CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background
The heart is an organ composed of muscle. The heart muscle is a privileged
network because judging from the shape and arrangement similar to the
striated muscle, but it works resemble smooth muscle that is beyond our will
(influenced by the autonomic nervous system).
he pericardium is the outer layer of the heart of which is a membrane
wrapping consists of two layers, namely the parietal and visceral layers which
meet at the base of the heart form the heart sac. Between these two layers are
the heart of mucus as a lubricant to keep friction between the pericardial
pleura does not cause disruption to the heart. The heart works as long as we
are alive, because it requires the food brought by the blood, the blood vessels
are important and provide blood to the heart from the ascending aorta is
called the coronary arteries.
The pericardium may be involved in a variety of hemodynamic abnormalities,
inflammation, neoplasm, and innate. Pericardial disease is expressed by
tmbunan fluid (called pericardial effusion), inflammation (ie pericarditis).
Pericarditis is a secondary disease elsewhere in the body for example the
spread of the infection into the bag perikareritematasus systemic. But
sometimes pericarditis occur as a primary disorder.
Pericarditis, inflammation was found that the layers of the pericardium
viseratis or parietalis.ditemukan many causes but most often is acute, non-
specific pericarditis (viral), myocardial infarction and uremia.

1.2 Formulation of the problem

1. What is the definition of pericarditis?
2. What are the etiology of pericarditis?
3. What are the signs and symptoms of pericarditis?

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 4. How is the management of pericarditis?
5. What is the treatment of pericarditis?

1.3 Purpose
In order for students to know the definition, etiology, signs and symptoms,
management and treatment.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition

Pericarditis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the

pericardium (Bag pericardium), a double-layered sac that surrounds the heart.
The second layer of the pericardium is usually separated by a thin layer of
liquid which serves as a lubricant that allows the heart to pump easily and
efficiently without any friction.

Pericarditis, an increase of excess fluid even restrict the movement of the

heart. Causes severe chest pain even though there was little damage is not so
obvious in the heart.

2.2 Etiology

1. Bacterial infections
2. Fungal Infections
3. Parasitic Infections
4. Viral infections
5. Suffer from myocardial infarction
6. Suffering from cancer
7. Suffering from tuberculosis

2.3 Signs symptoms

1. The distinctive mark :
1) Friction rub (additional sound) is noisy friction that occurs due to the
bag containing the fluid to swell
2. Symptoms:
The most typical symptoms of pericarditis is chest pain
1) Shortness of breath while working

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 2) Fever and chills
3) Pain may spread from the neck, shoulder, back or abdomen
4) Sense piercing
5) Sweating
6) Breath fast

2.4 Management
Patients were put to bed when the cardiac output is still not good, to fever,
chest pain and friction rub disappeared. Analgesics may be given to reduce
pain and accelerate the reabsorption of fluid in patients with rheumatic
pericarditis. Corticosteroids may be given to control symptoms, memperepat
resolution of the inflammatory process and prevent relapse in perikordium
pericardial effusion.
Pasein with pericardial infection should be treated promptly with anti
microbial organisms options once the cause can be identified. Pericarditis
associated with rheumatic fever responds well to penicillin. Pericarditis due
to tuberculosis treated with isoniasid, ethambutol hydrochloride, rifampin,
streptomycin in various combinations. ampoterisin B is used for fungal
pericarditis, and Corticosteroid use in lupus erythematosus disseminated.
If the patient's condition had improved, the activity should be increased
gradually, but when pain or friction rub fever re-emerged, the patient should
immediately bedrest

2.5 Treatment
1. Patients are usually hospitalized, given drugs to reduce inflammation (eg
Aspirin or ibuprofenibuprofen) and supervised the likelihood of
complications (especially cardiac tamponade).
2. If the pain is severe it may be necessary given the opium (eg morphine) or
corticosteroids
3. The most commonly used drug for severe pain is prednisone

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 Obat yang paling sering digunakan untuk nyeri yang hebat adalah
prednisone.
4. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics and pus from the
pericardium removed through surgery
5. Aspirin, ibuprofen or corticosteroids administered to patients who
experience recurrent pericarditis caused by a virus. In some cases given
colchicine. If treatment with medications fail, surgery is usually performed
to remove the pericardium.
6. Diuretics to remove excess liquid, including from the pericardium
7. Surgical drainage of excess fluid (pericardiocentesis).
8. Drugs to reduce inflammation, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids

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 CHAPTER III
COVER

3.1 Conclusions

Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium parietal, visceral

pericardium, or both. Pericarditis pericarditis divided into acute, subacute,
and chronic. Subacute and chronic pericarditis have etiology, clinical
manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management of the same. (Arif,
2009).

Inflammation of the pericardium area can cause fluid and blood products
(fibrin, red blood cells and white blood cells) meets the pericardial space.
Pericarditis have a variety of causes, ranging from viruses to cancer.

3.2 Advice

Suggestions After reading and understanding the basic concepts in nursing

care of pericarditis, it is expected that students can perform and carry out the
planning with a professional in patients with pericarditis and also for
everyone can avoid illness by always keeping pericarditis and getting used to
a healthy lifestyle.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mansjoer, Arif, et al. (2000). Capita Selecta Medicine. (Third edition volume 1),

Jakarta: Media Aesculapius.

Darma, Surya. 2009. Systematics Practical ECG Interpretation Guidelines.

Jakarta: EGC.

Sudoyo, Aru W., et al. 2009. Textbook of Internal Medicine, Volume II Issue V.

Jakarta: Interna Publishing.

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