For

whom to
produce?

Who to produce?

What to produce?
3 Basic Economic Problems
1. What to produce?
– 'What and how much will you produce?' This question lies with selecting the type of supply
and the quantity of the supply, focusing on efficiency. For example "What should I produce
more; laptops or tablets?"

2. How to produce? Capital goods or consumer goods

– 'How do you produce this?' This question deals with the assets and procedures used while
making the product, also focusing on efficiency. For example "Should I hire more workers, or
do I invest in more machinery?"

3. For whom to produce?

– 'To whom and how will you distribute the goods?' and 'For whom will you produce this for?'
arises from this question. This question deals with distributing goods that have been produced,
focusing on efficiency and equity. For example "Do I give more dividends to stock holders, or
do I increase worker wages?"
Give your insights of the following:
a. The school is a contemplation of reality.

b. What is sacred and profane for religions?

c. Which of the type of government do we practice? Explain

The Philippines is a democratic republic with an executive, legislative and judicial branch. The
elected president serves as both the head of state and the head of government. The legislative branch has
two bodies; the upper chamber is the Senate and the lower chamber is the House of Representatives. The
judicial branch of the Philippines' government includes a Supreme Court, a Court of Appeals and a Regional
Trial Court. In addition to the president, the executive branch includes a vice president, a cabinet and
executive departments. The office of the Ombudsman monitors all three of the branches of government.
Administrative divisions consist of autonomous regions, provinces and independent cities, municipalities
and component cities and barangays, the smallest administrative division.
 - Each of them has the
satisfaction of social needs
as its own goal or objective.

-Their repeated Institutions are - The pattern roles and

uniformities patterns purposive relations that people enact
and trends become
in a particular culture
codes of conduct.
become traditional
enduring.

Institutions are necessarily

They are relatively
value-laden.
permanent in their
Characteristics content.
of an institution

Institutions are unified

structured. Institutions are
structured.

Their repeated uniformities, patters -The components tend to

and trends become codes of band together, reinforce one
conduct. another.
Characteristics and
Functions of an
Institution
by Palispis ((1996)
 Institutions simplify social
behavior for the individual
person.

Institutions
provide ready-
Institutions Functions made forms of
tend to social
control
of an institution relations and
social roles for
behavior.
the individual.

Institutions also act as agencies

of coordination and stability for
total culture.
4 Characteristics of a Filipino Family
 Major Social Institutions
1. The Family is the smallest social institution with the unique function or producing and rearing the
young. It is the basic unit of Philippine society and the educational system.

2. Education a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are
transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research

A happy big family for a strong society. 

A Change in Education
• In some preindustrial societies,
education is largely informal and occurs
mainly within the family.
3. Religion is the socially defined patterns of beliefs
concerning ultimate meaning of life’ it assumes the
existence of the supernatural.

4. Economic Institutions provides basic physical substance of the society by the needs for food clothing
shelter and other supply and services. Economic institutions include marketing, industry agriculture
and banking system.
5. Government as a Social Institutions Is the institution which solves conflicts that are public in nature

and involve more than a few people. The SC defines government as the institution by which an
independent society makes and carries out those rules of action which are necessary to enable men
to live in a social state, or which are imposed upon the people for that society by those who possess
the power or authority of prescribing them.
 Judicial Branch evaluates laws. It holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are
legally demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave
abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the
government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.

The Sereno Court in 2012

The Supreme Court in the Philippines

 Legislative Branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested in
the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Logo of Congress of the House of Representatives

Philippines Logo

List of Senators in the Philippines

 Three Branches of the Government
 Executive Branch carries out laws. It is composed of the President and the Vice President who are
elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President
authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of the country’s
bureaucracy.
 President- Head of State and Head of Government. Can appoint and dismiss Cabinet members.
 Vice-President- to replace the President if he resigns, dies or is impeached can hold a Cabinet Position
 Cabinet- to advise the president on matters relating to the duties of their respective offices.

The Presidency of Rodrigo Roa Duterte, also known as the

Duterte Administration, began on June 30, 2016
following his inauguration as the 16th President of the
Philippines, succeeding Benigno Aquino III.
Congresswoman Leni Robredo from the 3rd district of
Camarines Sur also took office as the 14th Vice President
of the Philippines on the same day, succeeding Jejomar
Binay.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Rodrigo_Duterte
The Executive President of the
Philippines is President Rodrigo Roa
Duterte.
 Microeconomics vs. Macroeconomics
Microeconomics concerned with the specific economic units of parts that makes an economic system and
the relationship between those parts.
– A sari-sari store is one example of
microeconomics.
– A sari-sari store, or neighborhood sundry store, is
a convenience store found in the Philippines. The
word sari-sari is Tagalog meaning "variety" or
"sundry". Such stores form an important
economic and social location in a Filipino
community and is ubiquitous in neighborhoods
and streets. Sari-sari stores tend to be family-run
and privately owned operating within the
shopkeeper's residence.

Macroeconomics is concerned with the economy as a whole or large segments of it. It focuses on such
problems so the role of unemployment the changing level of prices the nation’s total output of goods and
services and the ways in which government raises and spends money.

– One example of macroeconomics is supermarket.

– A supermarket is a self-service shop offering a wide variety of food and household products, organized into aisles. It
is larger and has a wider selection than earlier grocery stores, but is smaller and more limited in the range of
merchandise than a hypermarket or big-box market.
– Supermarkets typically are chain stores, supplied by the distribution centers of their parent companies thus
increasing opportunities for economies of scale. Supermarkets usually offer products at relatively low prices by using
their buying power to buy goods from manufacturers at lower prices than smaller stores can.
 Cult are referred to by Stark and Bainbridge (1985) as the more innovative institutions and are form
when people create new religious beliefs and practices.
The pictures below are the example of Cult:
Rizalistas of Luzon
The Rizalista religious movements refers to the new religious movement and a form of Folk Catholicism
adopted by a number of ethnic religious groups in the Philippines that believe in the divinity of Jose Rizal,
the Philippines' de facto national hero. Many of these sects or religious movements believe that Rizal is still
living and that he will deliver his followers from oppression and poverty. Rizalist groups have differing views
on the divinity of Jose Rizal. Some believe that he is God himself, some believe that Rizal was the second
son of God, the reincarnation of Christ. Some of these groups also identify Rizal as the god of the pre-
Spanish Malay religion. Some only see as Rizal as a spiritual guide. Leaders of the sect often claim that key
people in the Philippine Revolution including Rizal himself were reincarnation of the Virgin Mary. Many of
these groups claim that the only key to salvation is by joining their group.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizalista_religious_movements

The Cargo-Cults
 A cargo cult is a millenarian movement first described in Melanesia which encompasses a range of
practices and occurs in the wake of contact with more technologically advanced societies. The name derives
from the belief which began among Melanesians in the late 19th and early 20th century that various
ritualistic acts such as the building of an airplane runway will result in the appearance of material wealth,
particularly highly desirable Western goods (i.e., "cargo"), via Western airplanes.
Cargo cults often develop during a combination of crises. Under conditions of social stress, such a
movement may form under the leadership of a charismatic figure. This leader may have a "vision" (or "myth-
dream") of the future, often linked to an ancestral efficacy ("mana") thought to be recoverable by a return
to traditional morality. This leader may characterize the present state as a dismantling of the old social
order, meaning that social hierarchy and ego boundaries have been broken down.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_cult
 Sect has a small exclusive membership high tension with society. It tends toward the emotional
mystic strew faith feeing, conversion experience, to be “born again.” Fundamentally literal teaching –
biblical passages are the literal words of God – meaning literally what they say; people are to do what the
passages say.
The pictures below are the example of Sect:

JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES
Jehovah Witnesses are members of a Christian-based religious group. The denomination was founded in the
USA and there are now 6.9 million active witnesses in 235 countries around the world. They are known for
door-ro-door evangelical work through offering the Bible literature to convert people the ‘the truth’.

MORMON’S/ CHURCH OF LATER DAY SAINTS

The Mormon’s were founded in the 1820’s by Joseph Smith nr. Their key values are strengthening families
helping other missionary work and lifelong learning. Mormons states themselves as Christian though some
of their beliefs differ from mainstream Christianity. Mormons believe in the views of the Bible, as well as
other books of scripture, as well as other books of scripture such as the Book of Mormon. They have a unique
view of society and believe that all peope are the spirit of children.
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/NWsociology/religious-sects-27099466
 Another example of church is the Roman Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with
more than 1.29 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has
played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. Headed by the Bishop of
Rome, known as the Pope, the church's doctrines are summarized in the Nicene Creed. Its central
administration, the Holy See, is in the Vatican City, enclaves within Rome, Italy.
The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus
Christ that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles, and that the Pope is the successor to Saint
Peter to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ. It maintains that it practices the original Christian
faith, reserving infallibility, passed down by sacred tradition.[11] The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic
Churches, and institutes such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders reflect a variety of
theological and spiritual emphases in the Church.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church

THE DIFFERENCE AMONG CHURCHES SECTS AND CULTS

Church tends to be large with inclusive membership in low tension with surrounding society. Church
tends toward greater intellectual examination and interpretation of the tends of religion (e.g. biblical
passages what is the historical passages what is the historical context of the passage the meaning to the
people at that time what interpretation or application can be given to the present).
 Iglesia Ni Cristo is an
example of church.

'Iglesia ni Cristo abbreviated as INC or Iglesia; English: Church of Christ is a typical church that
originated in the Philippines. It was registered in 1914 by Felix Y. Manalo who became its first
Executive Minister.
The Iglesia ni Cristo claims to be the one true church and the restoration of the original church
founded by Jesus, and that all other Christian churches are apostates.[6][8] INC doctrine cites that the
official registration of the Church with the Government of the Philippine Islands on July 27, 1914, by
Felix Y. Manalo—upheld by its members to be the last messenger of God—was an act of divine
providence and the fulfillment of biblical prophecy concerning the reestablishment of the Church of
Christ in the Far East concurrent with the coming of the Seventh seal marking the end of days.
By the time of Manalo's death in 1963, the Iglesia ni Cristo had become a nationwide church
with 1,250 local chapels and 35 large concrete cathedrals. His son, Eraño G. Manalo, became the
next church leader and led a campaign to grow and internationalize the church until his death on
August 31, 2009 whereupon his son, Eduardo V. Manalo, succeeded him as Executive Minister. In
2010,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo
 Consanguine Family
– The term consanguine family defines a family that extends beyond the nuclear family.
– It consist of grandparents, aunts, uncles & cousins all living nearby or in a same household.
– Extended family is also known as extended or joint family.
– The pictures below is an example of consanguine family.

This is my extended
family in my mother
side. It is extended
family because it
consist my uncles
aunties, cousins
nephews and nieces.

I’m with my cousins,

uncle and auntie in my
father side. This is an
example of extended
family because it include
my uncle aunt and
cousins.
 Conjugal Family
– The traditional definition of a conjugal family is a family unit that includes two married parents of
opposite genders and their biological or adopted children living in the same residence.
– Conjugal family is also known as nuclear, elementary or traditional family

These pictures showing an example of

Conjugal Family because it has 2 married
parents and their 5 biological children.

“Family is as far as we know the

toughest institution we have. It is in
fact, the institution to which we owe
our humanity.”
-Margaret Mead
Fernando Family