IGCI

Q) Identify reasons for maintaining good standards of health and safety in an organization (8)

If an organization doesn’t maintain good standards of health and safety, following may happen:

Moral reasons:

 It may cause physical and mental pain and sufferings to people

 Employees will have to work in danger environment
 It may adversely affect quality of life of people
 It may result in low morale in co-workers
 It may cease source of income of entire family
 Some accidents may require prolong bed rest
 Some accidents may cause a person to become handicapped
 Some accidents may lead to temporary or permanent disability
 Some accidents may be fatal

Legal Reasons:

 Organizations may be taken to criminal court by Government inspector

 Govt. inspector may serve improvement or prohibition notice to the employer
 Employer may face fine, penalty or imprisonment

Economical Reasons:

 In case of injury accidents, employer will have to face ambulance cost, doctor fees, medication
cost of even operation cost.
 Sick pay
 Prolong / continued payment to family of injured person
 Machine, material, vehicle, tool damage or replacement cost
 Higher insurance premiums
 Time will be lost in accident investigations
 Hiring of lawyer (fees) in case of prosecution
 Loss of reputation of organization
 Low productivity due to low worker morale
 Overtime working to compensate time loss due to accident
 Business interruption
 Cancelled orders
 Hiring / replacement of injured employee(s) i.e. recruitment cost
 Training cost of new employee(s)
 Loss of goodwill
 Fine and penalties on organization

Q) An organization has been found to have inadequate standards of workplace health and safety.
Identify costs that an organization may have to bear as a result (8)

 In case of injury accidents, employer will have to face ambulance cost, doctor fees, medication
cost of even operation cost.
 Sick pay
 Prolong / continued payment to family of injured person
  Machine, material, vehicle, tool damage or replacement cost
 Higher insurance premiums
 Time will be lost in accident investigations
 Hiring of lawyer (fees) in case of prosecution
 Loss of reputation of organization
 Low productivity due to low worker morale
 Overtime working to compensate time loss due to accident
 Business interruption
 Cancelled orders
 Hiring / replacement of injured employee(s) i.e. recruitment cost
 Training cost of new employee(s)
 Loss of goodwill
 Fine and penalties on organization

Q) Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of (a) employers (b) workers (8)

Responsibilities of Employer:

 Provision of safe place of work such as the workplace should have safe means of access and
egress, good ventilation, illumination etc.
 Provision safe plant and machinery such as the machinery should have machine guards,
emergency stop button etc
 Provision of personal protective equipment such as safety shoes, safety goggles, ear plugs etc
 Provision of supervision, information, training and instructions to ensure that works are aware
of their responsibilities, hazards in the workplace, how to carryout work safely etc.
 Provision of safe methods of work to ensure consistency in work and that work is carried out as
per safety standards
 To consult with workers on all health and safety matters such as when changing equipment,
material, technology or procedures
 Provision of welfare facilities to employees such as laundry, canteen, food warming, first aid,
hand washing, clean crockery, separate washrooms for males and females etc.

Responsibilities of Workers:

 To cooperate with employer on health and safety matters such as workers’ medical checkup,
new PPE standard etc.
 To take reasonable care of themselves and of those who may be affected by their work such as
contractor’s, visitors or cleaners
 To comply with and act as per information, instructions and training provided by the employer
such as safe machine operations, defensive driving training etc.
 To report unsafe acts and conditions to their supervisor or manager so as to ensure that they
are timely addressed and accidents may be prevented.
 To handle safety equipment with care such as fire extinguishers, fire blankets etc.
 To use personal protective equipment (PPEs) provided by employer with care such as safety
shoes, safety goggles, hard hat etc and report any problem with them immediately to their
supervisor or manager.
 To provide fair and honest feedback to employer when the employer performs consultation on
different matters of health and safety such as introduction of new equipment, machinery,
material, tools etc
Q) Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a cost that an organisation may face
following a workplace accident.
List EIGHT other possible costs to the organisation following a workplace accident. (8)

 In case of injury accidents, employer will have to face ambulance cost, doctor fees, medication
cost of even operation cost.
 Sick pay
 Prolong / continued payment to family of injured person
 Machine, material, vehicle, tool damage or replacement cost
 Higher insurance premiums
 Time will be lost in accident investigations
 Hiring of lawyer (fees) in case of prosecution
 Loss of reputation of organization
 Low productivity due to low worker morale
 Overtime working to compensate time loss due to accident
 Business interruption
 Cancelled orders
 Hiring / replacement of injured employee(s) i.e. recruitment cost
 Training cost of new employee(s)
 Loss of goodwill
 Fine and penalties on organization

Q) Outline the key elements of health and safety management system

a) Outline the purpose of “statement of intent” section of health and safety policy (2)
b) Identify the circumstances that would require a health and safety policy to be reviewed (6)

(a)

 Highlights organizations overall approach to health and safety management

 States aims and objectives of the organization in terms of health and safety
 Shows organization’s commitment to reduce accidents / ill-health and achieve legal compliance

(b)

 Change of management……………….
 Change in legislation……………….
 Change in workforce……………….
 Change in process……………….
 Change in equipment……………….
 Change in tools……………….
 Change in plant layout……………….
 Change of standards……………….
 After any accident……………….
 After any enforcement action……………….
 As pointed out by the Auditor……………….
Q) Identify documents that could be examined when reviewing an organization health and safety
management system (8)

 Health and Safety Policy

 Risk Assessment
 Safe System of Work
 Training Records
 Incident Investigation Reports
 Trend and pattern of accident
 Key Performance Indicators of Safety
 Emergency Response Plans
 Previous audit reports
 Government and International Level legislation/Acts
 Minutes of Meeting of Management/Safety Review Meetings
 Maintenance Records
 Calibration Records
 Load Tests
 Medical Records

Q) An employer is setting up a health and safety training program:

(a) Identify the benefits to:
1. Employer (2)
2. Worker (2)
(b) Identify when health and safety training would be provided to the workers. (4)

(a)

1. Employer:
 Competency development of the team
 Reduction in safety related accidents
 Improvement in all the Safety Key Performance Indicators
 The risk to the assets, workers and the workplace will be reduced

2. Worker:
 High Morale
 Enhancement in on-the-job performance
 Reduced risk from any potential safety hazard
 Higher sense of protection from accidents

(b)

 When the Key Performance Indicators are not being achieved

 Upon an increase in the number of accidents
 In case of revision of SOP
 In case of introduction of new or change in technology / machine / tools / process
 When there is change in legislation / standards
 In case of new joining / induction
  Upon change in role’
 Refresher Training
 Against any complaints of Workers

a) Outline the general content of the THREE sections of health and safety policy (6)
b) Explain why health and safety policy should be signed by most senior person in the organization
(2)

a) Outline the purpose of organization’s health and safety policy (6)

b) Outline the issues that are typically included in health and safety arrangements section of policy
(2)

Q) Outline the circumstances that may give rise to a need for a health and safety policy to be
reviewed. (8)

 Change of management……………….
 Change in legislation……………….
 Change in workforce……………….
 Change in process……………….
 Change in equipment……………….
 Change in tools……………….
 Change in plant layout……………….
 Change of standards……………….
 After any accident……………….
 After any enforcement action……………….
 As pointed out by the Auditor……………….

Question)

(a) Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets in terms of its health and safety
performance. (2)
(b) Outline SIX types of target that an organisation might typically set in relation to health and
safety. (6)

(a)

It may be a legal requirement or applicable standard requirement………………. To track

performance………………. For continual improvement………………. To motivate workers……………….

(b)

 Training hours
 Safety audits / inspections
 Health surveillance
 Safe manhours
 Accident incidence rate
 Accident frequency rate
 100% legal compliance
 Reduced accidents / ill-health
 Zero enforcement action
  Regular meetings of safety committee

Q) Outline the ways in which employers might motivate their employees to comply with health and
safety procedures. (8)

 Perform consultation with employees when developing health and safety procedures, value
their opinion so that they will own the procedures.
 Reward and recognition programs such as “Safe Employee of the Month” program which
provide financial rewards to the employees
 Publish the names of such employees in organization’s magazine or display on notice boards so
that not only that employee is motivated but other employees are also motivated to perform
better in future.
 Nominate departmental leaders who can look after compliance of health and safety procedures
and influence their colleagues. This will also increase sense of ownership among employees.
 Inclusion of employees in site safety committee so that they have chance to have their say and
believe that their opinion matters
 Show them videos of accidents that happen due to workers not following safety procedures
such as a person falling from height, fire incidents due to welding etc (aversion therapy). Such
videos are easily available on internet.
 Tell them if similar procedure is being adopted in best organizations of the industry and that
such procedure will bring them inline with best organizations
 Highlight benefits of the procedures and related it to how the procedures can help in reducing
risks in the workplace, in turn making the life of workers safer.
 Arrange meeting with worker representatives, listen to their reservations about the procedure
and address all their reservations so that it is easier for them to adopt the procedure.
 Arrange benchmarking tour of that organization where such procedures are in place so that
employees can physically see the procedures and related it to their own workplace.

Q) Explain the ways in which employers might motivate their employees to comply with health and
safety procedures. (8)

Perform consultation with employees when developing health and safety procedures, value their
opinion so that they will own the procedures. Reward and recognition programs such as “Safe
Employee of the Month” program which provide financial rewards to the employees. Publish the
names of such employees in organization’s magazine or display on notice boards so that not only
that employee is motivated but other employees are also motivated to perform better in future.
Nominate departmental leaders who can look after compliance of health and safety procedures and
influence their colleagues. This will also increase sense of ownership among employees. Inclusion of
employees in site safety committee so that they have chance to have their say and believe that their
opinion matters. Show them videos of accidents that happen due to workers not following safety
procedures such as a person falling from height, fire incidents due to welding etc (aversion therapy).
Such videos are easily available on internet. Tell them if similar procedure is being adopted in best
organizations of the industry and that such procedure will bring them inline with best organizations.
Highlight benefits of the procedures and related it to how the procedures can help in reducing risks
in the workplace, in turn making the life of workers safer. Arrange meeting with worker
representatives, listen to their reservations about the procedure and address all their reservations
so that it is easier for them to adopt the procedure. Arrange benchmarking tour of that organization
 where such procedures are in place so that employees can physically see the procedures and related
it to their own workplace.

Q) Outline the checks that could be made in assessing the health and safety competence of a
contractor. (8)

 Check health and safety policy of the contractor which will give an idea regarding management
commitment of the Contractor and their intentions towards health and safety
 Check risk assessments of past / current jobs of the Contractor for similar jobs so that their
understanding of health and safety matters can be gauged
 Check past experience of contractor particularly of similar jobs of similar scale because this will
tell you the caliber of contractor
 Check client list of Contractor to identify where he has worked and check with those clients
regarding health and safety performance of contractor
 Check competence of lead health and safety person of contractor such as his qualification,
experience etc
 Check training record of Contractor’s workforce such as firefighting training, work at height
training etc
 Check accident history and investigations report of contractor to identify any recurring issues
and what actions have been taken as per investigation report
 Check PPEs standard being followed by the Contractor as it will give you an idea of working
standards of the contractor
 Check working procedures of Contractor to ensure that they are inline with legal requirements
as well as prevailing industry’s best practices

Q) An independent audit of an organisation has concluded that employees have received insufficient
health and safety training.
(i) Describe the factors that should be considered when developing an extensive programme of health
and safety training within the organisation (12)
(ii) Outline the various measures that might be used to assess the effectiveness of such training. (4)
(iii) Give FOUR reasons why it is important for an employer to keep a record of the training provided
to each employee (4)
(i)

Legal requirements……………….. corporate requirements……………….. nature of hazards……………….. past

accident history……………….. previous training record……………….. available budget………………..
management approval……………….. the need to deliver training in various modes i.e. on-the-job and off-
the-job……………….. consultation with workers……………….. the topics on which training needs to be
provided……………….. worker complaints……………….. applicable standards……………….. organizational
procedures / work instructions……………….. feedback from line managers

(ii)

 Reduced accidents ………………..

 Reduced ill-health………………..
 Reduced number of unsafe acts / unsafe conditions………………..
 Improved compliance of PPEs………………..
  Improved worker behavior with respect to safety………………..
 Reduced absenteeism ………………..
 Reduced medical claims………………..

(iii)

 It may be a legal / corporate requirement………………..

 For audit purpose………………..
 It may be required during accident investigation process………………..
 For future training plans………………..
 To defend in case of civil claims………………..

Q) Outline FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of using 'propaganda' posters to communicate
health and safety information to the workforce (8)

Advantages:

 Eye-catching………………
 Can easily convey big message in short time………………
 Can be seen by a wide audience………………
 There is no language barrier………………
 People with hearing impairment can also understand the message………………

Disadvantages:

 Expensive to prepare………………
 People can’t question………………
 Doesn’t provide feedback………………
 May be ignored………………
 May be invisible during low light………………
 People with vision problems can’t see the message………………
 Needs frequent replacement otherwise people get used to and it loses importance………………

Q) Outline the personal factors that might place an individual at a greater risk of harm while at work.
(8)
 Lack of training………………
 Lack of experience………………
 Poor risk perception………………
 Being under influence of drugs and alcohol………………
 Being under stress………………
 Possessing poor attitude………………
 Not paying due attention………………
 Having any physical or mental disability………………
 Being sick………………
 Lack of sleep………………
Q)
(a) Identify FOUR types of emergency procedure that an organisation might need to have in place (4)
(b) Explain why visitors to a workplace should be informed of the emergency procedures. (4)
(a)
 Fire
 Explosion
 Toxic release
 Electric shock
 Fall from height
 Chemical spill

(b)

It may be a legal / corporate requirement……………… so that they easily evacuate in case of

emergency……………… so that they know who to call in case of emergency……………… to avoid panic in
case of emergency……………… to enhance organization’s reputation……………… to reduce response
time………………

Q)
(a) Outline the benefits to an organisation of having a health and safety committee. (4)
(b) Outline the reasons why a health and safety committee may prove to be ineffective in practice. (8)
(c) Identify a range of methods that an employer can use to provide health and safety information
directly to individual employees. (8)
(a)
 May fulfil legal obligation………………
 A forum for consultation with workers………………
 Health and safety challenges are timely addressed………………
 Motivate workers by giving them responsibility and authority………………
 A forum for follow-up of outstanding health and safety issues………………
 Its recommendations carry more weightage when it comes to convincing management to take
actions………………

(b)

 Lack of management commitment………………

 Safety committee having no authority………………
 Committee meetings not attended by top management representative………………
 Committee not meeting on regular basis………………
 Management not giving weightage of committee decisions………………
 No follow-up being made on decisions taken by the committee………………
 Members not having adequate safety training or training in running the meeting………………
 Management calling upon the members during meeting………………
 Lack of resources………………
 Committee not having the right combination of top and middle management and
workers………………
 Committee meetings not chaired by a senior manager with authority………………

(c)

 Notice boards………………
  Emails
 Propaganda posters
 Town-hall meetings
 Public address system
 Pamphlets
 Company intranet
 Memos
 Company magazines
 Booklets
 Safety signs

a) Explain why is it important for an organization to set health and safety targets (6)
b) Identify health and safety targets that an organization could set (2)

Q) Outline the factors that should be considered when assessing health and safety competence of a
Contractor (8)
 Past experience of similar work at similar scale………………
 Check references with previous clients………………
 Accident and ill-health record of contractor………………
 Health and safety policy………………
 Competence level of workers………………
 Competence level of safety practitioner………………
 Financial strength………………
 Standard of PPE / tools / equipment being followed………………
 Record of legal action………………
 Applicable membership………………
 Standard operating procedures (SOP) ………………
 Worker induction training method………………
 Insurance policy………………

Q) Contractors are carrying out a major building project for an organization. Outline how this
organization could reduce the risks to Contractor carrying out the job (8)

 Provide information to contractor about on-site risks………………

 Provide induction training to contractor workforce………………
 Provide details of buried services to contractor………………
 Include contractor representative in on-site safety committee………………
 Perform regular safety inspection of contractor work………………
 Devise disciplinary procedure for safety violation by contractor workers………………
 If there are multiple contractors, arrange joint meetings to plan and coordinate the
work………………
 Review work methods of contractors and amend as necessary to make them accustomed to site
needs………………
 Encourage the contractor to raise safety concerns with the client………………
 Inform the contractor about emergency procedures………………
 Inform the contractor about on-site first aid facility………………
  Provide the contractor with ample time period to complete the job to prevent work overload or
taking short-cuts………………

Q) Identify issues that can be considered at a safety committee meeting (8)

 Accident numbers
 Ill-health data
 KPIs
 Worker complaints related to health and safety
 Status of on-going safety related projects
 Training plan
 Adequacy of current financial and human resources
 Follow-up of actions from previous meeting
 Findings against benchmarking
 Audit findings
 Status of legal compliance
 Findings of accident investigation
 Any recurring issues
 Progress against targets

Q) Identify the precautions that are to be taken to ensure health and safety of visitors in workplace (8)

a) Identify FOUR type of health and safety information that could be displayed on a notice board
within a workplace (4)
b) Identify how the effectiveness of notice boards as a method of communicating health and safety
information can be increased (4)

Q) Identify the possible influences on health and safety management standards (8)

Q) Identify why verbal instructions may not be clear in workplace (8)

Q) Identify the factors influencing health and safety culture of an organization

a) Identify why young workers could be at greater risk of being injured at work (4)
b) Outline the control measures that should be taken to minimize risk to young workers (4)

a) Outline how induction training programs for new workers can help to reduce the number of
accidents in workplace (6)
b) Give the meaning of term “risk” (2)

a) Give the meaning of the term risk (3)

b) Identify the key stages of a workplace risk assessment (6)
c) Identify reasons of reviewing risk assessment (3)
d) Explain the criteria which must be met for assessment to be “suitable and sufficient” (4)
e) Outline the information to be recorded in the risk assessment (4)

a) Outline the factors that employer should take into account when selecting individuals to assist
in carrying out required risk assessment (6)

b) Give the meaning of term “hazard” and “risk” (2)

 a) Give the meaning of term “hazard” and “risk” (2)
b) Give FOUR ways to identify hazards in the workplace (6)

Q)
(a) Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of an employer. (4)
(b) Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of a worker. (4)
(c) Identify actions that an enforcement agency may take if a workplace is unsafe. (4)
(d) Identify possible costs to an organisation resulting from inadequate health and safety
standards. (4)
(e) Identify possible sources of information that an organisation can use to help improve their
health and safety performance. (4)

(c) Responsibilities of Employer:

 Provision of safe place of work such as the workplace should have safe means of access and
egress, good ventilation, illumination etc.
 Provision safe plant and machinery such as the machinery should have machine guards,
emergency stop button etc
 Provision of personal protective equipment such as safety shoes, safety goggles, ear plugs
etc
 Provision of supervision, information, training and instructions to ensure that works are
aware of their responsibilities, hazards in the workplace, how to carryout work safely etc.
 Provision of safe methods of work to ensure consistency in work and that work is carried out
as per safety standards
 To consult with workers on all health and safety matters such as when changing equipment,
material, technology or procedures
 Provision of welfare facilities to employees such as laundry, canteen, food warming, first aid,
hand washing, clean crockery, separate washrooms for males and females etc.

(d) Responsibilities of Workers:

 To cooperate with employer on health and safety matters such as workers’ medical
checkup, new PPE standard etc.
 To take reasonable care of themselves and of those who may be affected by their work such
as contractor’s, visitors or cleaners
 To comply with and act as per information, instructions and training provided by the
employer such as safe machine operations, defensive driving training etc.
 To report unsafe acts and conditions to their supervisor or manager so as to ensure that
they are timely addressed and accidents may be prevented.
 To handle safety equipment with care such as fire extinguishers, fire blankets etc.
 To use personal protective equipment (PPEs) provided by employer with care such as safety
shoes, safety goggles, hard hat etc and report any problem with them immediately to their
supervisor or manager.
 To provide fair and honest feedback to employer when the employer performs consultation
on different matters of health and safety such as introduction of new equipment,
machinery, material, tools etc

(c)
  Improvement notice
 Prohibition notice
 Fine
 Penalty
 Remedial order
 Imprisonment

(d)

 Equipment / tool / material / machinery damage

 Hiring cost
 Increased insurance premiums
 Medical treatment cost
 Sick pay
 Investigation cost
 Reputation loss
 Low employee morale
 Fine / penalty

(e)

Internal source:

 Risk assessments
 Accident reports
 Training record
 Worker complains

External sources:

 Legislation
 Standards
 Material safety data sheets
 Safety publications and journals

Q)
(a) Identify factors to consider when assessing the requirements and provision of first-aid in the
workplace. (6)
(b) Outline reasons why it is important for first aiders to receive refresher training. (2)

(a)

 Legal requirements / corporate requirements / insurance company requirements

 Accident record
 Nature of business
 Types of hazards
 Shift pattern
 Proximity of nearest hospital
 Proximity of emergency services
 Competence of workers
  Benchmarking of other similar industries

(b)

 It may be a legal requirement such as in ILO convention C155 or Pakistan Factory’s Act 1934
 To ensure they are updated with latest standards and legislation related to First Aid
 To ensure their competence is maintained and they haven’t forgotten anything related to
training previously provided
 To ensure in case of emergency, their response time is continuously improved through
continuous process of learning and re-learning.

Q)
(a) Outline why it is important for an organization health and safety policy to include targets. (4)
(b) Give the meaning of term “bench marking”. (2)
(c) Give two examples of benchmarking. (2)

(a)

 Meeting legal obligations such as ILO Convention C155 or Pakistan Factories Act 1934
 Shows management commitment towards health and safety by including targets in the
policy which is the foundation stone of health and safety
 Targets are useful as they allow performance to be measured and provide a tangible goal for
staff to aim for in addition to that they also help to drive continual improvement
 To motivate the workforce so as they have a collective target to work towards
 To enhance company reputation as stakeholders and shareholders would know that
organization is committed to continually improved health and safety performance
 By setting targets, organization can benchmark itself with similar industries working at
similar scale

(b)

Benchmarking is comparing your organization’s performance with other organizations in the industry,
which are believed to be the performance leader. The purpose is to elevate your own performance to
the level set by the performance leader.

(c)
 An organization can benchmark the level and frequency of training it imparts to its
employees against the same imparted by industry leader
 An organization can benchmark its accident incidence rate and accident frequency rate
against the industry leader

Q)
a) Outline provisions to be considered to help ensure the health and safety of disabled workers.
b) Identify two further categories of worker that may require special case applications.

(a)

 Ramps required at the entry and exit passages for the handicapped workers so that they
easily access and leave the site
  Provide warning lights along with the siren for emergency so that hearing-impaired workers
can become aware of emergency situation
 Keep the working location of handicapped near exit point so that they can evacuate easily in
case of any emergency
 Make sure that working location of visually impaired workers away from the moving
machinery
 Rotation of shift limited to morning instead of evening and nigh shift for night blind workers
 Job-health analysis as per disability like don’t assign forklift driving job for the visually
impaired workers
 Don’t permit the disabled workers to do lone work for example they should not be allowed
to work as a security guard
 Assign buddy with disabled workers for the evacuation assistance like visually impaired
person required assistance
 Don’t allow disabled workers to perform overtime that can create stress
 There should be dedicated welfare facilities like washroom for workers using wheel-chair so
that they can conveniently using washrooms
 Panic alarm should be provided to disabled workers, particularly speech impairment, so that
they can alert coworkers in case of emergency
(b)

 Expectant women & nursing mother

 Lone workers
 Young persons
 Old persons

Q) A worker has been seriously injured in an accident at work. Outline the immediate AND longer
term actions that should be taken. 8

Immediate actions:
 Rescue the injured person immediately from the affected area so that he may not get more
effected by the after effects of the incident for example in case of fire
 Provide first aid to the victim so that his wounds may not get infected for instance applying
of physodine bandages on his wounds
 Cordon off the incident area in order to preserve the true evidences and also to save the
other workers from the affected place for example blood spots, accidental equipment
machinery etc.
 Gather the facts about the incidents so that investigation can be started for instance
photographs, identify eye-witnesses, CCTV footages etc.
 Note environmental conditions such as illumination level, dust, fog, hot or cold weather as
well as time of the day etc
 Sharing the incident with all employees including daily wagers

Long term actions:

 Identify the immediate and root causes so that preventive actions could be taken for
example define walkways removal of slip, strip and fall hazards etc
 Prepare the investigation report and share it with stakeholder so that all the stakeholder
focus on the relevant hazards in their workplaces for example moving machinery etc.
  Identify the corrective and preventive action and start working on them so that the
workplace becomes safe for example guarding of whole moving machinery parts
 Training……………….
 Review risk assessments and SOPs etc……………….
 Prepare investigation report and share findings with employees……………….

Q)
(a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘Competent person’.(2)
(b) Outline the organizational factors that may cause a person to work unsafely even though they are
competent. (6)
(a)

Competent person is one who has knowledge, ability, training and experience………….

(b)
 Lack of management commitment towards safety for example managers do not walk the talk
 There can be peer group pressure in order to achieve the targets while ignoring safety
standards for example using shortcuts
 Lack of safety culture in the organization such as most of the workers are not following
safety procedures for example walkways are not followed
 Lack of proper communication for safe system of work such as unavailability of posters,
signs etc.
 Frequent changes in equipment or working environment such as technology, procedures
etc. on which workers are not trained
 Unavailability of risk assessments, SOPs etc. so the workers remain unfamiliar with the
potential hazards
 Management not leading by example………………..
 Management not giving priority to safety……………….
 Managing not penalizing poor safety behavior or not appreciating good safety
behaviour……………….

Q5 An employer is setting up a health and safety training program:

a- Identify the benefits to:
1. Employer (2)
a) Competency development of the team
b) Reduction in safety related accidents
c) Improvement in all the Safety Key Performance Indicators
d) The risk to the assets, workers and the workplace will be reduced

2. Worker (2)
a) High Morale
b) Competency development
c) Enhancement in on-the-job performance
d) Reduced risk from any potential safety hazard

b- Identify when health and safety training would be provided to the workers. (4)
 a) When the Key Performance Indicators are not being achieved
b) Upon an increase in the number of accidents
c) In case of revision of SOP
d) In case of inclusion of a new technology/machine
e) In case of new joining/induction
f) Upon change in role’
g) Refresher Training
h) Against any complaints of Workers

Q-6 Identify documents that could be examined when reviewing an organization health
and safety management system (8)
1. Health and Safety Policy
2. Risk Assessment
3. Safe System of Work
4. Training Records
5. Incident Investigation Reports
6. Trend and pattern of accident
7. Key Performance Indicators of Safety
8. Emergency Response Plans
9. Previous audit reports
10. Government and International Level legislation/Acts
11. Minutes of Meeting of Management/Safety Review Meetings
12. Maintenance Records
13. Calibration Records
14. Load Tests
15. Medical Records

Q3. An organization has all of its maintenance work carried out by contractors. Outline how
the organization can help to ensure this work is carried out safely.
The organization will:
1. Select the contractor based on its Safety & Health criteria in order to ensure that the
contractor is competent in safety for instance it will check contractor’s safety policy,
worker’s competency, certifications, training record, accident history, risk assessments etc.
2. Evaluate its work method statement so that improvement points can be identified for
example use of chain block instead of crane for critical lifting.
3. Carry out risk assessment of the jobs to be done by contractor so that all the control
measures must be taken to mitigate the risks for instance use of extended roller to paint a
wall at height instead of using scaffolding.
4. Conduct site safety induction training in order to provide awareness to the contractor about
site safety rules such as emergence response plan, assembly points etc.
5. Ensure that the tools and equipment of the contractors are safe for use in order to keep the
workers safe from injuries for example guards on moving machine parts, insulated cables
etc.
6. Conduct tool box talk on daily basis in order to keep the workers updated on safety matters
for example use of safety harness with double life line.
 7. Ensure that the adjacent areas around work place is safe for working in order to ensure
safety of workers of those areas for example provision of emergency exits, separate entry
and exit, signage, hard barricades etc.
8. Ensure implementation of Permit to Work system in order to mitigate the residual risks
during risk prediction for example work permit for work at height.
9. Provide adequate supervision in order to ensure that work is carried out as per laid down
procedures for instance use of welding helmet during welding.
10. Health check of workers, checking of PPEs, working hours compliance awareness, first aid
box provision.

Identify why a verbal instruction may not be clearly understood by a worker (8)
Following are the main reasons :
o Language Barrier
o Strong Accent
o Jargons may not be understood
o Higher authority pressure
o Lack of education/training/competency
o External Noise
o Poor transmission quality if by telephone or PA system
o Ambiguous message
o Ill, not in good health
o Health Problem
o Work load issue
o Fatigue
o Drug used/Drunk / Addicted

a) Identify the factors to be considered when assessing the requirements and provision of first
aid in the workplace. (6)

Ans: following are the factors that must be assessed before provision of first aid facilities on site:

 Number of workers on the site

 Distribution of the workers, for instance there is a chance that there are less number of workers
and there might be more number of workers on other site.
 Appropriate location
 On site available hazards
 The nature of equipment installed
 Accident history
 Specific procedures required, e.g, toxic material have specific first aid protocols
 Work pattern and shift system of the workers
 Geo-Graphic location of the workplace
 Presence of vulnerable persons
 Presence of Central OHC instead of First aid boxes depending upon the site available hazards
 If hospital is not in the nearby vicinity, then OHC must be well equipped with advanced facilities.
  Ambulance availability.
 Legislations (legal or corporate)

b) Outline reasons why it is important for first aiders to receive refresher trainings? (2)
Ans:
 Periodic review of the policies and incase of any changes in policies refresher is mandatory
 Introduction to new hazards/ new equipment/ new plant at site due to expansion or extension
of the workplace so that first aiders are equipped with new tools and techniques
 Refresher training is usually mandatory for first aiders because their skills fade over time due to
lack of practice.
 It may be a legal requirements as per ILO C155.

Give the meaning of the term Permit to work. (2)

a)PTW Definition :
A documented safety procedure in a formal format that is characterized as safe system of work
which ensures that all necessary actions are taken before during and after particular high risk
work
b)Identify 3 Types of Activities for which PTW is required and give three reason why in
each case. (6)
i) Valve replacement at 20 ft height
Work at height PTW will be required as person might fall from height and falling object risk
exists. Also the safety of nearby working people
ii) Leakage in high pressure SS-316 air line
As welding, cutting grinding activity need to carry out for leakage removal. Sparks may generate
that can be source of ignition to surrounding and can harm to people nearby , assets and property
iii) Pressure Vessel inspection
As in case of pressure vessel inspection hazardous atmosphere can be present inside owing to
lack of Oxygen which may cause suffocation, fatigue and mental stress.
iv)Critical lifting of Homogenizer of 4Ton
Question 1:

Outline the circumstances that may require health and safety policy to be reviewed (8)

Health and safety policy must be reviewed if;

 There is change of machinery to introduce new technology such as new filling machine replaced
the old one.

 There is addition of new machine in existing setup such as boiler, pressure vessels etc

 New employees are hired to increase the workforce such as process operators
  There is change in legislation for example new laws about electrical safety

 There is any major incident on the plant for example amputation of worker while cleaning
activity

 It is requirement of any conventions or act to review the policy after specific time for example
factory act 1934 of C155 convention

 There is organizational change such as joint venture or acquisition of one company with other

 There is change in top leadership of the company like CEO or policy makers

 External factors influenced such as working facility is declared in earth quake zone by
government.

Q5) Outline four advantages of using:

a) An internal auditor (4)

b) An external auditor (4)

To carry out a health and safety audit.

Answer:

Internal Auditor:

 Can plan internal audit according to our convenience for instance Inter- departmental audits can
be carried out within a site anytime within a year
 These audits are less expensive for example cross functional team of auditors can be formed
from different sites and center
 These audits enhance competency of organization’s resources and develop their expertise to
evaluate the weak points for external audits.
 They are familiar with process and equipment so they can better understand any deviations
from the initial setup for example capacity of fire water tanks were increased as per site
requirement (production expansion)
 They don’t intimidate workers, as a result workers can provide information openly without
hesitation

External Auditors:

 They are un-baised and can criticize organizations policies and procedures based on ILO
convention and country’s factory act.
 Being Fresh pair of eye in the workplace they can point out any underlying and ignored points by
the organization’s employees.
 Independent of any internal influence such as it may not have any peer pressure
 They are experienced auditors and may have wider experience of different types of workplace
hence they could give better recommendations based on comparison.
 They can openly criticize management for poor health and safety arrangements……………….
Q)
(a) Explain why an organization should have a system for the internal reporting of accidents. (4)

(b) Explain the reasons why the workers might not report accidents at work? (4)

(a)

Organization must have system of internal reporting of accidents due to following reasons:
 It may be a legal / corporate requirement………………..
 Internal reporting system encourage the workers to report accidents occurring at site and
hence enable them to take care of health and safety of themselves as well as their peers.
 Reporting of certain type of accidents such as fatalities, major injuries and occupational
diseases or some dangerous occurrences are the mandatory requirement of reporting to
agencies.
 Data collection from accident reporting can be used for statistical analysis to identify patterns
and trends in the workplace.
 Internal reporting of accidents can help in taking corrective actions and replicating them as
preventive measures in other similar areas of the workplace.
 It can help in performance evaluation of an organization for example trend from near miss of
last year versus current.
 It is the first step of investigation………………..

(b)

Following are the reasons:

 Belief that organization does not take report seriously………………..
 Organization’s policy on reporting of accident might be unclear to the employees………………..
 Employees feel burdensome due to excessive paperwork………………..
 Complexed reporting procedures………………..
 Organization’s accident reporting policy might not exist………………..
 Show reluctance to receive medical treatment………………..
 Overwhelming culture of not reporting accidents………………..

Def of Hazard: (2)

Anything that has potential to cause harm. E.g in welding activity sparks are hazard (fire hazard), falling
object from height , oil spillage from transformer

Ways by which risk to young workers can be reduced: (6)

Ways by which risk to young workers can be reduced include:

 Training and coaching of young workers such as safety orientation etc.

 Covering jobs under work permit system to control activities and reduce risk such as hot work,
work at height etc.
 By Appropriate supervision of job being done by young workers for example by assigning
experienced supervisors or by making cross functional teams with experienced workers etc.
 Letting them know the consequences of injuries for example by sharing consequences of past
accidents, worldwide industrial catastrophes and incidents.
  Through risk assessments such as risk assessment of job at height.
 By giving refresher of safe working methods such as toolbox talks and SOPs.
 By recognizing them on safe performance such as on safe man hours and on following safety
rules etc.
 By providing proper PPEs such as helmets, shoes, goggles etc.
 By conducting regular safety meetings and inspection for example weekly safety meetings.
 By displaying sign boards and story boards such as prohibition, caution signs and golden safety
rules etc.
 Don’t allow all young person to work at one place. Eg one younger worker should be in one
plant and other young worker should be in other plant
 Don’t allow all young workers to work after duty hours.

Give two reasons why visitors to a workplace might be at a greater risk of injury than workers
(2)
16. Visitors might not be well accustomed to the hazards associated with a workplace like fire risks, gas
emission risks; and hence are at a greater risk to be affected by them
17. Visitors might not know the safety related protocols of a workplace in their entirety and hence be
vulnerable to accidents like they might not be well aware of the workplace Emergency Response
Plans
18. Some of the visitors might be vulnerable group of people including Expectant women, disabled
people and hence might be slow to respond to any emergency

Identify precautions that are to be taken to reduce the risk of injury to visitors to a workplace
(6)
1. Briefing about Site Safety Hazards
2. Informing about Emergency Response Numbers
3. Telling them about the location and details of the health facilities available at site
4. Explaining the Site Emergency Response Plans
5. Kept under supervision of a worker
6. To be kept within the authorized and designated areas
7. Informing them about site safety protocols e.g. use of walkways, PPEs etc.
8. Providing the visitors with an identification card

An employer is setting up a health and safety training program:

c- Identify the benefits to:
3. Employer (2)
e) Competency development of the team
f) Reduction in safety related accidents
g) Improvement in all the Safety Key Performance Indicators
h) The risk to the assets, workers and the workplace will be reduced

4. Worker (2)
e) High Morale
f) Competency development
g) Enhancement in on-the-job performance
h) Reduced risk from any potential safety hazard
d- Identify when health and safety training would be provided to the workers. (4)
i) When the Key Performance Indicators are not being achieved
j) Upon an increase in the number of accidents
k) In case of revision of SOP
l) In case of inclusion of a new technology/machine
m) In case of new joining/induction
n) Upon change in role’

Identify documents that could be examined when reviewing an organization health and
safety management system (8)
1. Health and Safety Policy
2. Risk Assessment
3. Safe System of Work
4. Training Records
5. Incident Investigation Reports
6. Trend and pattern of accident
7. Key Performance Indicators of Safety
8. Emergency Response Plans
9. Previous audit reports
10. Government and International Level legislation/Acts
11. Minutes of Meeting of Management/Safety Review Meetings
12. Maintenance Records
13. Calibration Records
14. Load Tests
15. Medical Records

a- Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of an employer (4)

1- Provide workers with safe system of work for example work permit systems and Standard
Operating Procedures etc.
2- All the work equipment should be safe for use for example proper guarding around all the
rotating/moving machinery
3- Provide appropriate supervision, information, training and instructions to workers to
enhance competency for example Machinery Safety Training
4- Provide all the Personal Protective equipment to the workforce for example goggles, gloves,
ear plugs etc.
5- To provide safe place of work to all the workers after implementation of all the relevant
engineering controls for example safe access at height
6- Ensure that there is no physical or mental fatigue on the workers by implementing various
checks like limiting maximum work hours for a day and weeks
7- Ensure that the workplace is compliant with all the applicable government and international
legislations like ILO Conventions C155 etc.
8- Obtain consultations from workers in case of decisions pertaining to health and safety

b- Outline the main Health and Safety responsibility of a worker (4)

1- To pertain to SOP in order to eliminate any hazard for himself and his co-worker for example
adherence to Work Permit System
2- To use all the applicable PPEs provided by the company for example gloves, goggles, safety
shoes etc.
 3- Report any situation/act regarding unsafe equipment or behavior to the employer for
example uninsulated wires, exposed hot surfaces etc.
4- Provide his sincere and honest feedback to the employer when consulted for
formulation/review of Health and Safety protocols like evaluation of SOPs and risk
assessments
5- To use all the employer assets with due care for example to properly carry out maintenance
of high pressure equipment
6- Actively participate in risk assessment activities to highlight and rectify all the high hazards
associated with an activity for example risk assessment before a rigging job

c- Identify actions that an enforcement agency may take if a workplace is unsafe (4)
1- Improvement Notice
2- Prohibition Notice
3- Fine
4- Penalty/Remedial Order
5- Imprisonment

d- Identify possible costs to an organization resulting from inadequate health and safety
standards (4)
1- Damage to equipment
2- Medical Costs associated with injured worker
3- Compensation to injured worker/family
4- Loss of production
5- Loss in Business Reputation
6- Loss of worker motivation or low morale
 GC2
Q) Outline main hazards that may be present during demolition of a building.

 There may be noise hazard from various activities such as excavator, manual hammering etc
 There may be pre-mature collapse of walls / structure due to aging, which can result in falling of
debris on personnel / equipment
 There may be exposure of personnel to asbestos from various materials such as insulation,
window putty etc
 There may be hazards from working at height such as for manual hammering, removal of
electric connects etc.
 There may be vibration hazard such as from jackhammer, excavator, drill machine which can
lead to hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) or whole body vibration (WBV)
 There may be hazards from movement of vehicles such as excavator, lifter, trollies which can
cause collision with personnel, vehicles or other objects
 There may be hazards from buried services such as underground or concealed electric cables,
natural gas lines etc
 There may be hazards from falling objects such as falling tools or materials from scaffolding
which can result in injury
 There may be dust hazard from debris of demolition which can lead to respiratory problems
among workers

Q) Identify items that should be inspected on a mobile tower scaffold prior to use. (8)

 Vertical standards should be straight

 Cross bracing
 There should be no gap between planks
 Planks should be defect-free and crack-free
 There should be proper castor wheels
 Castor wheels should have brakes
 Access equipment should be safe
 Ladder should be extended atleast 3 rungs above the working platform
 Mobile platform should be adequately strong to bear the load it would be subjected to
 It should have adequate handrail, midrail and toe-board
 It shouldn’t be placed close to overhead utilities

Q) Outline factors to consider when making an assessment of first-aid provision in workplace (8)

 All legal requirements should be considered such as ILO Convention C155 or Pakistan Factory’s
Act 1934.
 All corporate requirements should be considered because it is an obligation for you to fulfill.
 All insurance company requirements should be considered as it is also an obligation to reduce
premium such as FM Global.
 All applicable national and international standard requirements should be considered such as
OSHA (USA).
 Nature of organization’s business should be considered as type of accidents might be directly
linked with nature of business
 Size of organization should be considered because bigger the organization, greater the first-aid
arrangements required
 Nature of hazards should be considered because this will give an idea of what type of accidents
may happen i.e. fall from height, fire incidents etc
  Past accident history should be considered because this will give an idea of nature and scale of
accidents in past or if there are any recurring type of accidents
 Shift working pattern should be considered i.e. if an organization is working in all three shifts
24/7 then first-aid team and first-aid arrangements should also be available in all three shifts
24/7.
 Proximity / distance to nearest hospital should be considered because farther the hospital, more
extensive first-aid provisions would be required
 Training needs of first aid team should be considered i.e. they all should be trained keeping in
view nature of hazards and possible accidents

(a) Identify ways a driver may be injured whilst driving a forklift truck. (3)

(b) Outline features of a forklift truck that could reduce the risk of a driver being injured. (5)

(a)

 By colliding with fixed object

 By colliding with other vehicles
 By forklifter overturn
 Being struck by falling object
 By falling out of lifter as a result of driving on rough surface

(b)

 There should be seat-belt in forklifter to prevent the driver falling out of the cabin which may
result from forklifter overturn or collision with other vehicles
 There should be adequate and uniform air pressure in all tyres because if tyre pressure is not
uniform, forklifter will not be stable and can overturn
 There should be strong roof of the forklifter cabin so that it may prevent driver from being
injured by falling objects
 There should be back-view mirror in the forklifter so that he can see the view in background
while reversing the lifter, to avoid collision
 There should be siren and flashlight to alert the people around the forklitfter when it is
reversing so that accident may be prevented.
 There should be load indicator in the forklifter to alert the driver in case load capacity is
approaching or exceeding.

Q) Other than those associated with the physical environment, outline possible work-related causes
of increased stress levels amongst employees.

 There may be lack of career development and advancement opportunities which might be
worrying employees and causing stress
 There may be abnormal shift patterns due to which work-life balance of individual may be
disturbed
 There may be discrimination in the workplace such as on the basis of race, cast, language etc
 There may be inconsistent management policies which may be varying from person to person,
as a result some employees may be at disadvantage
 There may be lack of vacations available due to higher workload which may be causing poor
work-life balance and as a result stress
  Due to merger, acquisition and joint-venture, there may be job insecurity among the employees
which may also be a source of stress
 Assigning such work to individuals for which they are not trained can also be cause of stress
 Poor working relations of individuals with their supervisor and colleagues can also be a source of
stress because there will be lack of trust and cooperation
 Any kind of harassment in workplace whether verbal or sexual can also be source of stress due
to fear present in the mind of individuals

Q) Identify factors to consider in order that persons can safely evacuate a workplace in the event of a
fire.

 There should be adequate number of exit routes

 There should be suitable exit routes for handicapped persons
 There should be fire warden for each area to ensure evacuation
 There should be fire alarm with stroboscopic light so that deaf can also know emergency
 There should be signage to guide towards emergency exit
 For large areas and where number of personnel is high, there should be greater number of exit
routes
 There should be adequate number of assembly points located away from possible emergency
location
 Fire alarm should be identifiable and audible in all areas
 Fire exits should open outward and in safe location
 There should be adequate emergency lighting which should also illuminate route towards fire
exit

 Identify FOUR types of hazards for which local exhaust ventilation

Q1. The light bulbs at a busy warehouse is to be changed by a group of workers using a Mobile
Elevated Working Platform.
a) Outline the hazards involved in the usage of MEWP. (8)
b) Outline the controls to ensure the health and safety of the workers involved in the activity. (12)
(a)

 There may be overturning of MEWP by adverse weather condition such as strong wind
 MEWP may got stuck in elevated position due to mechanical failure such as failure of hydraulic
system
 There may be fall of person from height due to not using safety harness
 There may be fall of tools from height due to absence of toe-board or improper handling by the
person
 There may be electrocution hazard by coming of person in contact with live overhead cable
 There may be fall of material from height such as cement, paint, thinner etc
 There may be collision of MEWP with other vehicles such as fork lift truck which can result in
injury or fatality
  There may be poor posture hazard due to workers trying to reach out to the bulb, which can
result in back or muscular pain

(b)

 All legal requirements related to usage of MEWP should be fulfilled such as Pakistan Factory’s
Act 1934 and ILO Convention C155
 All corporate requirements should be fulfilled because all sites have an obligation to fulfil their
corporate requirements
 Thorough risk assessment should be performed before usage of MEWP so that all hazards are
identified and adequate control measures are in place
 Proper standard operating procedure (SOP) should be there so that all workers are aware of
safe operating procedure of MEWP.
 MEWP should always be sited on firm ground to avoid dis-balancing and collapsing of it
 Outriggers should always be extended while MEWP is being used so that adequate stability is
provided to MEWP during usage.
 Provide information, instructions, training and supervision to workers so as to ensure that they
operate MEWP as per procedure and provided training.
 MEWP should be subjected to inspection and maintenance program in line with manufacturer’s
recommendations and legal requirements
 Provide PPEs to workers such as safety harness and hard hat so that they can have protection in
case of adverse event such as collapsing of MEWP
 Provide hand rail, mid rail and toe-board in MEWP to avoid falling of personnel, tools and
material from height
 MEWP should be sited as close to work location as possible to avoid having workers to lean out,
which can result in falling of personnel or overturning of MEWP
 Barricade the area where MEWP is being operated so that risk of collision with vehicles may be
avoided

Q) A mobile elevated work platform (MEWP) will be used when working at height during the
demolition of a multi-storey building.
(a) Outline safe working practices when using the MEWP. (6)
(b) Other than working at height, identify possible hazards associated with the demolition work. (9)
(c) Outline how waste materials from the demolition should be stored prior to collection in order to
help reduce risk to the environment. (5)
(a)
 Should not be over loaded………………
 Should not be parked in vehicle or pedestrian movement path………………
 Tyre pressure should be adequate and uniform………………
 Should only be used by trained and authorized persons………………
 Should not move in elevated position………………
 Do not park on slope………………
 Do not climb out of cradle to another level………………
 Controls should be inside cradle as well as on the ground level………………
 Use out-riggers………………

(b)

 There may be noise hazard from various activities such as excavator, manual hammering etc
 There may be pre-mature collapse of walls / structure due to aging, which can result in falling of
debris on personnel / equipment
 There may be exposure of personnel to asbestos from various materials such as insulation,
window putty etc
 There may be hazards from working at height such as for manual hammering, removal of
electric connects etc.
 There may be vibration hazard such as from jackhammer, excavator, drill machine which can
lead to hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) or whole-body vibration (WBV)
 There may be hazards from movement of vehicles such as excavator, lifter, trollies which can
cause collision with personnel, vehicles or other objects
 There may be hazards from buried services such as underground or concealed electric cables,
natural gas lines etc
 There may be hazards from falling objects such as falling tools or materials from scaffolding
which can result in injury
 There may be dust hazard from debris of demolition which can lead to respiratory problems
among workers
 There may be sharp edges……………….
 There may be hazards due to usage of explosives……………….
 There may be exposure to asbestos……………….
 There may be risk of collapse of adjacent building / structure……………….

(c)

 All legal / corporate requirements for storage of waste should be met……………….

 Hazardous and non-hazardous waste should be labelled as such……………….
 Waste should be stored separately away from main operations area……………….
 Sorting and shifting of waste should be done by trained personnel……………….
 Hazardous waste should be stored in sealed bags / containers……………….
 Liquid waste should not be stored on un-made ground……………….
 Where liquid waste is stored, floor should be impermeable……………….
 Unauthorized personnel should not be allowed in waste storage area……………….

 Q3. A push stick is being used when operating a circular saw.

 a) Outline the general principles involved in the use of push

sticks. (3)

 b) Outline other controls which can be applied to a circular

saw. (5)

 Q5. A loaded truck with load is parked in the factory's car parking area.
 a) Identify the hazards involved in the unloading of the
load. (4)

 b) Indentify the control measures to be implemented to ensure the health and safety of the
workers. (4)

 Q7. A company has intorduced a new type of fire extingushers to be installed throughout the
workplace. Outline the contents that should be included in the training for these
extinguishers. (8)

(a).What are the situations in which Policy needs to be revised/reviewed? (8)

(b).Define the responsibilities of Employer in the Organization part of Policy? (8)

(c). Examples of Risks (4)

A building containing Asbestos, situated in public place needs to be demolished.

(a) Outline the safety measure needs to be insured before demolishing the building? (8)
(b) Outline the safety measure during demolishing the building? (8)
(c) Outline the main areas containing Asbestos availability in the building? (4)

An Employer developing training schedule for workers:

Outline trainings benefits for: 1) Employer 2) Workers (8)

Outline the basic requirements needs to be checked before contractors hiring? (8)

Outline safe system of work. (8)

Outline hazards of Vibration. (8)

An audit was conducted bfore a mojor accidents occurred at the site, Outline the gaps of audit
which cause the incident occurance? (8)

Outline Insured and Uninsured costs? (8)

Outline the responsibilities of employer for Lone workers. (8)

Outline the situations electrical equipments needs to be reinspected?

A small can of ignitable liquied is being used at working site, outline its safety during storage and
handling. (8)

Outline common types of injuries occurred during manual handling of heavy load.

Outline (with example) (a). Acute diseases (b). Chronic diseases.