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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
The goal of this newsletter is to provide an update on some of the newest interventions and data that apply to BPPV. We
hope that some of this evidence will influence your practice and improve the care that your patients receive.
quality as Grade C due to the lack of randomized controlled commented on additional treatments used to treat
trials. This recommendation was accompanied by the same horizontal BPPV including forced prolonged
patient exclusions as described for the Dix-Hallpike test, positioning, the Gufoni maneuver, the Vannucchi-
which were previously described in this article. Asprella liberatory maneuver, as well as maneuvers
described by Casani et al. and Appiani et al. Level IV
Due to the orientation of the posterior canal in relation to the research has described many of these techniques to be
horizontal canals, the CRP maneuver described for treating effective. However due to the lack of higher level
posterior canal BPPV is ineffective for treating horizontal research behind them, official practice
canal BPPV. The roll maneuver (Lempert maneuver or recommendations were not made for these techniques.
barbecue roll) is the most frequently described treatment for Similarly, the AAN did mention treating anterior canal
horizontal canal BPPV. This maneuver involves rolling the BPPV but again, the amount and quality of evidence
patient 360 degrees with 90 degrees of movement at a time to indentified was insufficient to warrant any
eliminate the otoconia from the horizontal canal. The only recommendations.
research identified by both groups that examined the
effectiveness of this maneuver were Class IV studies which Following treatment of BPPV in any canal, many
showed success rates ranging from 50% to close to 100%. clinicians provide patients with post-maneuver
However due to the lack of higher-level evidence, both guidelines that include activity restrictions. These
groups commented that this treatment was likely effective instructions range from wearing a cervical collar to
but were unable to recommend it. The AAN also sleeping positions and typically vary between
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
A Well-designed randomized controlled trials or diagnostic studies performed on a population similar to target
population.
B Randomized controlled trials or diagnostic studies with minor limitations; observational studies present that provide
consistent evidence
D Expert opinion, case reports, reasoning from first principles (bench research/animal studies)
X Situations when validating studies unable to be performed due to clear preponderance of benefit over harm
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
1) the side on which the nystagmus is most intense during and not difficult to follow.
the SRT, and/or 2) the side opposite the direction of the In addition, these tests should not take much time in the
spontaneous nystagmus in sitting, and/or 3) the side examination. Each test should only take about 1 minute
opposite the direction of the nystagmus for the SST. For to perform. A likely order to perform the test would be
the apogeotropic form the involved side will be; 1) the side to 1) observe for spontaneous nystagmus and 2) perform
on which the nystagmus is less intense during the SRT, the BLT in upright sitting, 3) then move the patient into
and/or 2) the side which the spontaneous nystagmus beats supine with the SST and 4) then perform the SRT last.
in sitting, and/or 3) side which the nystagmus beats during The biggest consideration is how many provocative tests
the SST. a patient can tolerate during an examination period. Will
performing the entire battery make the patient so
Head Shaking Induced Nystagmus (HSIN) may be an uncomfortable that they will not complete the exam or
additional sign to localize side. The Head Shake Test allow an intervention to be applied in a single session?
involves rotating the head in upright several times at ~2Hz Some researchers have discussed this issue and
and then observing for nystagmus1. In both the geotropic developed strategies to identify side of involvement with
and apogeotropic forms HSIN will beat toward the healthy the least amount of provocation of symptoms. Asprella-
side (or away from the involved side)1. Califano and Libonata,13,15 Han et al4 and Califano et al1 have
colleagues1 found a positive nystagmus with fast phase independently recommended performing SST together to
beating away from the side of involvement in 40 out of 64 the SRT, since the patient would have to go into supine
(62.5%) of patients with the apogeotropic form of HC position before the SRT. The results of these two tests
BPPV. HSIN after the head shake test with HC BPPV has will give side of involvement in a high proportion of
not been consistently described elsewhere in the literature. patients. Asprella-Libonata,13,15 and Califano et al1 also
Asprella-Libonati13 described slow head rotations may suggest checking for spontaneous nystagmus prior to
evoke a spontaneous horizontal nystagmus in some any maneuvers to add an additional piece of information
individuals who did not show an initial spontaneous without over stimulating the individuals (See Asprella-
nystagmus. De Stafano and colleagues9 reported that Libonata recommendations above). Califano and
individuals with spontaneous nystagmus associated with colleagues had examined the results of all the signs and
HC BPPV had negative head shaking tests. The head positional test reviewed here, in several individuals with
shake test may also convert apogeotropic to a geotropic HC BPPV, and felt the largest number of patients would
form in some cases1. only require spontaneous nystagmus, SST and SRT to
determine side of involvement. Only in the “rare”
Clinical considerations: conditions, when a side of involvement could not be
There does not appear to be one method that will identify determined, would they recommend returning patient to
side of involvement in all patients with HC BPPV. sitting and perform BLT and the Head Shake test1.
Clinicians may be more successful identifying side, if they Alternatively, Lee and colleagues2 found they could
are familiar and able to utilize all of the tests described diagnosis side of involvement in 100% of patients with
above. By adding the BLT (or HPT) to Asprella- the BLT and the SRT alone.
Libonata’s recommendations13 for side identification, the
clinician has more flexibility in making an accurate For best results these tests should be performed in
diagnosis and can utilize these tests as needed to physical therapy setting with video goggles or Frenzel
accommodate individual patient factors and presentations. lenses, where fixation is removed and eye movements
Table 2 presents the rules for interpreting side of can more clearly be observed. In the research reviewed
involvement based on the three additional here all the signs and positional tests used infrared video
findings/positional tests discussed above once the systems to identify and measure nystagmus. The
horizontal canal and form of BPPV have been identified literature has not demonstrated how well the horizontal
with the SRT. Interpreting HSIN was not included in the nystagmus in HC BPPV is observed with or without
table, because consistent interpretations have not been goggle systems that cannot measure nystagmus.
reported in the literature. The other tests have stronger However, horizontal nystagmus in SST can be seen in
validity because they have been described and utilized by many individuals without goggles (based on personal
several independent clinical research groups. In this work experience).
the guidelines for interpretation are consistently described
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
Conclusions:
Neurology Section of APTA: CSM Round table.
Identifying side of involvement in HC BPPV is an 2003; http://www.neuropt.org/go/special-interest-
essential diagnostic component to assist in selecting groups/vestibular-rehabilitation/resources:
Accessed 5/17/2012.
appropriate CRM interventions. This article reviewed
6. Herdman S J, Tusa RJ. Physical therapy
four additional signs and positional tests that may help management of benign positional vertigo, In S. J.
physical therapists identify side of involvement when Herdman (ed.) Vestibular Rehabilitation, 3rd
combined with the SRT. The consistency at which edition, Philadelphia, F.A. Davis. 2007.
spontaneous nystagmus, the BLT, SST has been 7. Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L, et al.
described by different clinical research groups warrants Clinical practice guideline: Benign paroxysmal
adoption of these tests in to physical therapists’ positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
repertoire. Therapist should be encouraged to keep 2008; 139; S47-S81.
reading this literature, which provides very good 8. Bisdorff AR, Debatisse D. Localizing signs in
depictions of the methods for implementing the tests and positional vertigo due to lateral canal
the underlying otoconia influences on the system and cupulolithiasis. Neurology. 2001;57:1085–1088
9. De Stafano A, Kulmarva G, Citraro L. Neri G,
how they related to the presentation of nystagmus during
Croce A. Spontaneous nystagmus in benign
the testing positions. Although the best combination of paroxysmal positional vertigo. A J Otolaryng Head
tests for the least amount of provocation has not been Neck Med Surg. 2011; 32:185–189
fully established, physical therapists should enhance 10. Jackson LE, Morgan B, Fletcher JC, Krueger
their knowledge and skill in applying these tests to WWO. Anterior canal benign paroxysmal
increase their diagnostic capability. Therapists should positional vertigo: an under appreciated entity.
have the flexibility to add these tests as needed to Otology & Neurotology. 2007; 28:218-222.
accommodate different patient presentations of HC 11. Dlugaiczyk J, Siebert S, Hecker D J, Brase C,
BPPV. Schick B. Involvement of the Anterior Semicircular
Canal in Posttraumatic Benign Paroxysmal
References: Positioning Vertigo. Otology & Neurotology. 2011;
1. Califano L, Melillo MG, Mazzone S, Vassallo
32:1285-1290.
A. "Secondary signs of lateralization" in
apogeotropic lateral canalolithiasis. Acta 12. Nuti D, Mandalà M, Salerni L. Lateral canal
Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2010; 30(2):78-86. paroxysmal positional vertigo revisited. Annals of
2. Lee JB, Han DH, Choi SJ, Park K, Park the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009;
HY, Sohn IK, Choung YH. Efficacy of the "bow 1164:316-323.
and lean test" for the management of horizontal 13. Asprella Libonati GA. Pseudo-Spontaneous
canal benign paroxysmal positional Nystagmus: a new sign to diagnose the affected
vertigo. Laryngoscope. 2010, 120(11):2339-46.
3. Lee SH, Choi KD, Jeong SH, Oh YM, Koo
side in Lateral Semicircular Canal Benign
JW, Kim JS. Nystagmus during neck flexion in Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, Acta
the pitch plane in benign paroxysmal positional Otorhynolarynol Ital. 2008; 28:73-78.
vertigo involving the horizontal canal. J Neurol 14. Choung Y-H, Shin YR, Kahng H, Park K, Choi SJ.
Sci. 2007;256(1-2):75-80. ‘Bow and Lean Test’ to determine the affected ear
4. Han BI, Oh HJ, Kim JS. Nystagmus while of horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional
recumbent in horizontal canal benign
vertigo. Laryngoscope. 2006; 116:1776–1781.
paroxysmal positional vertigo. Neurology. 2006
66(5):706-10. 15. Asprella Libonati GA. Diagnostic and treatment
5. Vestibular Rehabilitation Special Interest Group.
strategy of Lateral Semicircular Canal
The basics and beyond: what should entry-level Canalolithiasis. Acta Otorhynolarynol Ital. 2005;
education be for vestibular rehabilitation. 25: 277-283.
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
Table 1. Differential diagnosis of semicircular canal (SCC) involvement, type of BPPV, and side of
involvement based on direction, duration and intensity of nystagmus
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
The left hSCC is shown with otoconia. Large full arrows with
positive symbol denotes excitation while the smaller and stippled
arrows with negative symbol denotes inhibition. a = ampulla; u = utricle.
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
Positional Testing to Diagnosis BPPV With AC-BPPV, findings on the DHT are difficult to
The Dix-Hallpike Test (DHT) is the standard clinical interpret (Figure 2). In both the head right and head left
positional test for evaluating the vertical canals7,10. PC- positions of the DHT, the open end of the ampullary
BPPV is identified with the DHT with an estimated segment points downwards at about 40° from vertical4.
sensitivity of 79% (95% CI 65-94) and specificity of 75% Thus a positive downbeating nystagmus may be evoked
(95% CI 33-100)11. Positional testing is best performed in both the head right and head left position (Figure 3). If
with an examination tool that prevents visual fixation present, the direction of the small torsional vector of the
such as Frenzel goggles or video-oculography. Visual nystagmus will be towards the involved ear4. For
fixation suppresses ocular nystagmus. Vestibular example, if the left AC is involved, in the head left
suppressant medication that suppresses ocular position, the secondary torsional vector will be towards
nystagmus should also be avoided, such as Diazepam the left lowermost ear (geotropic) while in the head right
(valium) or Meclizine (antivert, bonine). If the patient has position, the secondary torsional vector will be towards
a history of vomiting, Ondansetron (Zofran) may be the left uppermost ear (apogeotropic). However, in 50%
administered prior to treatment. Each position of the of cases, only downbeating nystagmus is observed in the
DHT should be maintained for a minimum of 45 seconds dependent test positions making it impossible to identify
to allow debris to settle within the canal. the ear involved4.
The diagnostic criteria for AC-BPPV is vertigo associated The DHT may produce a false negative in the head right
with ocular nystagmus during the DHT. The vector of the and left position because the debris within the canal
ocular nystagmus is primarily downbeating with a small can’t clear the long arm due to the orientation of the
secondary torsional nystagmus directed towards the ampullary segment. If the patient’s history suggests
involved ear or no torsional nystagmus (50% of BPPV and the DHT is negative, the patient should be
patients)4. The characteristics of the nystagmus include brought back into the recumbent position with the
1-5 second latency before the onset of nystagmus, cervical spine in 30° of extension without cervical
nystagmus < 60 seconds in duration, and fatigues with rotation4. Lack of rotation adds an additional 20° of
repeated positioning4.
extension to the resultant
Figure 2. Algorithm for
P C low er mos t
ear involved
position of the head. This
differential diagnosis of AC- enables the otoconia to clear the
curvature of the long arm (Figure
pure downbeating AC involved
BPPV. Interpretation of head (R) & (L) ear unknown
findings from Dix-Hallpike Test. geotrophic, torsional 4). Authors have suggested a
& upbeating Ny
[reversal s it-up] minimum of 60° of cervical
AC torsion
extension is needed to clear the
[+] nystagmus
dow nbeating Ny
dow nbeating with
slight torsion
towards ear
involved
curvature12. The ability to
[revers al sit-up]
position the patients into 60° of
extension may be limited by both
horizontal cervical and thoracic spinal
Bi-DCP N
Dix-Hall P ike Test
Head (R) SRT
dysfunction.
Head (L)
[-] Ny
Caution should be used with
[-] nystagmus
DH T
ext interpretation of findings on
[+] N y
dow nbeating Ny
[revers al sit-up] AC BP P V positional testing. In patients
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
Conclusion
The radii of curvature of
the AC creates challenges
in differential diagnosis
and treatment of AC-
BPPV. In the recumbent
positions of the DHT a
primarily downbeating
nystagmus is evoked4,5.
No torsional component
will be present in 50% of
Figure 6. Forward 360°rotation illustrated to treat the left AC. The therapist supporting the head is not cases4. A small torsion
illustrated. directed towards the
involved ear may be
© 2012, Janet O. Helminski. Reprinted with permission. observed4. If a negative
bilateral DHT is found but
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to Eric Sanderson, DPT for
illustrations of DHT and forward 360°rotation.
References
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Paroxysmal positional vertigo syndrome. Am J Otol. Jul
1999;20(4):465-470.
2. Korres S, Balatsouras DG, Kaberos A, Economou C,
Kandiloros D, Ferekidis E. Occurrence of semicircular
canal involvement in benign paroxysmal positional
vertigo. Otology & neurotology : official publication of
the American Otological Society, American Neurotology
Society [and] European Academy of Otology and
Neurotology. Nov 2002;23(6):926-932.
3. Rahko T. The test and treatment methods of benign
paroxysmal positional vertigo and an addition to the
management of vertigo due to the superior vestibular
Figure 7. Modified Liberatory maneuver illustrated to treat the left AC. Maneuver does not take
canal (BPPV-SC). Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. Oct
into account orientation of the ampullary segment of the AC. 2002;27(5):392-395.
4. Bertholon P, Bronstein AM, Davies RA, Rudge P, Thilo KV. Positional down beating nystagmus in 50 patients: cerebellar disorders and possible anterior
semicircular canalithiasis. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. Mar 2002;72(3):366-372.
5. Aw ST, Todd MJ, Aw GE, McGarvie LA, Halmagyi GM. Benign positional nystagmus: a study of its three-dimensional spatio-temporal characteristics.
Neurology. Jun 14 2005;64(11):1897-1905.
6. Blanks RH, Curthoys IS, Markham CH. Planar relationships of the semicircular canals in man. Acta oto-laryngologica. Sep-Oct 1975;80(3-4):185-196.
7. Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L, et al. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery :
official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Nov 2008;139(5 Suppl 4):S47-81.
8. von Brevern M, Radtke A, Lezius F, et al. Epidemiology of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a population based study. Journal of neurology,
neurosurgery, and psychiatry. Jul 2007;78(7):710-715.
9. Whitney SL, Marchetti GF, Morris LO. Usefulness of the dizziness handicap inventory in the screening for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otology &
neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology.
Sep 2005;26(5):1027-1033.
10. Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the
Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. May 27 2008;70(22):2067-2074.
11. Halker RB, Barrs DM, Wellik KE, Wingerchuk DM, Demaerschalk BM. Establishing a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo through the dix-
hallpike and side-lying maneuvers: a critically appraised topic. The neurologist. May 2008;14(3):201-204.
12. Crevits L. Treatment of anterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo by a prolonged forced position procedure. Journal of neurology,
neurosurgery, and psychiatry. May 2004;75(5):779-781.
13. Helminski JO, Hain TC. Evaluation and treatment of beign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Annals of long-term care: clinical care & aging. 2007;15(6):33-
39.
14. Faldon ME, Bronstein AM. Head accelerations during particle repositioning manoeuvres. Audiology & neuro-otology. 2008;13(6):345-356.
15. Herdman SJ, Tusa RJ. Physical therapy management of benign positional vertigo. In: Herdman SJ, ed. Vestibular Rehabilitation. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F.A.
Davis Company; 2000:233-260.
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Vestibular SIG Newsletter BPPV Special Edition
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