AP 10 REVIEWER
by: Luis Adrian D. Ampuan
CHAPTER 4; LESSON 3
Governments – performs very important political,
economic, and social functions
Political Parties- individuals who take on the mantle of
authority
Democracies- reflect the nature of democratic rule,
which is equal or near equal representation of people in
government.
Political Dynasties- the succession of rulers in the same
family line or a family or group of individuals that
maintain power through successive generations
Ideological care- common belief or political philosophy
shared by everyone belonging into the party
Political Agenda- programs they want to do or
implement when they are elected and when they assume
office afterwards
Two-party system- dominant political parties
Multiparty system- multiple countries can take part in
political activities
Dominant Party- makes all the decisions
Democrats- the left leaning or liberal, meaning it agrees
in the legislation of measures intend to promote equal
opportunities for the work.
Republican- more right leaning
Politics of Personality- a condition in which condition
which people get elected not because they have clear
understanding, but they are famous and significant vote
on the public
Political Patronage - a political phenomenon that is not
unique to the countries
Political Pedigree - a major consideration and a
determinant of how likely a candidate will win a
competition
Maguindanao Massacre- the worst episode of election-
related violence in the country
CHAPTER 5; LESSON 1
Graft- defined as the public use position in the
government for material gain through illegal or illicit
means
Corruption- abuse of entrusted power foe private gain
Petty Corruption- involves the acquisition of small favors
of some small finance gain from the use of public office
Grand Corruption- disrupts the economy, negates the
rule of law, and erodes the confidence of the citizens in
their government
Systematic Corruption- when corruption is so ingrained
and widespread in a system
Criminal Sanctions- sent to jail
Administrative Sanctions- demotion or removal from
public office
TYPES OF CORRUPTION
Bribery- act of giving or accepting something valuable in
exchange of a favor
Influence Peddling- refers to receiving payments in
exchange for support regarding critical pieces of
legislation that will unjustly favor a group of individuals
Favoritism, Nepotism and Clientelism – Involves the use
of a public or private position to favor a member of one’s
family
Extortion – when people who has the power to impose
punishment uses the threat of prosecution or penalty to
ask for money from those who violate the law
Theft - stealing money and resources from the
government
Fraud - use of malicious and false information or
dishonest methods to take something valuable from
another person such as property.
Embezzlement – the fraudulent appropriation of
property or money (entrusted to one’s care) to one’s
own use.
ORIGINS OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION
In what countries is Corruption rampant?
1. Totalitarian
2. Autocratic
Padrino or Compadre System – where employees or
lower-ranking members of an institution regularly
establish a network of connections between them and
their powerful benefactors by making them godparents
of their children.
Corruption Perception Index (CPI) – ranks countries and
territories based on how their public sector is perceived.
NB: The CPI is particularly important to determine
investment viability
Twelve Least Corrupt Countries
Rank 1: Denmark
Rank 12: Germany
Ten Most Corrupt Countries
Rank 168: Syria, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Rank 175: Somalia
THE SOCIAL AN ECONOMIC COSTS OF GRAFT AND
CORRUPTION
Bureaucratic Red Tape – a form of corruption that
hampers the delivery of much needed goods and social
services
NB: happens when corruption has taken away the
ability of government processes to move in a fast and
expeditious way or when the slow pace of
government services makes it conducive for
corruption.
UNAC (United Nations Convention against Corruption)
– adopted on 30 September 2003 in Vienna, Austria
used as a Global Effort to fight graft and corruption and
it uses measures for citizens and civil society to
cooperate.
Principles of Good Governance
1. Transparency
2. Meritocracy
3. Efficiency
4. Imposition of Standards of Integrity and Policies
that promote a strong system of checks and
balances
Watchdog – a person, a group of persons, or an
organization that monitors and guards against illegal
practices and corruption
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION: THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT
Martial Law Era – time perceived by the people when
corruption is said to have peaked when Marcos used his
immense power to enrich himself, his family, and his
allies and “cronies” in business
NB: This is called as Crony Capitalism by the Marcos
critics
Import Substitution – is an economic strategy wherein
local production of goods is encouraged by restricting or
preventing the entry of foreign goods or refraining from
importing goods from other countries.
PCGG (Presidential Commission on Good Government)
– an agency created by Pres. Corazon Aquino for the
sequestration of private assets owned by the Marcoses
EDSA Dos – is the colloquial term of the 4-day political
protest that occurred from 17 to 20 July 2001. The
protest successfully overthrew the government of then
President Joseph Ejercito Estrada, who was facing
various charges
Pork Barrel – funds allocated to a representative’s
district for use in priority projects. It is said that the term
originated from the practices of doling out barrels of
salted pork to African-American slaves as a reward and
to enhance and promote competition.
PDAF (Priority Development Assistance Fund) – a
discretionary fund allotted by the Philippine Government
for lawmakers and their priority projects
RA 3019 (Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act) –
enumerate all corrupt practices of any public office and
provides corresponding penalties.
RA 6713 (Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for
Public Officials) – this lays down the ethical standards
required for all government employees
CHAPTER 5; LESSON 2
Security- when there is no danger of military attack,
political pressure, or economic coercion, enabling a
country to pursue freely its development and progress
Insecurity- where a state is faced with threats and
dangers emanating from different sources
Conflict- struggle or contest between people with
opposing needs, ideas, beliefs, values, or goals
Hotspots- refers to areas where there is a potential for
violent political unrest, which pertains to the possibility
of public protests against the government.
Flashpoints- potential areas of armed conflict between
countries.
Armed Conflict- contested incompatibility which
concerns government and/or territory where the use of
armed force between two parties, of which at least one
is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-
related deaths.
Territories- refer to land and water areas that fall under
jurisdiction of a particular state.
Boundaries- are establish in order to distinguish the
limits and extent of the jurisdiction of individual states
Territorial Dispute- is a disagreement over the
possession and control of a geographic area between
two or more states.
Boarder Dispute- is a disagreement between two or
more countries relating to the limit or extent of the
demarcations pf their respective national territories.
Terrorism- refers to acts of unlawful violence or war of
religious, political, and ideological reasons.
Irredentism- stated the claim a certain territory or
demarcate boarders on the basis of cultural or ethnic
attachments
Common Heritage of Humanity- seas beyond the
jurisdiction and scope of individual countries
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)- method in which
territorial conflicts are settled without the used of
violence and war
Facilitation- when a third party of country that is not of
the contesting states suggests alternative ways to
resolve the territorial dispute
Good Offices- refers to a process I which world leaders
or any representative of an international agency
facilitate and recommend and ADR
Arbitration- is a form of ADR when contesting states
agree to have a group of individuals decide on their case
and agree to honor decision reach
Conciliation- is another form of ADR in which third party
with the consent of both contesting states or states
collates evidence, elucidates facts and then develops a
proposal in which is usually nonbinding
Nine-Dashed Line- refers to the demarcation line used
by the People’s Republic of China to define its territory
or national boundaries
Extended Continental Shelf- refers to the seabed and
subsoil of submarine areas that extend beyond a
country’s territorial sea throughout the natural
prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the
conti8nental margin
Permanent Court of Arbitration- is an International
organization whose aim is the peaceful resolution of
disputes that involve state, state entities,
intergovernmental organizations, and private parties
through establishment of arbitration tribunals
CHAPTER 6; LESSON 1
Human Rights- refer to the basic rights and freedom of
people
*Human rights are inalienable, meaning they are
permanent. They are also indivisible, meaning that all
rights are equally important and independent.
Petition of Right- a document which laid down the idea
that citizen had key rights and that these should be
invoked to protect them against their own development
Civil Liberties- are personal rights and freedoms that any
government cannot deny or abridge either by law or by
judicial interpretation
Natural rights- are the basis of the law and these rights
have limitations and are good as long as they do not
infringe on the rights of other people
Rapporteur- is one appointed by an organization to
report on the proceedings of its meetings
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action- a
document which sought to provide fresh’ approaches
and strategies to the promotion of human rights locally
and internationally
Impunity- is an exemption from punishment. It refers to
the failure to bring perpetrators of human rights
violations to justice
 ACRONYMS
CPI- Corruption Perception Index

UNCAC- United Nations Convention Against Corruption

PCGG- Presidential Commission on Good Governance

PDAF- Priority Development Authority Fund

OMB- Office of the Ombudsman

COA- Commission on Audit

VACC- Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption

PCIJ- Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism

CMFR- Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility

UNCLOS- United Nations Convention of the Laws of the

Sea

USSR- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

ADR- Alternative Dispute Resolution

ICJ- International Court of Justice

PCA- Permanent Court of Arbitrations

ITLOS- International Tribunal for the Laws of the Sea

USEIE- U.S. Energy Information Administration

KIG- Kalayaan Group of Islands

UDHR- Universal Declaration of Human Rights

ISIS- Islamic State in Iraq and Syria

UNCHR- UN High Commission on Refugees

IDP- Internally Displaced Persons