Chapter II

REVIEW LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related.

Related Literature

Motion Detectors

Motion detectors are mainly used in security systems. It is typically positioned near

exterior doorways or windows of a building to monitor the area around it. Since motion detectors

are so flexible and have so many uses, it offers feelings of protection and security for the average

homeowner as well as commercial organizations

An example of sensor that used in security system is an active sensor. Active sensors in

motion detectors system are commonly used inside homes for a security system. An active

motion detector emits optics or sound waves and measures feedback to detect motion. The

simplest type of active motion detector is commonly used in commercial doorways to trigger a

doorbell.

A device is fixed to one side of the doorway, an optical sensor to the other. A beam of

light will pass from the device through the sensor. When someone enters the establishment, the

beam is broken, triggering the doorbell thus warn user for the intrusion. For that reason, active

motion detectors can be purchased for home improvement security system. It is inexpensive

devices that can add for more security to a home and provide peace of mind for home owners.
Vibration Detectors

The sensor for vibration detection is a vibration detector (or shock sensor), the detector

must have a mechanical displacement to generate the alarm signal; vibration detection

equipment is not only best suitable for file cabinets, vaults, strong rooms, safes and Automated

Teller Machines (ATM), confidential protection special objects, but also suitable for other systems

in combination, to prevent intruders break in from wall.

Vibration causes havoc in many applications. From machine shafts and bearings to hard

disk performance, vibration causes machine damage, early replacement, low performance, and

inflicts a major hit on accuracy. Vibration sensors can measure and analyze displacement, linear

velocity, and acceleration. These parameters are mathematically related and can be derived from

a variety of sensors. Selection of a sensor proportional to displacement, velocity, or acceleration

depends on the frequencies of interest and the signal levels involved.

With today’s vibration sensors, data acquisition and analysis technologies, vibration

analysis is less expensive and much more mainstream than in the past. And at the heart of the

vibration monitoring system is a piezoceramic sensor. This article has examined the basic features

and benefits of this sensor and presented a representative sampling of currently available parts.

For more information on the products discussed use the links provided to access product

information pages on the Digi-Key website.

Security System

Security systems work on the simple concept of securing entry points into a home with

sensors that communicate with a control panel or command center installed in a convenient

location somewhere in the home. The sensors are typically placed in doors that lead to and from

a house as well as easily accessible windows, particularly any that open, especially those at

ground level. Open spaces inside of homes can be secured with motion sensors.

Security systems are designed to perform certain tasks when a secured zone is breached.

What your security systems does in the event of an intrusion depends on the type of system

you're using.

The first security system invented, house alarms were triggered by the release of a

pressure button fitted into a door or window frame. This basic alarm was fundamentally flawed

as the entire intruder needed to do to silence the alarm was to close the door or window. While

various systems on the market ranging from inexpensive house security alarms to highly

sophisticated systems requiring professional installation. All modern alarms are based on the

same foundation, the electric circuit which is completed either when the door is opened or closed

depending on the security system designed. The alarm is triggered when the circuit is altered and

will not be silenced until a code is punched into the control panel. The most expensive and

complicated alarm systems might also involve a combination of motion sensors and pressure

pads to ensure even the most cunning intruder doesn’t get his hands-on treasures.
Microcontroller

Microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit. In modern terminology,

it is a system on a chip or SoC. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores)

along with memory and programmable output peripherals. Program memory in the form

of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a small

amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to

the microprocessors used in computers or other general purpose applications consisting of

various discrete chips.

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as

automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office

machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and

cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output

devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and

processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed

to control non-digital electronic systems.

 Related Studies

Active Infrared Motion Detector for House Security System

Published Thesis of MIOR MOHAMMAD HAFIIZH BIN ABD. RANI (2007). Title Active

Infrared Motion Detector for House Security System. This project is focusing on developing a

house security system with an active infrared motion detector which is controlled by

microcontroller Intel 8051. The overall project is divided into two parts. The first part is concern

on the hardware development where all electronics component are connected via the circuit

design using wrapping technique. The second part is based on software programming to operate

the hardware structure. Program for security system based on microcontroller Intel 8051

assembly language is assemble using ASM51 assembler to get the binary file thus, to load into

external memory of the hardware structure via serial communication. As the result, the infrared

motion detector is capable to detect motion while the microcontroller is capable to control the

whole operation of the security system.

Wireless Home Security System

Thesis of Logeswaran A/L Arumugam. The project is to design the home security by alarm

system. The alarm system should check the status of the transmitter of the system regularly to

ensure that the system could function without any failure. The failure of the transmitter will be

indicated at the receiver through LEDs and the buzzer beeping sound. The project is to develop

an alarm system for a house. The system can be operated through a password secured remote
control. The remote can arm and disarm the whole system or each individual zone. The

components that the project used are PIC16F877A microcontroller, encoder HT12E, LCD, 4X4

keypad, transmitter and receiver module. There are some limitations in this project is only one

transmitter and one receiver is built for this project cannot perform bi-directional communication

which allowed the receiver to send signals to transmitter to request the status of the transmitter

because the communication between the transmitter and the receiver is only one-way

communication.

Development of Tilt and Vibration measurement and Detection System using MEMS

Accelerometer as a Sensor

Thesis by KHAIRUL ANUAR ABD WAHID. In this project, a measurement and detection

system to detect tilt angle signal and vibration signal using MEMS accelerometer which has two

sensed axes X and Y was successfully developed. Several issues are considered while developing

the measurement system such as sensor specifications, software used for programming, device

for interfacing and the flexibility of the software used. In this system, the sensor specification

such as low pass filter can be adjustable for intended applications. This filter is used for reducing

the noise from output signal MEMS. This filter uses a capacitor valued 0.47uF with bandwidth of

10Hz. The bandwidth needs proper setting in order to improve the resolution and range of

dynamic output signal. Available systems usually use different device and software for different

tasks such as acquiring the output signal, processing and displaying the data into a meaningful

signal. In this project, the developed measurement system uses software which enables it to
perform those tasks simultaneously. Moreover, the developed system can be easily set for signal

acquisition. From the experiments carried out, the developed tilt measurement system can

successfully measure tilt angle accurately from 0 to 90 degrees. The measured tilt angle signal are

compared with real sensed angle, and the results are also compared with equation. The

measured vibration signal and the reliability of vibration measurement system developed in this

project are compared with commercial device IMC-CS8008. This vibration measurement system

is tested under vibration frequency starting from 5Hz to 500Hz with 1000Hz, 5000Hz and 50000Hz

sampling rate. The characteristics of the vibration signal measured in sinusoidal form including

positive peak acceleration (ms-2), RMS value and the amplitude of frequency domain using Fast

Fourier Transform technique are verified. In conclusion, a measurement and detection system

using MEMS as a sensor to detect tilt angle signal and vibration signal is successfully developed.

PIR Sensor Based Intrusion Detection System

Thesis by Ar Ramya Prasad. An embedded system is a combination of software and

hardware to perform dedicated task Some of the main devices used in embedded products are

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers. Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general

purpose processors as they simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast,

a microcontroller not only accepts the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces

the data with various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the result. The “PIR

based intrusion detection system” using PIC16F72 microcontroller is an exclusive project which

detects the presence of human beings. We can use this project in theaters, shopping malls and

corporate offices etc…for security and where entry is for a limited number of people.
WIRELESS SENSOR BASED INTRUSIONDETECTION SYSTEM

Thesis by Zeeshan Anjum, Syed Emad ud din, and Muhammad Usman. The purpose of

this project is to provide a prototype that is able to fulfill the requirements of an efficient,

advanced and cost-effective security system for getting notified when an

external breach occurs in a specific area and the intrusion is monitored and tracked by

sensors deployed on that area. Sensor and terminal nodes were designed and created. On sensor

nodes, we interfaced PIR sensor and Ultrasonic sensor with a microcontroller and a RF module.

While on sensor node a GSM module is interfaced with a RF module, Microcontroller with

computer. The output from sensors is digitized and transmitted to the terminal where it is

monitored on the screen using Graphical User Interface that is designed in Python. For ease a

text message is senton the cell phone of in charge of that area by a GSM module. The

communication between sensor and terminal node is wireless using XBee modules (802.15.4)
BURGLAR ALARM

Thesis by BIPIN MAURYA, the work of the home security system begins with the sensors

and motion detectors. These devices are installed in different places that they monitor in their

own ways. However, they send emergency signals to the control panel once they detect something that

surpasses their tolerance level. The control panel of the system works like the brain and decide

the next step of action. Basically, there are two different things that the control panel performs.

It can set off an alarm located near the house to alert the homeowner and the neighbors However, if the

system is monitored from a centralized station, the control panel will send signals there without setting off any

audible alarm. In the basic models, the control panel uses the standard telephone line to send the security

message. However, some of the latest models do use the GSM and internet to dispatch signals. So, they don't

need any wires. The keyboard provided with the home security system enables the users to arm, disarm and

program the security system according to their wish. Most of the time, users are given multiple

keyboards so that they don't have to rush from one place to another to find the keyboard in

emergency.