What Is The Harvard Referencing System

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What is the Harvard Referencing System?
The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers
can use to incorporate other people’s quotes, findings and ideas into their
work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching
any intellectual property laws. The popular format is typically used in
assignments and publications for humanities as well as natural, social and
behavioural sciences.
It is a parenthetical referencing system that is made up of two main

components:
In-text citations including the author’s surname and the year of

publication should be shown in brackets wherever another source has
contributed to your work
A reference list outlining all of the sources directly cited in your work
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of complete Harvard citations that enables your reader to locate each
source with ease. Each entry should be keyed to a corresponding
parenthetical citation in the main body of your work, so that a reader can
take an in-text citation and quickly retrieve the source from your reference
list.
Note that some universities, and certain disciplines, may also require you to
provide a bibliography. This is a detailed list of all of the material you have
consulted throughout your research and preparation, and it will demonstrate
the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.
‘Harvard referencing’ is an umbrella term for any referencing style that uses
the author name and year of publication within the text to indicate where
you have inserted a source. This author-date system appeals to both
authors and readers of academic work. Scholars find the format an
economical way of writing, and it is generally more accessible to the reader
as there are no footnotes crowding the page. Only the name of the author,
the publication date of the source and, if necessary, the page numbers are
included in the parenthetical citations, for example: (Joyce, 2008).
Use Cite This For Me’s Harvard style referencing generator to create your
fully-formatted in-text references and reference list in the blink of an eye.
Stop giving yourself extra pain and work for no reason and sign up to Cite
This For Me today - your only regret will be that you didn’t use our
open-generator sooner!
Cite This For Me’s Harvard Referencing Guide
The following guide provides you with everything you need to know to do
justice to all your hard work and get a mark that reflects those sleepless
nights. If you’re not sure how to format your Harvard style citations, what
citations are, or are simply curious about Cite This For Me’s citation
generator, our guide will answer all of your questions whilst offering you a
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assignment, and how to compile a reference list.
Sometimes, students do not encounter citing until they embark onto

degree-level studies, yet it is a crucial academic skill that will propel you
towards establishing yourself in the academic community. It’s a common
mistake to leave citing and creating a complete and accurate bibliography
until the very last minute, but with Cite This For Me’s Harvard referencing
generator you can cite-as-you-go.
So, if you need a helping hand with your referencing then why not try Cite
This For Me’s automated citation generator? The generator accesses
knowledge from across the web, assembling all of the relevant information
into a fully-formatted reference list that clearly presents all of the sources
that have contributed to your work. Using this Harvard reference generator
to cite your sources enables you to cross the finishing line in style.
It is important to bear in mind that there is a plethora of different citation

styles out there - the use of any particular one depends on the preference of
your college, subject, professor or the publication you are submitting the
work to. If you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your tutor
and follow their guidelines. If your lecturer or department does not ask you
to use a particular style, we recommend using the Harvard referencing
system because it is simple to use and easy to learn.
The powerful open-access generator above can auto-generate citations in

1,000+ styles. So, whether your professor prefers that you use the MLA
format, or your discipline requires you to adopt the APA citation or Chicago
citation style, we have the style you need. Cite This For Me also provides
open generators and handy style guides for styles such as ASA, AMA or
IEEE. To accurately create citations in a specific format, simply sign up to
Cite This For Me for free and select your chosen style.
Are you struggling with citing an unfamiliar source type? Or feeling

confused about whether to cite a piece of common knowledge? This guide
will tell you everything you need to know to get both your parenthetical
Harvard citations and reference list completed quickly and accurately.
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Why do I Need to Cite?
Harvard referencing can be a confusing task, especially if you are new to

the concept, but it’s absolutely essential. In fact, accurate and complete
referencing can mean the difference between reaching your academic goals
and damaging your reputation amongst scholars. Simply put - referencing is
the citing of sources you have utilised to support your essay, research,
conference or article etc.
Even if you are using our Harvard style citation generator, understanding
why you need to cite will go a long way in helping you to naturally integrate
the process into your research and writing routine.
Firstly, whenever another source contributes to your work you must give the
original author the appropriate credit in order to avoid plagiarism, even
when you have completely reworded the information. The only exception to
this rule is common knowledge - e.g. Barack Obama is President of the
United States. Whilst plagiarism is not always intentional, it is easy to
accidentally plagiarize your work when you are under pressure from
imminent deadlines, you have managed your time ineffectively, or if you lack
confidence when putting ideas into your own words. The consequences can
be severe; deduction of marks at best, expulsion from college or legal
action from the original author at worst. Find out more here.
This may sound overwhelming, but plagiarism can be easily avoided by

using our Harvard citation generator and carrying out your research and
written work thoughtfully and responsibly. We have compiled a handy
checklist to follow whilst you are working on an assignment.
How to avoid plagiarism:
Formulate a detailed plan - carefully outline both the relevant content you
need to include, as well as how you plan on structuring your work
Keep track of your sources - record all of the relevant publication

information as you go (e.g. If you are citing a book you should note the
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own words. Tired of interrupting your workflow to cite? Use our Harvard
referencing generator to automate the process
Manage your time effectively - make use of time plans and targets, and
give yourself enough time to read, write and proofread
When you are paraphrasing information, make sure that you use only
your own words and a sentence structure that differs from the original text
Save all of your research and citations in a safe place - organise and
manage your Harvard style citations
If you carefully check your college or publisher’s advice and guidelines on

citing and stick to this checklist, you should be confident that you will not be
accused of plagiarism.
Secondly, proving that your writing is informed by appropriate academic

reading will enhance your work’s authenticity. Academic writing values
original thought that analyzes and builds upon the ideas of other scholars. It
is therefore important to use Harvard style referencing to accurately
signpost where you have used someone else’s ideas in order to show that
your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic
reading. Citing your sources will demonstrate to your reader that you have
delved deeply into your chosen topic and supported your thesis with expert
opinions.
Here at Cite This For Me we understand how precious your time is, which is
why we created our Harvard citation generator and guide to help relieve the
unnecessary stress of citing. Escape assignment-hell and give yourself
more time to focus on the content of your work by using Cite This For Me’s
citation management tool.
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How do I Create and Format In-text Harvard Style
Citations?
In-text citations are the perfect way to seamlessly integrate sources into
your work, allowing you to strengthen the connection between your own
ideas, and the source material that you have found, with ease. It is worth
noting that in-text citations must be included in your assignment’s final word
count.
When adopting Harvard style referencing in your work, if you are inserting a
quote, statement, statistic or any other kind of source information into the
main body of your essay you should:
Provide the author’s surname and date of publication in parentheses right

after the taken information or at the end of the sentence
Example:
There are many assumptions when it comes to the information

processing approach to cognition… (Lutz and Huitt, 2004).
If you have already mentioned the author in the sentence, Harvard

referencing guidelines require you to only enter the year of publication in
parentheses, directly after where the author’s surname is mentioned
Example:
In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004)

suggest that…
If you are quoting a particular section of the source (rather than the entire
work), you should also include a page number, or page range, after the
date, within the parenthetical Harvard citation
Example:
"...the development of meaning is more important than the acquisition of a

large set of knowledge or skills ..." (Lutz and Huitt, 2004, p.8), which
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out all of their surnames; simply use the first author’s surname followed
by the abbreviation ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) in italics
If you are reading a source by one author and they cite work by another
author, you may cite that original work as a secondary reference. You are
encouraged to track down the original source - usually this is possible to
do by consulting the author’s reference list - but if you are unable to
access it, the Harvard referencing guidelines state that you must only cite
the source you did consult as you did not actually read the original
document. Include the words ‘cited in’ in the in-text citation to indicate this
Example:
Fong’s 1987 study (cited in Bertram 1997) found that older students’
memory can be as good as that of young people…
(Fong, cited in Bertram 1997)
Why use a Harvard referencing tool? As well as saving you valuable time,
Cite This For Me’s generator will enable you to easily avoid common errors
when formatting your in-text citations. So, if you’re looking for an easy and
free way to credit your source material, simply login to your Cite This For
Me account, select ‘Cite Them Right - 10th Edition’, then ‘Create reference’,
to copy, save and export each in-text Harvard citation instantly.
How do I Format My Reference List?
Utilizing and building on a wide range of relevant sources is a guaranteed

way of impressing your reader, and a comprehensive list of the source
material you have used is the perfect platform to exhibit your research
efforts. A reference list is always required when you cite other people’s work
within your assignment, and the brief in-text Harvard style citations in your
work should directly link to your reference list.
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in your work, whilst a bibliography also contains any relevant background
reading which you have consulted to familiarise yourself with the topic (even
those sources that are never mentioned in the narrative). Your Harvard
referencing bibliography should start on its own page, with the same
formatting as the rest of the paper and aligned to the left with the sources
listed alphabetically. Certain fields ask you to provide an annotated
bibliography that includes your full citations with the addition of notes.
These notes are added to further analyze the source, and can be of any
length.
Many people use the terms ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’

interchangeably, and if you are using the Harvard reference style you may
be required to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, so be sure
to check this with your tutor.
Follow these guidelines when compiling your reference list:
Start your reference list on a new page at the end of your document
General formatting should be in keeping with the rest of your work
Use ‘Reference List’, ‘References’ or ‘Works Cited’ as the heading
Copy each of your full-length Harvard citations into a list
Arrange the list in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (titles with
no author are alphabetized by the work’s title, and if you are citing two or
more sources by the same author they should be listed in chronological
order of the year of publication)
When there are several works from one author or source, they should be
listed together but in date order - with the earliest work listed first
Italicize titles of books, reports, conference proceedings etc. For journal

articles, the title of the journal should be printed in italics, rather than the
title of the journal article
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Creating and managing your reference list with Cite This For Me’s Harvard
referencing generator will transform and improve the way you reference and
conduct research.
Reference list / bibliography examples:
Book, one author:
Bell, J. (2010) Doing your research project. 5th edn. Maidenhead: Open
University Press.
One author, book, multiple editions:
Hawking, S.W. (1998) A brief history of time: From the big bang to black
holes. 10th edn. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.
Ebook:
If all information resembles a book, use the template for a book reference
If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not
necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the
book was downloaded at the end of the Harvard citation:
Available at: URL (Downloaded: DD Month YYYY)
More than three authors, journal article*:
Shakoor, J., et al. (2011) ‘A prospective longitudinal study of children’s

theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying’, Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(3), pp. 254–261. doi:
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x.
Conference papers:
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Are you struggling to find all of the publication information to complete a

reference? Did you know that our Harvard citation generator can do it for
you?
Time is of the essence when you’re finishing a paper, but there’s no need to
panic because you can compile your reference list in a matter of seconds
using Cite This For Me’s Harvard style citation generator. Sign in to your
Cite This For Me account to save and export your reference list
Harvard Referencing Formatting Guidelines
Accurate referencing doesn’t only protect your work from plagiarism -

presenting your source material in a consistent and clear way also
enhances the readability of your work. Closely follow the style’s formatting
rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that
your work is easily legible. Before submitting your work check that you have
formatted your whole paper - including your reference list - according to the
style’s formatting guidelines.
How to format in Harvard referencing:
Margins: 2.5cm on all sides
Shortened title followed by the page number in the header, aligned to the
right
Double-space the entirety of the paper
½ inch indentation for every new paragraph (press tab bar)
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Reference list on a separate page at the end of the body of your work
Even when using a Harvard citation generator, always check with your
professor for specified guidelines - there is no unified style for the
formatting of a paper. Make sure that you apply the recommended
formatting rules consistently throughout your work.
A Brief History of the Harvard Reference Style
The author-date system is attributed to eminent zoologist Edward Laurens

Mark (1847-1946), Hersey professor of anatomy and director of Harvard’s
zoological laboratory. It is widely agreed that the first evidence of Harvard
referencing can be traced back to Mark’s landmark cytological paper
(Chernin, 1988). The paper breaks away from previous uses of inconsistent
and makeshift footnotes through its use of a parenthetical author-date
citation accompanied by an explanatory footnote.
Parenthetic author-year citation, page 194 of Mark’s 1881 paper:
[...] The appearance may be due solely to reflection from the body itself.
(Comp. Flemming, ‘78b, p. 310.*)
Mark’s rationale for his Harvard citational scheme:
*The numbers immediately following an author’s name serve the double

purpose of referring the reader to the list (p. 591) where the titles of
papers are given, and of informing him at once of the approximate date of
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A tribute dedicated to Mark in 1903 by 140 students credits Mark’s paper

with having ‘introduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of
citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to
bibliography’ (Parker, 1903). Today Harvard referencing is widely
considered one of the most accessible styles and, although it originated in
biology, these days it is used across most subjects - particularly in the
humanities, history and social science.
The Evolution of the Harvard Referencing Style
Due to its simplicity and ease of use, the format has become one of the
most widely used citation styles in the world. Unlike many citing styles there
is no official manual, but institutions such as colleges offer their own unique
Harvard reference style guide, and each has its own nuances when it
comes to punctuation, order of information and formatting rules. Simply go
to the Cite This For Me website to login to your Cite This For Me account
and search for the version you need. Make sure you apply consistency
throughout your work.
It is increasingly easy for writers to access information and knowledge via

the internet, and in turn both the style’s guidelines and our open-generator
are continually updated to include developments in electronic publishing.
Cite This For Me’s Harvard style citation generator currently uses the Cite
Them Right 10th Edition, which has evolved in recent years to match the
rapidly advancing digital age. In order to avoid plagiarism, you must be
cautious about pulling information from the internet, and ensure that you
accurately cite all source material used in your written work - including all
online sources that have contributed to your research.
Key differences from previous Harvard referencing Cite Them Right

editions:
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template (if all the necessary information is available). An Ebook is

considered to be the digital format of a published book (or a book that is
only published in digital format) that is meant for reading on an electronic
device.
URLs are no longer a requirement for digital media if the information

provided in the Harvard citation is sufficient to find the source without it.
They should be included if the source is difficult to find, or pieces of
source information - such as an author name - are missing.
When a source has more than 3 authors, use the abbreviation "et al."
instead of listing each out.
These days students draw on a diverse range of digital sources to support

their written work. Whether you are citing a hashtag on Instagram, a
podcast or a mobile app, Cite This For Me’s generator will take care of all
your Harvard citations, regardless of the type of source you want to cite. So
don’t be held back by sources that are difficult to cite - locating unusual
source material will help your work to stand out from the crowd.
How do I Create Accurate Harvard Citations?
Creating complete and correctly formatted citations can be a challenge for

many writers, especially when documenting multiple source types. Our
primary goal at Cite This For Me is to offer support to students and
researchers across the globe by transforming the way in which they
perceive citing. We hope that after using our open-generator and reading
this Harvard referencing guide, what was once considered an arduous
process, will be viewed as a highly valued skill that enhances the quality of
your work.
Disheartened by the stressful process of citing? Got a fast-approaching
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you to focus on achieving your academic goals.
Create a free account to add and edit each Harvard citation on the spot,
import and export full projects or individual entries, utilize our add-ons and
save your work in the cloud. Things get even easier with Cite This For Me
for Chrome - an intuitive, handy browser extension that allows you to
instantly create and edit a citation whilst you browse the web. Use the
extension on any webpage that you want to cite, and add it to your chosen
project without interrupting your workflow.
Cite on-the-go with your mobile phone or tablet - when you scan the
barcode of your book with the mobile app, the generator will automatically
add the fully-formatted citation to your chosen project. store/apps/details?
Cite This For Me’s citation management tool is here to help you, so what
are you waiting for? Accurate Harvard citations are just a click away!
Reference List
Chernin, E. (1988) The ‘Harvard System’: A mystery dispelled. Available at:

http://www.uefap.com/writing/referenc/harvard.pdf (Accessed: 4 July 2016).
Parker, G. (ed.) (1903) Mark anniversary volume. New York: Henry Holt.
Manage all your citations in one place
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