;Gf;Fk;  %yf;$WfSf;fpilNaahd tpiria
Njitfis njhLiff; Nfhzj;jpw;Fk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L jputnkhd;wpd;
epiwT ,ilapyhd njhlu;G RahjPd Nkw;gug;gpd; elj;ijia
nra;tjw;Fk; • RahjPd Nkw;gug;Gr; rf;jp tpsf;Fthh;.
,aw;ifj; • jputg;glynkhd;wpy;  Nkw;gug;gpOitia tiuaWg;ghh;.
Njhw;wghLfis rkntg;Gspahf (Isothermal)  Nkw;gug;Gr; rf;jpia tiuaWg;ghh;.
tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; Nkw;gug;ig mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ  Nkw;gug;Gr; rf;jp> Nkw;gug;gpOit
cgNahfpg;ghu;. nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyf;fhd Nfhit vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlh;ig
• Nkw;gug;G rf;jpf;Fk;> Nkw;gug;G ngWthh;.
,Oitf;Fkhd njhlu;G  thpg;glq;fspd; cjtpAld; njhLiff;
• Nfhsg;gpiwUtpw;F FWf;Nfahd Nfhzj;ij tpghpg;ghh;.
mKf;f NtWghLf;fhd Nfhit  Nfhs gpiwAUtpw;F FWf;Nfahd
• kapu;j;Jis vOif mKf;f NtWghl;bw;fhd Nfhitia
• kapuj; J
; is vOifff;fhd Nfhit Nkw;gug;gpO tpir> gpiwAUtpd; Miu
rhu;ghf ngWthh;.
69
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
• gug;G ,Oitiaj; Jzpjy;  Nkw;gug;gpO tpir vDk;
• EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpia Njhw;wg;ghl;bd; cjtpAld;
gad;g Lj;jy; kapu;j;Jis Vw;wj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.
• kapu;j;Jis vOif Kiw  kapu;j;Jis Vw;wj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia
• Nafupd; Kiw Nkw;gug;gpOtpir> njhLiff;Nfhzk;>
gpiwAUtpd; Miu rhu;ghf ngWthh;.
 Nkw;gug;gpOtpiria Jzpa
EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fp Kiw
gupNrhjidia elhj;Jthh;.
 Nkw;gug;gpOtpiria Jzpa
kapu;Jis Vw;w Kiw gupNrhjidia
elhj;Jthh;.
 Nkw;gug;gpOtpiria Jzpa Nafupd;
Kiw gupNrhjidia elhj;Jthh;.
 Nkw;gug;gpO tpir njhlu;ghd
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;ghh;.

70
 myF 11 - rlKk; fjpu;g;Gk; (30 ghlNtisfs;)
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

11.0 11.1 • fjpu;gg

; pd; nrhl;L ,ay;G ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpdd ; h; khzth;
etPd nrhl;L • fUk;nghUs; fjpu;gG ;  nraw;ghLfspd; %yKk; 06
ngsjpftpay; nfhs;ifiaf; • ]; n ughdpd; tpjp cjhuzq;fsps; %yKk; tpj;jpahrkhd
fUk; • fUk;nghUs; my;yhj ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s cly;fspd;
nfhs;iffis
nghUs;fspd; nghUl;fSf;F ];nughdpd; ntg;gf;fjph;g;ig tpsf;Fthh;.
Muha; t hu;.
fjpu;g;Gr;nrwpTg; tpjpia khw;wp mikj;jy;  fUk;nghUl; fjpu;gi ; g tpsf;f KbAk;.
guk;giy • fjpu;gG ; r; nrwptpw;Fk; miy  ntt;NtW ntg;gepiyfSf;F nrwpT
tpsf;fg; eP s j; j pw;Fkhd tiuG vjph; miyePs tiuig gad;gLj;jp
gad;gLj;Jthu;. • tPdpd; ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpjp fUk;nghUs; fjph;gg ; pd; nrwpTg;
• fjpu;gG ; r; nrwpT guk;giy guk;giy tpsf;Fthh;.
gz;ila ngsjpftpay;  ];nugdpd; tpjpia $Wthh;.
nfhs;ifahy; tpsf;f  ntg;gepiyf;Fk; fUk;nghUl; fjpu;gg ; pd;
Kbahky; ,Ue;jik nrwpTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;ig
• gpshq;fpd; fUJNfhs; ngw ];nugdpd; tpjpia
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 fUk;nghUsy;yhj nghUl;fSf;F
];nugdpd; tpjpia gpuNahfpf;Fk;
Kiwia tpgupg;ghh;.
 tPdpd; ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpjpia $Wthh;.
 njhlh;ghd fzepiyf;F tPdpd;
,lg;ngau;r;rp tpjpia gad;gLj;Jthh;.
 fUk;nghUl;fjpu;g;gpid tpsf;Ftjpy;
gioa ngsjpfj;jpd; Njhy;tpia
tpgupg;ghh;.
 gpshq;fpd; fUJNfhis tpsf;f Vw;w
gjq;fis gad;gLj;Jthh;.

71
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
 fUk;nghUs; fjph;gg; pd; Jzpf;if
,ay;ig Vw;ghh;.
 fUk;nghUs; fjph;gi
; g tpsf;f
gpshq;fpd; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;j
KbAk; vd;gij Vw;ghh;.
11.2 • xspkpd; tpisT ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
nrhl;L • Eiotha; kPbwd;  xsp kpd;tpistpd; tpupthd Ma;tpd; 06
nfhs;ifia • I - V tiuGfs; %yk; fz;lwpag;gLk; ,ay;Gfis
xspkpd; • epWj;Jk; mOj;jk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
tpisit • kPbwdpw;Fk; epWj;Jk; xspkpd;tpisit tpsf;Fthh;.
tpsf;fg; mOj;jj;jpw;Fkhd tiuG  Eiotha; kPbwid fz;lwpa KbAk;.
gpuNahfpg;ghu;. • gy;NtW cNyhfq;fSf;fhd  epWj;Jk; mOj;jj;ij tpsf;f KbAk;.
tiuGfs;  gioa ngsjpf nfhs;ifapd;
• xspkpd; tpisit gz;ila mbg;gilapy; xsp kpd; tpistpd;
KbTfis tpsq;fg;gLj;j KbahJ
ngsjpftpay; nfhs;ifahy;
vd;gjid Vw;ghh;.
tpsf;fKbahky; ,Ue;jik
 Id;];iud; Kd;itj;j
• xspkpd; tpisit tpsf;Ftjw;F
fUJNfhs;fis $Wthh;.
Id;];iud; Kd;itj;j fUJNfhs;
 Nghl;Nlhd; nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jp
• rf;jpr;nrhl;il fUJtjd; %yk; xspkpd; tpistpid tpsf;Fthh;.
xspkpd; tpisit tpsf;fy;  Id;];iudpd; rkd;ghl;bYs;s
(Nghl;Nghd;) cWg;Gf;fis ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk;
• Ntiyr;rhu;G mjid tpsf;Fthh;.
• Id;];iudpd; xspkpd; tpisTr;;  Eiotha; kPbwidAk; Ntiyr;
rkd;ghL rhu;igAk; njhlh;gLj;Jthh;.
• Ntiyr; rhu;gpw;Fk; Eiotha;  epWj;Jk; mOj;jj;jj;ijAk; cau;
kPbwDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G ,af;fg;ghl;Lr; rf;jpiaAk;

72
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

• epWj;Jk; mOj;jj;jpw;Fk; cau; njhlu;GgLj;Jthh;.

,af;fr; rf;jpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd  xspkpd; rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp
njhlu;G fzpj fzpg;gPLfis jPh;g;ghh;.
 cah; ,af;fg;ghl;Lr; rf;jpahdJ
nrwptpy; jq;fpapUf;fhj mNj Ntis
xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; nrwpTf;F
Neh;tpfpjrkdhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijAk;
tpsf;Fthh;.
 kpd;fhe;j miyapd; Jzpf;ifj;
jd;ikf;fhf xspkpd; tpisT rhd;W
gfpUk; vd;gij $Wthh;.
11.3 • rlj;jpd; miy ,ay;Gfs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;;
miy - • rlj;jpd; miyf;fhd b-Gnwhf;yp  Jzpf;ifapd; miy ,ay;gpw;fhd
Jzpf;if rhd;Wfis Kd;itg;ghh;. 02
miy ePsk;
,Uik • rlj;jpd; miyapay;G gw;wpa  ve;j xU Jzpf;ifapdJk; jd; ce;jk;
,ay;G gw;wp rhd;Wfs; mjDld; ,ize;j miyePskhdJ
Muha;thu;. • ,yj;jpudpay;; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd;; b GNwhf;ypapd; miyePsk; vd
(Duality) jj;Jtk; $wg;gLk; njhlh;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sthh;.
 ,aq;Fk; Jzp;f;ifnahd;wpd;
b GNwhf;ypapd; miyePsj;ij
Jzptjw;F b GNwhf;ypapd;
fUJNfhis gpuNahfpg;ghh;.
 ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd;
jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.

73
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
11.4 • X fjpu;fs; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
khdplj; • X fjpu;fs; cw;gj;jpahf;fy;  X - fjpu;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;ig 02
Njitfis • X fjpu;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; tpsf;Fthh;.
epiwT nra;J • X fjpu;fspd; gad;ghLfs;  X - fjpu;fspd; cw;gj;jp Kiwia
nfhs;tjw;fhf tpgupg;ghh;.
X fjpu;fisg;  X - fjpu;fspd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthh;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.  X - fjpu;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW
Jiwfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthh;.
(kUj;Jtj;Jiw> ifj;njhopy;Jiw>
Nghd;wd )

11.5 • fjpu;j;njhopw;ghL ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;

khdplj; • ,aw;iff; fjpuj ; n
; jhopwg
; hl;L Nja;T  ,aw;if fjpu; njhopw;ghl;ilAk; mjd;
08
Njitfis • α- Jzpf;iff; fhyy; ,ay;GfisAk; tpsf;Fthh;.
epiwT nra;J • β- Jzpf;iff; fhyy;  fjpu;gG
; fhyiy tpsf;Fthh;.
nfhs;tjw;F • γ- fjpu;f; fhyy;  #oypYs;s ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy;
fjpu;j; • fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L Nja;T tpjp cs;s fjph;njhopw;ghl;il iffh;
njhopw;ghL • tiuG %yk; fhl;ly; vz;zpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstpLtJld;
gw;wp • Nja;T khwpyp mjid tpsf;Fthh;.
Muha;thu;. • njhopw;ghL  fjpu;njhopw;ghl;L Nja;T> fjpu;
• miu MAl;fhyk; njhopw;ghl;L Nja;T tpjp> tiuG
• fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;bd; gad;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;ghh;.
• fjpu; njhopwg; hl;il Njjpaply; (C-14)  Nja;T khwpyp njhopw;ghL> miu
• kUj;Jtk;> ,ae;jputpay;> tho;T fhyk; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthh;.
tptrhaj;Jiw vd;gtw;wpy;.  kUj;Jtk;> njhopw;Jiw> tptrhak;>
• fjpuj ; n
; jhopwg; hl;bd; RfhjhumghaKk; fjpu; njhopw;ghl;Lj; Njjpaply;>
ghJfhg;G Kd;Ndw;ghLfSk; vd;gtw;wpy; njhopw;ghl;bd;
74
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

• fjph;gg
; pd; msit mstpLjy; cgNahfj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.
• fjph;gg ; pd; Cl;L (Gy)  fUk;nghUs; fjph;gi ; g
• RBE (Relative Biological Effec- tpsf;fg;gLJthh;.
tiveness) / Q fhuzp ((Quality  fjph;gg
; pd; Cl;il (Gy) tpsf;Fthh;.
Factor)  RBE/Q I tpsf;Fthh;.
• cly;eyf;NfL (Sv)  cly;eyf;NfL (Sv) I tpsf;Fthh;.
• Rfhjhu mghafuk;  fjpu;gg
; pw;fhd fhyj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.
• fjpu;gg ; pw;fhd fhyk;  fjpu;gG
; f;F ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;l clypd;
• fjpu;gG ; f;F ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;l gug;G vd;gjid tpsf;Fthh;.
clypd; gug;G  ghJfhg;G Kd;Ndw;ghLfis
• ghJfhg;G Kd;Ndw;ghLfs; tpsf;Fthh;.
 gpd;dzpf;fjpu;gG; > cly; eyj;jpw;F
Mgj;J tpistpf;Fk; fjpu;fs;>
ghJfhg;G Kw;fhg;G vd;gtw;iw
tpsf;Fthh;.
 fjph;njhopw;ghL njhlh;ghd vz;dpay;
rhh;e;j gpur;rpidfis jPhg;ghh;.
• mZf;fU ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
11.6
• fUtpd; cWjpg;ghL  mZf;fl;likg;G> fU> rkjhdpfs;> 06
fUr;rf;jpAk;
fUf;FwpaPL> mZj;jpzpT myF
mjd; • mZj;jpzpT myF
vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghh;.
gad;ghLk; • jpzpTf; FiwT
 fUtpd; cWjpg;ghl;bid tpsf;Fthh;.
gw;wpAk; • Id;];iudpd; jpzpT - rf;jpr;
 jpzpTf; Fiwtpid tpsf;Fthh;.
Muha;thu;. rkd;ghL
 Id;];iudpd; jpzpT - rf;jpr;
• gpzpr; rf;jp
rkd;ghl;il $Wthh;.
• mZntz;zpw;Fk;
 gpzpr; rf;jpia tpsf;Fthh;.
epAf;fpspNahdpd; gpzpr;
 mZntz;zpw;Fk; epAf;fpspNahdpd;
75
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk;
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk;
rf;jpf;Fkhd tiuG
• ,urhad jhf;fq;fspd; NghJk;
fUj;jhf;fq;fspd; NghJk;
ntspaplg;gLk; rj;jpia xg;gply;
• fUr;rf;jp
• fUg;gpsT
• mZf;Fz;bd; njhopw;ghL
• mZtY epiyaj;jpd; nraw;ghL
• fU xd;wy;
• fU xd;wy; jhf;fj;jpw;F
Njitahdepge;jidfs;
• #upadpy; epfOk; fU xd;wy;
jhf;fk;
• rf;jpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
fU xd;wy; jhf;fj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rp
76
fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfs;
gpzpr; rf;jpf;Fkhd tiuig
tpsf;Fthh;.
 ,urhad jhf;fq;fs;> fU jhf;fq;fs;
fhuzkhf ntsptplg;gLk; rf;jpapid
xg;gpLthh;.
 fUg;gpsT> rq;fpyp jhf;f nrad;Kiw
vd;gd fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $bajhfTk;
(fUtY) my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;j
KbahjjhfTk; (mZFz;L)
,Uf;fyhk; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthh;.
 kw;iwa el;rj;jpuq;fspy; epfOk; fU
xd;wy; jhf;fj;ijAk; cUthFk;
%yfq;fisAk; tpsf;Fthh;.
 jfty; njhopEl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
xU fjph;gG ; Nguoptpd;NghJ
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kw;fhg;ig
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU
fzf;nfLg;ig Nkw;nfhs;StJld;
mwpf;if jahhpf;fTk; KbAk;.
 fU xd;wiy tpsf;FtJld; mjd;
nraw;ghL> #hpad;. kw;iwa
el;rj;jpuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpDs; fU
xd;wy; jhf;fj;ijAk; cUthFk;
Kyfq;fisAk; tpsf;Fthh;.
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

11.7 rlKk; • Jzpf;if ngsjpftpaypd; mwpKfk; ,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;dh; khzth;
mjd; ,ilj; • rlj;jpd; fl;likg;G gw;wpa  Jzpf;if ngsjpftpayhdJ rlj;jpd; 04
;jhf;fj;jpdJk;; ghpNrhjid thapyhd Ma;T rpwpa gFjpfspd; fhyk; fhykhd
mbg;gil • cah; rf;jp Jzpf;iffspd; NjlYf;fhd Gjpa gjpg;ghFk;.
mikg;Gf;fs; Njitg;ghL  rlj;jpd; fl;likg;ig mwpa cah;
gw;wp • Jzpf;if Mh;LKf;fpapdJk; ce;j Jzpf;iffspd; Njitg;ghL gw;wp
Muha;thu;. czhpapdJk; Njit tpsf;Fthh;.
• mbg;gilj; Jzpf;iffs;  mz;lf;fjph;fshdJ cah; rf;jp
• Fthh;f; (quarks) Jzpf;iffspd; ,aw;if Kjy;fshFk;
• nyg;lhd; (leptons) vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.
 cah;rf;jp Jzpf;iffis cUthf;f
• mbg;gil ,ilj;jhf;fq;fs;
Jzpf;if Mh;KLf;fpfs; gad;gLfpd;wJ
• <h;g;G tpir
vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.
• kpd;fhe;jtpir
 Jzpf;if Nkhjy;fspd; Ngiw
• typikahd tpir(Strong force)
gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F czhpfs;
• tYtw;w tpir (Weak force)
Njit vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.
 ngUksT mbg;gilj; Jzpf;iffspd;
fz;Lgpbg;G gw;wp tpsf;Fthh;.
 GNuhj;jd;fSk; ,yj;jpud;fSk;
Fthh;f;fpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.
 nyg;lhd; FOtpy; cilikfs;
,yj;jpud;fs; vd;gij tpsf;Fthh;.
 Kjy;fisAk; xt;nthU mbg;gil
,ilj;jhf;fj;jpd; typikiaAk;
fz;bwpthh;

77
4.0 fw;wy; - fw;Nju;
gpj;rj; ry;p cj;jpfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs;
kl;lk; Ntisfs;
jw;Nghija fy;tpapd; cyfshtpa Nghf;fhdJ> Nju;r;rp mbg;gilahd ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,J $l;L
Kiwahd fw;wiy khztu; ika nraw;ghLfspD}lhf tpUj;jpnra;Ak;. ,k;Kiwapy; fw;wyhdJ fw;gpj;jiy tpl Nkd;ikahff;
fhzg;gLk;. khztu;fs; nraw;ghLfspy; capu;g;Gld; <LgLtjd; %yk; mtu;fsJ jdpahs; jpwd;fs;> r%fj;jpwd;fs;> tpNtfj;
jpwd;fs; vd;gd tpUj;jp miltJ mjpfup;f;fg; gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• khztu;fis nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd mDgtj;ij ngWtjw;F ,lk; nfhLj;jy;
• Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ek;gj;jFe;j %yq;fspypUe;J mwpitAk; jfty;fisAk; ngWtjw;F khztu;fis topg;gLj;jy;

5.0 ghlrhiyf;n fhs;i fAk; epfo;r ;r pj; jpl; l q;f Sk;

• Fwpj;j fw;wy; tpisTfis miltjw;fhf MrpupaUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wtjw;Fr;
Rje;jpuk; cz;L.
• xt;nthU myfpdJk; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd $Wfis tpsf;Ftjw;F jbj;j vOj;Jf;fspy; jug;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lf; $Wfis
Nkw;nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• khztu;fspd; Mw;wy;fshdJ Nkyjpf ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs;> NtW thrpg;gpw;fhd gpw;Nru;f;ifs;> fzpdp fw;wy;
nkd;nghUs; Nghd;w fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;%yk; mjpfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• tFg;giwr; nraw;ghLfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> khztu;fspd; jpwid tpupTgLj;Jtjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; ,izghl tpjhdr;
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ngsjpftpaypd; gy;NtW gFjpfisAk; njhlu> ghlrhiyf; fofq;fis epWty;
• ngsjpftpaypd; gpuNahfq;fis mtjhdpf;ff;$ba ,lu;fSf;fhd fsg; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhs;syk;> mtw;wpw;fhd
mwpf;iffisj; jahu;gLj;jYk;
• ghlrhiy kl;l Nghl;bfisAk; fz;fhl;rpfisAk; xOq;F nra;jy;.
• Njitahd gFjpfSf;F tsthsu;fs; %yk; tpupTiufis elj;j xOq;F nra;jy;.

78
 • ghlrhiy ntspaP Nju;r ; rLp fis jahupj;jtpla
y;. ghl
Nju; r ; rbp kd;wq;fs;> tpQ;Qhdjpd epfo;Tfiscs; sJ lf; fk; fw;wy; NgWfs;
• gl; kl;lk; elhj; jy; Ntisfs;

• tpQQ ; hd Ma;T$l cgfuzq;fs;> fzpdp trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jpfn; fhLj;jYk;> cs;sf> ntspaf Nkw;ghu;itfSf;Fk; ghlrhiy
epu;thfNk nghWg;G cilajhFk;.
• ghlrhiyf;nfhs;ifiaAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ijAk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Mrpupau;fisAk; khztu;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpajhf nraw;FO xd;iw cUthf;FtJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.
• ghlrhiyahdJ khztu;fs; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F xU rpwe;j Kd;khjpupahf nraw;gLtJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
• ghlrhiyahdJ nfhs;if ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhd gy nraw;ghLfis cs;slf;fpa tUlhe;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij
tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpj;j tUlj;jpy; nraw;gLj;jTs;s nraw;ghLfis jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ> ghlrhiyahdJ
Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gl Ntz;batw;iw ,dq;fhz;gJld;> Neuj;ijAk; tsf;fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; fUj;jpy; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

6.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

79
 Nju;r ; r p tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Nju;r ; r p
kl;lk; Ntisfs;

jiyg;Gf;fspd; gl;baYk; mtw;Wf;F xJf;fg;gl;l ghlNtiyfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;

jiyg; G ghlNtisfspd;
vz; z pf;i f
myF 1 mstPL 30
myF 2 nghwpapay; 110
myF 3 miyTfSk; miyfSk; 100
myF 4 ntg;gg; ngsjpftpay; 60
myF 5 <u;gG
; g;Gyk; 20
myF 6 kpd;Gyk; 60
myF 7 fhe;jg;Gyk; 40
myF 8 Xl;l kpd;dpay; 70
myF 9 ,yj;jpudpay; 40
myF 10 rlj;jpd; nghwpapay; ,ay;Gfs; 40
myF 11 rlKk; fjpu;g;Gk; 30

nkhj;jg;ghlNtisfs; 600

80