6. Composite steel and concrete members.

Composite steel and concrete beams, full and partial shear connection, plastic
and elastic shear connection, continuous beams, composite columns.

Composite beams strains stresses

ε σ=Eε
concrete (lightweight concrete is preferred)

steel non-
composite elastic plastic
composite

Shear connectors fired nails

headed studs Hilti bracket Ribcon Stripcon perforated block

connector
2C08 - 6 1

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Effective width of concrete flange (shear lag effect)

Due to warping of cross-section

be be (Bernoulli-Navier hypothesis „plane sections remain plane“
σmax is not more valid).

b/2
beσ max = ∫ σ ds Eurocode: be = L ≤
b
b
0 8 2
beff
Common calculation:
L
beff = 2 be = ≤b
4

Shear check (conservatively, only steel section is considered):

τ VEd < Vc,Rd = Av

f yd
3
1
For VEd < Vc,Rd effect of shear on the moment resistance
2 may be neglected.

2C08 - 6 2

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Classification of cross sections:

In accordance with steel part, depends on:

• distribution of compression stresses,
99 % cases
• slenderness b/t, Class 1 or 2
• yield strength of steel.

Example:

c Class 1 either if c/tf ≤ 10ε

(steel flange) or anchored by more studs
tf αd
tw
web in compression may also buckle

2C08 - 6 3

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 design strength of
Ultimate limit state reinforcement (γs = 1.15)
Plastic check (Class 1, 2) fsd design (cylindrical)
concrete strength in compression
beff
0,85 fcd = 0.85 fck/γc
As
Ns
plastic n.a. x 1.5
Nc z
concrete in tension
neglected Na
1.0

fyd = fy/γM0

Example: Concrete slab without reinforcement (As = 0), plastic neutral axis in slab:
Aa f yd
position of pl.n.a.: Na = Nc ⇒x=
beff 0,85 fcd
plastic resistance: Mpl,Rd = N a z = Aa f yd z

Important note: there is no influence

Check: Mpl,Rd ≥ MEd
of construction method in plastic check !
2C08 - 6 4

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Elastic check (necessary for Class 3, 4) (conservatively also for Class 1, 2).

Modular ratio (for replacing composite section by all-steel cross-section):

Ea
in general: n = „effective“ secant modulus of elasticity of
E c' the concrete (incl. effects of creep and shrinkage)

Ea
For simplicity and for building structures (except storages): n =
E cm / 2

beff beff/n stress in concrete

As As n x lower
dp 1 σ 1 ≤ fcd
or
y y

2 σ 2 ≤ fyd
„ ideal cross-section “ (in steel units)
Follows common calculation for: area A i = A a + A s + be ffd p
n
1
( )
elastic neutral axis y-y z1, z2
second moment of area Ii
2C08 - 6 5

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Check of stresses in ideal cross section:

1 M Ed M Ed
concrete: σ 1 = z1 ≤ fcd steel: σ 2 = z2 ≤ fyd
n Ii Ii
conversion to concrete Note: from equality may be derived Mel,Rd

Influence of construction method (consider at elastic calculations only !!)

„Unpropped construction“:
wet concrete ideal cross-section

+
+++ =
σa σi σa+σi
a) steel girder b) composite cross-section total: a) + b)
(own weight + wet concrete) („rest of dead weight" + variable loading)

„Propped constructions":
All loads resisted by composite section.
phase a) is missing

2C08 - 6 6

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Serviceability limit states (always elastic, for all Classes 1, 2, 3, 4)

1. Use characteristic loading: γG = γQ = 1

2. In case of plastic ULS design it is necessary to check elastic state

during SLS (icl. assembly phases):
σ1 < fck i.e. with factor γc = 1

σ 2 < fy i.e. with factor γa = 1

3. Determination of elastic deflection with respect to erection method:

a) Steel section: b) Composite section: c) In total:
δ = δa+δi ≤ δmax
secondary beams: δ2 ≤ L/ 250
Ia ... deflection δa Ii ... deflection δi = δ1+δ2 primary beams: δ2 ≤ L/ 400
dead weight δ1 vibration: f1 ≥ 3 Hz
variable loading δ2 (i.e. δmax ≤ 28 mm)

4. Cracking of concrete in tension areas (e.g. in continuous beams, minimum

reinforcement is required (see Eurocode 4).

2C08 - 6 7

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Shear connection
Shear connectors

headed studs Hilti bracket Ribcon Stripcon perforated connector block

PRk
Resistance of shear connectors follows from „push-out tests":
fu π d 2
Headed studs: from shear PRd = 0,8
γv 4
α d2 δu
from bearing of concrete PRd = 0,29 fck E cm (α = 1 for h/d > 4)
γv
min. 4d 20
min. 5d '
When using trapezoidal sheeting: PRd = k PRd
h d
≤1
Other connectors: see relevant references
2C08 - 6 8

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Design of shear connection according to elastic theory:
Elastic calculation is needed for:
• cross sections of class 3 and 4,
• for "non ductile connectors" (if characteristic slip during push test is δuk < 6 mm)

dp beff/n
Shear flow at connection:
z
V1 VEdSi
V1 =
Ii
⎛ be ff ⎞
First moment of connected area: Si = ⎜ dp ⎟ z
⎝ n ⎠
Example:

VEd i PRd
Spacing of studs: e ≤ emax ≤ 800 mm
V1 ≤ 6 dp
e

Distribution according to VEd, but less than emax.

2C08 - 6 9

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Shear connection according to plastic theory: (for ductile connectors, e.g.
welded studs)
• full - transfers Mpl,Rd
Ns • partial - transfers only MRd < Mpl,Rd
and determines resistance
plast. n. o. Nc

Fcf Npl,a

Mmax = Mpl,Rd (the most stressed cross-section)

The number of ductile shear connectors nf for full shear connection results
from equilibrium:
Fcf
nf = where force in connected flange: Fcf = N c + N s
PRd
= x beff (0,85 fcd )
Example: nf nf nf nf

Mmax Mmax
e
Shear flow is redistributed, shear connectors
(e.g. studs) may be distributed uniformly: dp

2C08 - 6 10

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Partial shear connection with ductile connectors
Frequently the required number of connectors nf can not be placed (e.g. due to limited space
in trapezoidal sheeting):
n n < nf (nf is number of connectors for full connection)

MEd,max
Requirements:
• The following is valid for ductile connectors only.
Eurocode guarantees ductile behaviour for studs ø 16÷25 mm and span Le < 25 m,
depending on degree of shear connection η = n/nf: η ≥ 1 – (355/fy)(0,75 – 0,03Le)
• It can only be used in buildings and when Mpl,Rd ≤ 2,5 Mpl,a,Rd
MRd
plastic theory
Mpl,Rd 1
For number of connectors n < nf
linear
the resistance of the cross section:
requires e.g. approach
shear (
MRd = Mpl,a,Rd + Mpl,Rd − Mpl,a,Rd ) FF
c
connection cf
Mpl,a,Rd
steel
Mpl,Rd or number of connectors for given MEd:
cross
section Fc 1 ⎛⎜ MEd − Mpl,a,Rd ⎞
F 1 n= = Fcf ⎟
η=
n
= c PRd PRd ⎜⎝ Mpl,Rd − Mpl,a,Rd ⎟
⎠
nf Fc,f

2C08 - 6 11

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Transverse reinforcement in concrete slab
(to ensure transfer of shear from connectors to slab)

Failure is protected by shear resistance of concrete, transverse reinforcement,

possibly also steel sheeting.

1 critical planes
for shear failure
As,min = 0,002 Ac

anchor
2 length

Detailed relations are given in Eurocode 4.

2C08 - 6 12

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Continuous composite beams
Global analysis (determination of internal forces):
• plastic (rigid-plastic or elastic-plastic) – necessary to fulfil a number of conditions;
• elastic (approximate, with redistribution or iterative).

Approximate elastic analysis with redistribution of moments:

a) „Uncracked analysis"
E aI 1 Uniform equivalent effective steel cross section
assuming that concrete in tension is uncracked.
reduced
acc. class Reduction of moments:
class 1: -40 % class 2: -30 %
(M+ is adequately higher) class 3: -20 % class 4: -10 %

b) „Cracked analysis"
0,15 L1 0,15 L2 E aI 2 Above supports equivalent eff. steel cross
E aI 1 section neglecting concrete in tension (EaI2).
acc. class Reduction of moments:
class 1: -25 % class 2: -15 %
class 3: -10 % class 4: 0 %

2C08 - 6 13

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Effective widths of concrete flange:
Le Le = 0,25(L1 + L2) differently for cantilever
beff beff = 2 be = ≤b
4
Le = 0,8 L1 0,7 L2
L1 L2

ULS
cross
Stability of compression flange above support:
sections: As (reinforcement
běžný for IPE < 600 (S235) or 400 (S355)
only considered)
HE < 800 (S235) or 650 (S355)
need not be checked

common cross section

2
1
Ductile connectors should be distributed
shear uniformly in sections 1 and 2, e.g.:
connection: Fcf Fcf + Asfsd
n1 = n2 =
force in P Rd P Rd
shear in connection: Fcf Fcf + Asfsd the reinforcement

2C08 - 6 14

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Composite columns
Types and requirements to exclude local buckling: 235
fy
Concrete filled sections: t h h
≤ 52 ε
t
NOTE:
Round holes (ø 20÷30 mm) are required in d
t d ≤ 90 ε
each 5 m for release of vapour under fire. t

b
Partially encased sections: ≤ 44 ε
t t
b

Concrete encased sections:

hc
min. 40 mm
max. 0,4 bc max. 0,3 hc
bc
max. 0,06 Ac

2C08 - 6 15

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Concrete filled tubes without reinforcement
Other sections similarly – more simple calculation, but usually to consider reinforcement is necessary.

Aa, Ia
Simple plastic Npl,Rd = Aa f yd + Ac fcd
'

t
Ac, Ic
resistance:
d steel concrete

'
fcd ... commonly = 0,85 fcd, but for concrete filled sections increased:
• design strength without reduction 0,85;
• on top of it another increase for circular cross sections due to
„confinement effect“ (but only for „short columns“ with λ ≤ 0.5
and small eccentricities with e/d ≤ 0,1).

Buckling resistance:
π 2 (E I )eff
Ncr = where effective elastic flexural stiffness:
L2
L (E I )eff = Ea Ia + 0,6Ec,eff Ic
reduced (effective) secant modulus of concrete
taking account of long term effects (Ecm/2).

2C08 - 6 16

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Slenderness: characteristic plastic resistance
Npl,Rk
λ=
Ncr

NEd
Check: ≤ 1,0
χ Npl,Rd

Reduction coefficient χ for hollow section from buckling curve a.

Bending
' fyd
fcd
From equilibrium:
plastic neutral axis
fyd Mpl,Rd
Usually more suitable procedure:

i.e. calculate Mmax and from design tables:

Mpl,Rd= κ Mmax
1 ' Aa f yd
Mmax = f ydt (d − t )2 + fcd (d − 2t )3 (κ depends on the parameter δ = )
12 see complementary notes. Npl,Rd

2C08 - 6 17

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Interaction of compression and bending (NEd + MEd)

ee e
st ret
nc
Interaction curve:

l
co
N construction - using various positions
of neutral axis determine N, M.
Npl,Rd
Aa f yd
(depends on parameter δ = )
Npl,Rd

Mmax

Mpl,Rd M

NEd 1,0
← Example for tube.
Npl,Rd 0,8 δ=0
,2
0, 0, 0 0, 0
0,6 90 60 ,40 30 ,22
5
Similar curves are available in literature
for various cross sections, e.g.:
0,4
0,2

0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6

M Ed
M pl, Rd
2C08 - 6 18

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Check
NEd
1) In buckling (see above): ≤ 1,0
χ Npl,Rd
N 2) Interaction of bending + compression:
Npl,Rd
MEd MEd
= ≤ 0,9
Mpl,N,Rd μd Mpl,Rd
NEd
coefficient of
uncertainty of the
model

M
Note:
Mpl,Rd For members of sway frames second order
effects shall be taken into account. Moment MEd
Mpl,N,Rd should therefore be modified by coefficient k:

(moment resistance) 0,66+0,44ψ ≥ 0,44

(for lateral loading β = 1)
β
k = , ≥ 1,0
1 − NEd Ncr,eff
Ncr for effective rigidity

2C08 - 6 19

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Complementary notes

2C08 - 6 20

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Factor κ for determination of plastic moment of concrete filled tube
Mpl,Rd= κ Mmax

Aa fyd
δ =
Npl,Rd

δ ,0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9

0,2 0,568 0,586 0,603 0,619 0,634 0,648 0,662 0,676 0,689 0,702
0,3 0,715 0,727 0,738 0,749 0,760 0,770 0,780 0,789 0,798 0,807
0,4 0,815 0,823 0,831 0,839 0,846 0,853 0,860 0,867 0,873 0,879
0,5 0,885 0,891 0,896 0,901 0,906 0,911 0,916 0,920 0,925 0,929
0,6 0,933 0,937 0,941 0,945 0,948 0,951 0,954 0,957 0,960 0,963
0,7 0,966 0,968 0,970 0,972 0,974 0,976 0,978 0,980 0,982 0,984
0,8 0,986 0,988 0,989 0,990 0,991 0,992 0,993 0,994 0,995 0,996
0,9 0,997

2C08 - 6 21

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Example of a realization

round hole (ø 20÷30 mm) for release of vapour under fire

More common connections of composite girders to filled tube sections:

- bolt connection on fin-plates passing through tube (and welded to tube),
- hinge bedding on blocks welded to the column.

2C08 - 6 22

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Behaviour under propped and unpropped construction:

composite propped
M

composite unpropped

non-composite

ε σ
deflection
Composite slabs
(Possibilities acc. to Eurocode 4)
dovetail sheeting HOLORIB
(self-locking)
sheeting
with indents

2C08 - 6 23

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Welded headed studs Thin-walled steel strip Hilti STRIPCON

fired nails

Hilti brackets Thin-walled steel strip Hilti RIBCON

fired nails

fired nails

Welded perforated shear connector

2C08 - 6 24

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.

 Experiments at Faculty of Civil Engineering CTU in Prague

Composite truss girder

2C08 - 6 25

© Prof. Ing. Josef Macháček, DrSc.