Summer Assignment Part 2

3/10/2018 Summer Assignment Part 2
Summer Assignment Part 2
Due: 7:59am on Monday, February 5, 2018
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Running and Walking
Tim and Rick both can run at speed v r and walk at speed v w , with v r > v w . They set off together on a journey of distance D.

Rick walks half of the distance and runs the other half. Tim walks half of the time and runs the other half.
Part A
How long does it take Rick to cover the distance D?
Express the time taken by Rick in terms of v r , v w , and D.
Hint 1. Compute midpoint for Rick
Find the time that it takes Rick to walk the first half of the distance, that is, to travel a distance D/2 at speed v w .
ANSWER:
D
t w,R =
2vw
Hint 2. Compute running time for Rick
Now find the time Rick spends running.
ANSWER:
D
t r,R =
2vr
Hint 3. What equation to use
Now just add the two times up and you're done.
ANSWER:
D D
tR = +
2vr 2vw
Correct
Part B
Find Rick's average speed for covering the distance D.
Express Rick's average speed in terms of v r and v w .
Hint 1. Calculate speed using D and time
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=5372914 1/36
You were given the total distance and have calculated the total time. Recall that average speed is equal to total
distance traveled divided by the amount of time it took to travel this distance.
ANSWER:
2vr vw
v ave,R =
vr +vw
Answer Requested
Part C
How long does it take Tim to cover the distance?
Express the time taken by Tim in terms of v r , v w , and D.
Hint 1. Calculate average speed
Tim walks at speed v w half the time and runs at speed v r for the other half.
Find Tim's average speed in terms of given quantities.
Hint 1. Solve a related problem
Consider a related problem. Tim walks for a time tT /2 at speed v w and runs for a time tT /2 at speed v r .
Find the total distance he travels in time tT in terms of given quantities and tT .
ANSWER:
tT tT
dT = vw + vr
2 2
Correct
Now use this expression for dT to find Tim's average speed.
ANSWER:
vw vr
v ave,T = +
2 2
Correct
From this result, you can see that when a journey consists of equal amounts of time walking and running,
the average speed will be equal to the simple average of the walking and running speeds. This is not the
case when the journey is broken into walking and running segments in some other manner.
ANSWER:
2D
tT = vw +vr
All attempts used; correct answer displayed
Part D
Who covers the distance D more quickly?
Think logically, but without using the detailed answers in the previous parts.
Hint 1. Consider the relative positions at the midpoint
Imagine that both Rick and Tim do all of their walking before they start to run. Rick will start running when he has
covered half of the total distance. When Tim reaches half of the total distance, will he already have started running?
ANSWER:
Rick

Tim

Neither. They cover the distance in the same amount of time.

Correct
Part E
In terms of given quantities, by what amount of time, Δt, does Tim beat Rick?

It will help you check your answer if you simplify it algebraically and check the special case vr = vw .
Express the difference in time, Δt in terms of v r , v w , and D.
ANSWER:
2
(vr −vw )
Δt = (0.5D)
(vr +vw )(vr vw )
Correct
Part F
In the special case that v r = vw , what would be Tim's margin of victory Δt(v r ?
= vw )
Hint 1. Think it through
If v r = vw , is the any difference between what Tim and Rick do?
ANSWER:
Δt(v r = v w ) = 0
Correct
Exercise 2.1
A car travels in the +xdirection on a straight and level road. For the first 5.00 s of its motion, the average velocity of the car is
υav−x = 7.75 m/s .
Part A
How far does the car travel in 5.00 s ?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Δx = 38.8 m
Correct
What x vs. t Graphs Can Tell You
To describe the motion of a particle along a straight line, it is often convenient to draw a graph representing the position of the
particle at different times. This type of graph is usually referred to as an x vs. t graph. To draw such a graph, choose an axis
system in which time t is plotted on the horizontal axis and position x on the vertical axis. Then, indicate the values of x at
various times t. Mathematically, this corresponds to plotting the variable x as a function of t. An example of a graph of position
as a function of time for a particle traveling along a straight line is shown below. Note that an x vs. t graph like this does not
represent the path of the particle in space.
Now let's study the graph shown in the figure in more detail. Refer to
this graph to answer Parts A, B, and C.
Part A
What is the overall displacement Δx of the particle?
Express your answer in meters.
Hint 1. Definition of displacement
The displacement Δx of the particle is given by the difference between the initial position x0 at t and the
= 0.0 s
position x at t = 50.0 s. In symbols,
Δx = x − x0 .
Hint 2. How to read an x vs. t graph
Remember that in an x vs. t graph, time t is plotted on the horizontal axis and position x on the vertical axis. For
example, in the plot shown in the figure, x = 16.0 m at t = 10.0 s.
ANSWER:
Δx = 30 m
Correct
In this example, the magnitude of the displacement is also equal to the total distance traveled by the particle (30
m).
Part B
What is the average velocity v av of the particle over the time interval Δt = 50.0 s ?
Express your answer in meters per second.
Hint 1. Definition and graphical interpretation of average velocity
The average velocity v av of a particle that undergoes a displacement Δx along a straight line in a time interval Δt is
defined as
Δx
vav = .
Δt
In an x vs. t graph, then, the average velocity equals the slope of the line connecting the initial and final positions.
Hint 2. Slope of a line
The slope m of a line from point A, with coordinates (tA , xA ), to point B, with coordinates (tB , xB ), is equal to the
"rise" over the "run," or
x B −x A
m= .
t B −t A
ANSWER:
v av = 0.600 m/s
Correct
The average velocity of a particle between two positions is equal to the slope of the line connecting the two
corresponding points in an x vs. t graph.
Part C
What is the instantaneous velocity v of the particle at t = 10.0 s ?
Express your answer in meters per second.
Hint 1. Graphical interpretation of instantaneous velocity
The velocity of a particle at any given instant of time or at any point in its path is called instantaneous velocity. In an x
vs. t graph of the particle's motion, you can determine the instantaneous velocity of the particle at any point in the
curve. The instantaneous velocity at any point is equal to the slope of the line tangent to the curve at that point.
ANSWER:
v = 0.600 m/s
Correct
The instantaneous velocity of a particle at any point on its x vs. t graph is the slope of the line tangent to the curve
at that point. Since in the case at hand the curve is a straight line, the tangent line is the curve itself. Physically, this
means that the instantaneous velocity of the particle is constant over the entire time interval of motion. This is true
for any motion where distance increases linearly with time.
Another common graphical representation of motion along a straight line is the v vs. t graph, that is, the graph of (instantaneous)
velocity as a function of time. In this graph, time t is plotted on the horizontal axis and velocity v on the vertical axis. Note that by
definition, velocity and acceleration are vector quantities. In straightline motion, however, these vectors have only one nonzero
component in the direction of motion. Thus, in this problem, we will call v the velocity and a the acceleration, even though they
are really the components of the velocity and acceleration vectors in the direction of motion.
Part D
Which of the graphs shown is the correct v vs. t plot for the motion described in the previous parts?
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
Recall your results found in the previous parts, namely the fact that the instantaneous velocity of the particle is
constant. Which graph represents a variable that always has the same constant value at any time?
ANSWER:
Graph A
Graph B
Graph C
Graph D
Correct
Whenever a particle moves with constant nonzero velocity, its x vs. t graph is a straight line with a nonzero slope,
and its v vs. t curve is a horizontal line.
Part E
Shown in the figure is the v vs. t curve selected in the previous part. What is the area A of the shaded region under the
curve?
The shaded region under the v vs. t curve is a rectangle whose horizontal and vertical sides lie on the t axis and the
v axis, respectively. Since the area of a rectangle is the product of its sides, in this case the area of the shaded
region is the product of a certain quantity expressed in seconds and another quantity expressed in meters per
second. The area itself, then, will be in meters.
ANSWER:
A = 30 m
Correct
Compare this result with what you found in Part A. As you can see, the area of the region under the v vs. t curve
equals the overall displacement of the particle. This is true for any velocity curve and any time interval: The area of
the region that extends over a time interval Δt under the v vs. t curve is always equal to the displacement over Δt
.
± A Motorcycle Catches a Car
A motorcycle is following a car that is traveling at constant speed on a straight highway. Initially, the car and the motorcycle are
both traveling at the same speed of 21.5 m/s , and the distance between them is 52.0 m . After t1 = 4.00 s , the motorcycle
starts to accelerate at a rate of 5.00 m/s2 . The motorcycle catches up with the car at some time t2 .
Part A
Which of the graphs correctly displays the positions of the motorcycle and car as functions of time?
Hint 1. Describe the graph of the motorcycle's position
Between times t1 and t2 , what is the shape of the graph of the motorcycle's position versus time?
Hint 1. What does the graph of the position as a function of time look like?
If the motorcycle's initial position is x0 , its initial velocity is v 0 , and it travels at constant acceleration a, the
position of the motorcycle, as a function of time, is given by the equation x(t) = x0 + v 0 t + (1/2)at2 . This
is a quadratic equation with respect to the variable t. What is the shape of its graph?
ANSWER:
an increasing straight line

a parabola opening upward

a decreasing straight line

a parabola opening downward
Hint 2. The relative positions of the two vehicles
The motorcycle starts out behind the car, and has caught up with the car at time t2 . Therefore, at time t2 , the car and
the motorcycle must have the same position.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
How long does it take from the moment when the motorcycle starts to accelerate until it catches up with the car? In other
words, find t2 − t1 .
Express the time numerically in seconds using three significant figures.
Hint 1. Using a moving reference frame
For this part, the important quantity is the relative position, or the separation of the two vehicles. You can consider the
motion in a frame of reference that moves with the constant speed of the car (21.5 m/s ). In this frame of reference,
the car is standing still, both vehicles have zero initial speed, and so the calculations are simpler. With the car at zero
speed and the initial speed of the motorcycle zero, the problem reduces to finding how long it takes the motorcycle to
cover a distance of 52.0 m starting at zero velocity with an acceleration of 5.00 m/s2 .

However, if you don't feel comfortable with this approach, the rest of the hints for this part will help you with a more
traditional method based on the positions of car and motorcycle with respect to the ground as functions of time.
Hint 2. Find the initial conditions for the position of the car
If the initial conditions are known at time t1 , and the motion is one of constant acceleration, the equation for the
position of the car at time t2 is
1 2
x c (t2 ) = x 1,c + v1,c (t2 − t1 ) + ac (t2 − t1 ) ,
2
where xc (t) is the positon of the car as a function of time, x1,c is its position at time t1 , v 1,c is the car's velocity at
time t1 , and ac is the car's constant acceleration. (If t1 = 0, the equations become more familiar.) Let us choose a
frame of reference in which at time t1 , the motorcycle is at position x1,m = 0. What are the values of x1,c , v 1,c , and
ac that you should use in the above equation?
Enter your answer in the order x1,c , v 1,c , ac , separated by commas as shown, in units of meters, m/s, and

m/s , respectively.
2
ANSWER:
x1,c , v 1,c , ac = 52.0,21.5,0 m, m/s, m/s2
Hint 3. Find the initial conditions for the position of the motorcycle
If initial conditions are known at time t1 , and the motion is one of constant acceleration, the equation for the position
of the motorcycle at time t2 is
1 2
x m (t2 ) = v1,m (t2 − t1 ) + am (t2 − t1 ) ,
2
where the meaning of the symbols is analogous to that of Part B.2. Observe that there is no term involving the initial
position, because here we have assumed that at time t1 , the motorcycle is at position x1,m = 0. What are the values
of v 1,m and am that you should use in the above equation?
Enter your answer in the order v 1,m , am , separated by commas as shown, in units of m/s and m/s2

respectively.
ANSWER:
v 1,m , am = 21.5,5.00 m/s, m/s2
Hint 4. Solving for the time
At time t2 , the car and motorcycle must be at the same position, since they are side by side. This means that you can
set xc (t2 ) and xm (t2 ) , the positions of the car and motorcycle at time t2 , equal to each other, and then solve for the
quantity t2 − t1 . You should find that some terms cancel out on either side of the equation, which will make your
calculations simpler.
ANSWER:
t2 − t1 = 4.56 s
Correct
Part C
How far does the motorcycle travel from the moment it starts to accelerate (at time t1 ) until it catches up with the car (at time
t 2 )? Should you need to use an answer from a previous part, make sure you use the unrounded value.
Answer numerically in meters using three significant figures.
Hint 1. Find the initial conditions for the position of the motorcycle
If the initial conditions are known at time t1 , and the motion has constant acceleration, the equation for the position of
the motorcycle at time t2 is
1 2
x m (t2 ) = v1,m (t2 − t1 ) + am (t2 − t1 ) ,
2
as discussed in Part B.3. Here we have again assumed that at time t1 , the motorcycle is at position x1,m = 0 . What
are the values of v 1,m and am that you should use in the above equation?
Enter your answer in the order v 1,m , am , separated by commas as shown, in units of m/s and m/s2

respectively.
ANSWER:
v 1,m , am = 21.5,5.00 m/s and m/s2
ANSWER:
xm (t 2 ) = 150 m
Correct
Exercise 2.13
Part A
The table shows test data for the Bugatti Veyron, the fastest car made. The car is moving in a straight line (the xaxis).

Time (s) 0 2.10 20.0 53.0
Speed (mi/h) 0 60.0 205 256
2
Calculate the car's average acceleration (in m/s ) between 0 and 2.1 s.
ANSWER:
aav = 12.8 m/s2
Correct
Part B
2
Calculate the car's average acceleration (in m/s ) between 2.1 s and 20.0 s.
ANSWER:
aav = 3.62 m/s2
Correct
Part C
2
Calculate the car's average acceleration (in m/s ) between 20.0 s and 53 s.
ANSWER:
aav = 0.691 m/s2
Correct
Red Light, Green Light
A car and a train move together along straight, parallel paths with the same constant cruising speed v 0 . At t = 0 the car driver

notices a red light ahead and slows down with constant acceleration −a0 . Just as the car comes to a full stop, the light
immediately turns green, and the car then accelerates back to its original speed v 0 with constant acceleration a0 . During the
same time interval, the train continues to travel at the constant speed v 0 .
Part A
How much time does it take for the car to come to a full stop?
Express your answer in terms of v 0 and a0.
ANSWER:
v0
t1 = a0
Correct
Part B
How much time does it take for the car to accelerate from the full stop to its original cruising speed?
Express your answer in terms of v 0 and a0 .
ANSWER:
v0
t2 = a0
Correct
Part C
The train does not stop at the stoplight. How far behind the train is the car when the car reaches its original speed v 0 again?
Express the separation distance in terms of v 0 and a0 . Your answer should be positive.
Hint 1. How far did the train travel?
What is the distance traveled by the train during the entire period of (negative and positive) acceleration of the car?
Hint 1. How long was the period of the car's acceleration?
What is ttot , the total amount of time during which the car was either decelerating or accelerating?
ANSWER:
2v0
t tot =
a0
ANSWER:
2
2(v0 )
dtrain =
a0
Hint 2. How far did the car travel?
What is the total distance traveled by the car during the both periods (before and after stopping) of its acceleration?
Hint 1. Problem approach
Given the initial position, velocity, and constant acceleration of an object, you know how to find its position
after time t. Think of the car's motion in two segments.

For the first segment, its initial velocity is v 0 and its acceleration is −a0 for time t1 .

For the second segment of the car's motion, the initial velocity is zero, and it accelerates at a0 for a time t2 .
ANSWER:
2
v0
dcar =
a0
ANSWER:
2
v0
Δd =
a0
Correct
PSS 2.1 Motion with Constant Acceleration
Learning Goal:
To practice ProblemSolving Strategy 2.1 Motion with Constant Acceleration.
Cheetahs, the fastest of the great cats, can reach 50.0 miles/hour in 2.22 s starting from rest. Assuming that they have
constant acceleration throughout that time, find their acceleration in meters per second squared.
ProblemSolving Strategy: Motion with constant acceleration
IDENTIFY the relevant concepts:

In most straightline motion problems, you can use the constantacceleration equations. Occasionally, however, you will
encounter a situation in which the acceleration isn’t constant. In such a case, you’ll need a different approach.
SET UP the problem using the following steps:
1. First, decide where the origin of coordinates is and which axis direction is positive. It is often easiest to place the
particle at the origin at time t = 0 ; then x0 = 0. It helps to make a motion diagram showing the coordinates and
some later positions of the particle.
2. Keep in mind that your choice of the positive axis direction automatically determines the positive direction for x
velocity and x acceleration. If x is positive to the right of the origin, then v x and ax are also positive toward the
right.
3. Restate the problem in words, and then translate it into symbols and equations.
4. Make a list of known and unknown quantities such as x, x0 , v x , v 0x , ax , and t. Write down the values of the
known quantities, and decide which of the unknowns are the target variables. Look for implicit information.
EXECUTE the solution as follows:

Choose an equation from the following list
v x = v 0x + ax t
1 2
x = x 0 + v0x t + ax t
2
2 2
vx = v + 2ax (x − x0 )
0x
v0x +vx
x − x0 = ( )t
2
that contains only one of the target variables. Solve this equation for the target variable, using symbols only. Then, substitute the
known values and compute the value of the target variable. Sometimes you will have to solve two simultaneous equations for two
unknown quantities.
EVALUATE your answer:

Take a hard look at your results to see whether they make sense. Are they within the general range of values you expected?
IDENTIFY the relevant concepts
This problem involves the motion of an object, the cheetah, whose acceleration is assumed constant. Thus, the equations given
in this strategy apply.
SET UP the problem using the following steps
Part A
Which of the following sketches and choice of coordinate axis best describe the physical situation presented in this problem?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
The next step is to translate the problem statement from words into symbols. Which of the following is an appropriate
restatement of the problem, "Cheetahs, the fastest of the great cats, can reach 50.0 miles/hour in 2.22 s starting from rest.
Assuming that they have constant acceleration throughout that time, find their acceleration in meters per second squared."
Hint 1. Find the initial velocity using implicit information
The problem states that the cheetah starts running from rest. What is the initial velocity v 0x of the cheetah?
Enter your answer in meters per second.
ANSWER:
v 0x = 0 m/s
Hint 2. The condition for the equations of motion presented in this problem
The equations presented in the strategy above only apply to situations involving motion under constant acceleration.
ANSWER:
Cheetahs can reach v 0x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v x = 0 . What is ax ?
Cheetahs can reach v x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v 0x . What is ax ?

= 0
Cheetahs can reach v x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v 0x . Assuming a

= 0 = constant , what
is ax ?
Cheetahs can reach v 0x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v x = 0 . Assuming a = constant , what

is ax ?
Correct
Now you compile a list of known and unknown quantities. You can organize this information in a table as shown
below.
Known Unknown
x0 = 0 m x
v 0x = 0 m/s ax
vx = 50.0 miles/hour _
t = 2.22 s _
Keep in mind that your target variable is ax .
EXECUTE the solution as follows
Part C
Finally, you are ready to answer the main question. Cheetahs, the fastest of the great cats, can reach 50.0 miles/hour in
2.22 s starting from rest. Assuming that they have constant acceleration throughout that time, find their acceleration in
meters per second squared.
Enter your answer in meters per second squared to three significant figures.
Hint 1. Identify what equation to use
Which of the following equations would be the best to use when solving for ax ?
ANSWER:
v x = v 0x + ax t
v0x +vx
x − x0 = ( )t
2
1 2
x = x 0 + v0x t + ax t
2
2 2
vx = v + 2ax (x − x0 )
0x
Hint 2. Convert to SI units
How many meters per second are equivalent to 50.0 miles/hour ?
Enter your answer in meters per second to three significant figures.
Hint 1. The conversion factor from miles to meters
To convert miles to meters, use
1 mile = 1609 m .
ANSWER:
50.0 miles/hour = 22.3 m/s
ANSWER:
ax = 10.1 m/s2
Correct
EVALUATE your answer
Part D
Imagine you looked up the accelerations of the following objects: snails, humans, Thomson's gazelles, the space shuttle,
Formula One race cars, and F16 fighter jets. Which of the following statements about the acceleration of a cheetah would
you expect to be true?
ANSWER:
The acceleration of a cheetah is greater than the acceleration of a Thomson's gazelle but less than the
acceleration of the space shuttle during liftoff.
The acceleration of a cheetah is greater than the acceleration of a snail but less than the acceleration of a
human.
The acceleration of a cheetah is greater than the acceleration of a Formula One race car but less than the
acceleration of an F16 fighter jet.
Correct
The acceleration of the space shuttle on takeoff is 29.4 m/s2 . Thomson's gazelles can accelerate at approximately
half the rate of a cheetah, which is why they often become tasty snacks for the fast cats.
If you had solved for the acceleration of a cheetah and calculated a number greater than 29.4 m/s2 or smaller
than 30 cm/s2 (the acceleration of a snail), you most likely made an error and would want to review your work.
A Flea in Flight
In this problem, you will apply kinematic equations to a jumping flea. Take the magnitude of freefall acceleration to be 9.80 m/s2
. Ignore air resistance.
Part A
A flea jumps straight up to a maximum height of 0.540 m . What is its initial velocity v 0 as it leaves the ground?
Express your answer in meters per second to three significant figures.
Hint 1. Finding the knowns and unknowns
Take the positive y direction to be upward, the y coordinate of the initial position of the flea to be y0 = 0, and denote
the final height of the flea by y1 , whose value 0.540 m you know. Let t be the duration of the flea's leap to its
maximum height, v 0 its initial velocity, v 1 its final velocity (at maximum height), and ay its (constant) acceleration.
Which of the following quantities is/are known?
Check all that apply.
Hint 1. The number of known quantities
Typically, you need to know the values of four variables in order to solve any of the kinematic equations,
because they contain five variables each, with the exception of v 1 = v 0 + ay t, which contains only four
variables, in which case you would need to know the values of only three of these variables. Since we may
place the flea at any point of the y axis to begin its jump, we have conveniently assumed that y0 is equal to 0.
Hint 2. What is the flea's velocity at its maximum height?
What is the velocity v 1 of the flea at its maximum height of y1 = 0.540 m ?
Express your answer in meters per second to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
v1 = 0 m/s
ANSWER:
v0
v1
ay
Correct
Hint 2. Determine which kinematic equation to use
Decide which kinematic equation makes the solution of this problem easiest. That is, look for an equation that
contains the variable you are solving for and in which all the other variables are known.
ANSWER:
v 1 = v 0 + ay t
1 2
y
1
= y
0
+ v0 t + ay t
2
v
2
1
= v
2
0
+ 2ay (y
1
−y )
0

v0 +v1
y −y = ( )t
1 0 2
Correct
Now substitute the known quantities into this equation and find v 0 , the variable that you are looking for.
Hint 3. Some algebra help
You have determined that the simplest equation to use is
+ 2ay (y 1 − y 0 ).
2 2
v = v
01
To solve for v 0 , you must first subtract the term 2ay (y1 − y0 ) from both sides of the equation, and then take the

square root of both sides. Keep in mind that the acceleration is negative.
ANSWER:
v0 = 3.25 m/s
Correct
Part B
How long is the flea in the air from the time it jumps to the time it hits the ground?
Express your answer in seconds to three significant figures.
One approach is to find the time it takes for the flea to go from the ground to its maximum height, and then find the
time it takes for the flea to fall from its maximum height to the ground. The subsequent hints will guide you through
this approach.
Hint 2. Find the time from the ground to the flea's maximum height
What is the time tup it takes the flea to go from the ground (y0 = 0 m v0, ) to its maximum height (y1 0.540 m ,
=
v 1 = 0 m)?
ANSWER:
t up = 0.332 s
Hint 3. Find the time from the flea's maximum height to the ground
What is the time tdown that it takes for the flea to fall from its maximum height (y0 = 0.540 m , v 0 = 0 m ) to the
ground (y1 = 0 m)?
ANSWER:
t down = 0.332 s
ANSWER:
time in air = 0.664 s
Correct
Notice that the time for the flea to rise to its maximum height is equal to the time it takes for it to fall from that height
back to the ground. This is a general feature of projectile motion (any motion with a = −g) when air resistance is
neglected and the landing point is at the same height as the launch point.
There is also a way to find the total time in the air in one step: just use
1 2
y = y0 + v0 t + ay t
2
and realize that you are looking for the value of t for which y = y
0
.
± The Graph of a Sports Car's Velocity
The graph in the figure shows the velocity v of a sports car as a function of time t.
Use the graph to answer the following questions.
Part A
Find the maximum velocity v max of the car during the tensecond interval depicted in the graph.
Express your answer in meters per second to the nearest integer.
Because the graph displays the car's velocity at each moment in time, the maximum velocity of the car can be found
simply by locating the maximum value of the velocity on the graph.
ANSWER:
v max = 55 m/s
Correct
Part B
During which time interval is the acceleration positive?
Indicate the best answer.
Hint 1. Finding acceleration from the graph
Recall that acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Therefore, on this graph of velocity vs.
time, acceleration is the slope of the graph. Recall that the slope m is defined by m = Δy/Δx for a graph of y vs. x
, or m = Δv/Δt in this case. If the graph is increasing from left to right, then the slope is positive.
ANSWER:
t = 0 s to t = 6 s
t = 0 s to t = 4 s
t = 0 s to t = 10 s
t = 4 s to t = 10 s
t = 2 s to t = 6 s
Correct
Part C
Find the maximum acceleration amax of the car.
Express your answer in meters per second per second to the nearest integer.
The car's acceleration is the rate of change of the car's velocity v with respect to time t. In this problem, the car's
velocity is given graphically, so the car's acceleration at a given moment is found from the slope of the v vs. t curve
at that moment. If the v vs. t curve over some time interval is represented by a straight line, the instantaneous
acceleration anywhere in that interval is equal to the slope of the line, that is, to the average acceleration over that
time interval.

To find the maximum acceleration, find the value of the curve's greatest positive slope.
Hint 2. Find the final velocity on the interval with greatest acceleration
The slope of the curve is greatest during the first second of motion. The slope of the graph on this interval is given by
the change in velocity divided by the change in time over the interval from t = 0 to t = 1 . At time t = 0 s, the car's
velocity v(0) is zero. Find the velocity v(1) of the car at time t = 1 s.
Express your answer in meters per second to the nearest integer.
ANSWER:
v(1) = 30 m/s
ANSWER:
amax = 30 m/s2
Correct
Part D
Find the minimum magnitude of the acceleration amin of the car.
Express your answer in meters per second per second to the nearest integer.
To find the minimum magnitude of the acceleration of the car, you must find the point where the absolute value of the
slope is smallest.
ANSWER:
amin = 0 m/s2
Correct
Part E
Find the distance d0,2 traveled by the car between t = 0 s and t = 2 s .
Express your answer in meters to the nearest integer.
In this problem, the car's velocity as a function of time is given graphically, so the distance traveled is represented by
the area under the v vs. t graph between t = 0 s and t = 2 s.
Hint 2. Find the distance traveled in the first second
What is the distance d0,1 traveled between t = 0 s and t = 1 s ?
Hint 1. The area of a triangle
Observe that the region in question is a triangle , whose area is therefore onehalf the product of the base and
the height.
ANSWER:
d_0,1 = 15 m
Hint 3. Find the distance traveled in the second second
What is the distance d1,2 traveled between t = 1 s andt = 2 s ?
Hint 1. The shape of the region
The region under the graph between 1 and 2 seconds can be seen as consisting of a rectangle and a triangle.
ANSWER:
d1,2 = 40 m
ANSWER:
d = 55 m
Correct
An Object Accelerating on a Ramp
Learning Goal:
Understand that the acceleration vector is in the direction of the change of the velocity vector.
In one dimensional (straight line) motion, acceleration is accompanied by a change in speed, and the acceleration is always
parallel (or antiparallel) to the velocity.
When motion can occur in two dimensions (e.g. is confined to a tabletop but can lie anywhere in the xy plane), the definition of
acceleration is
⃗
v(t+Δt)− ⃗
v(t)
a⃗ (t) = in the limit Δt→0.
Δt
In picturing this vector derivative you can think of the derivative of a vector as an instantaneous quantity by thinking of the
velocity of the tip of the arrow as the vector changes in time. Alternatively, you can (for small Δt) approximate the acceleration
as
⃗
v(t+Δt)− ⃗
v(t)
a⃗ (t) ≈ .
Δt
Obviously the difference between v (t ⃗ + Δt) and v (t)

⃗ is another vector that can lie in any direction. If it is longer but in the same
direction, a(t) will be parallel to v (t). On the other hand, if v (t

⃗
⃗ ⃗ + Δt) has the same magnitude as v (t) ⃗ but is in a slightly
different direction, then a⃗ (t) will be perpendicular to v . In general,
⃗ ⃗ + Δt) can differ from v (t)
v (t ⃗ in both magnitude and
direction, hence a⃗ (t) can have any direction relative to v (t) ⃗ .
This problem contains several examples of this.Consider an object sliding on a frictionless ramp as depicted here. The object is
already moving along the ramp toward position 2 when it is at position
1. The following questions concern the direction of the object's
acceleration vector, a⃗ . In this problem, you should find the direction of
the acceleration vector by drawing the velocity vector at two points
near to the position you are asked about. Note that since the object
moves along the track, its velocity vector at a point will be tangent to
the track at that point. The acceleration vector will point in the same
direction as the vector difference of the two velocities. (This is a result
of the equation a⃗ (t) ≈ (v (t⃗ + Δt) − v (t))/Δt
⃗ given above.)
Part A
Which direction best approximates the direction of a⃗ when the object is at position 1?
Hint 1. Consider the change in velocity
At this point, the object's velocity vector is not changing direction; rather, it is increasing in magnitude. Therefore, the
object's acceleration is nearly parallel to its velocity.
ANSWER:
straight up

downward to the left

downward to the right

straight down
Correct
Part B
At this point, the speed has a local maximum; thus the magnitude of v is not changing. Therefore, no component of
⃗
the acceleration vector is parallel to the velocity vector. However, since the direction of v is changing there is an
⃗
acceleration.
ANSWER:
straight up

upward to the right

straight down

downward to the left

Correct
Even though the acceleration is directed straight up, this does not mean that the object is moving straight up.
Part C
At this point, the speed has a local minimum; thus the magnitude of v is not changing. Therefore, no component of
⃗
the acceleration vector is parallel to the velocity vector. However, since the direction of v is changing there is an
⃗
acceleration.
ANSWER:
upward to the right

to the right

straight down

downward to the right

Correct
Conceptual Problem about Projectile Motion
Learning Goal:
To understand projectile motion by considering horizontal constant velocity motion and vertical constant acceleration motion
independently.
Projectile motion refers to the motion of unpowered objects (called projectiles) such as balls or stones moving near the surface of
the earth under the influence of the earth's gravity alone. In this analysis we assume that air resistance can be neglected.
An object undergoing projectile motion near the surface of the earth obeys the following rules:
1. An object undergoing projectile motion travels horizontally at a constant rate. That is, the x component of its
velocity, v x , is constant.
2. An object undergoing projectile motion moves vertically with a constant downward acceleration whose magnitude,
denoted by g, is equal to 9.80 m/s2 near the surface of the earth. Hence, the y component of its velocity, v y ,
changes continuously.
3. An object undergoing projectile motion will undergo the horizontal and vertical motions described above from the
instant it is launched until the instant it strikes the ground again. Even though the horizontal and vertical motions
can be treated independently, they are related by the fact that they occur for exactly the same amount of time,
namely the time t the projectile is in the air.
The figure shows the trajectory (i.e., the path) of a ball undergoing
projectile motion over level ground. The time t0 = 0 s corresponds to
the moment just after the ball is launched from position x0 = 0 m and
y = 0 m. Its launch velocity, also called the initial velocity, is v 0
⃗ .
0
Two other points along the trajectory are indicated in the figure.
One is the moment the ball reaches the peak of its trajectory, at
time t1 with velocity v 1⃗ . Its position at this moment is denoted
by (x1 , y1 ) or (x1 , ymax ) since it is at its maximum height.
The other point, at time t2 with velocity v 2⃗ , corresponds to the
moment just before the ball strikes the ground on the way back
down. At this time its position is (x2 , y2 ), also known as
(xmax , y2 ) since it is at its maximum horizontal range.
Projectile motion is symmetric about the peak, provided the object
lands at the same vertical height from which is was launched, as is the
case here. Hence y2 = y0 = 0 m .
Part A
How do the speeds v 0 , v 1 , and v 2 (at times t0 , t1 , and t2 ) compare?
ANSWER:
v0 = v 1 = v 2 > 0
v0 = v 2 > v 1 = 0
v0 = v 2 > v 1 > 0
v0 > v 1 > v 2 > 0
v0 > v 2 > v 1 = 0
Correct
Here v 0 equals v 2 by symmetry and both exceed v 1 . This is because v 0 and v 2 include vertical speed as well as
the constant horizontal speed.
Consider a diagram of the ball at time t0 . Recall that t0 refers to the

instant just after the ball has been launched, so it is still at ground level
(x0 = y0 = 0 m). However, it is already moving with initial velocity v 0⃗
, whose magnitude is v 0 = 30.0 m/s and direction is
θ = 60.0 degrees counterclockwise from the positive x direction.
Part B
What are the values of the intial velocity vector components v 0,x and v 0,y (both in m/s) as well as the acceleration vector
components a0,x and a0,y (both in m/s2 )? Here the subscript 0 means "at time t0 ."
Hint 1. Determining components of a vector that is aligned with an axis
If a vector points along a single axis direction, such as in the positive x direction, its x component will be its full
magnitude, whereas its y component will be zero since the vector is perpendicular to the y direction. If the vector
points in the negative x direction, its x component will be the negative of its full magnitude.
Hint 2. Calculating the components of the initial velocity
Notice that the vector v 0⃗ points up and to the right. Since "up" is the positive y axis direction and "to the right" is the
positive x axis direction, v 0,x and v 0,y will both be positive.
As shown in the figure, v 0,x , v 0,y , and v 0 are three sides of a right triangle, one angle of which is θ. Thus v 0,x and

v 0,y can be found using the definition of the sine and cosine functions given below. Recall that v 0 = 30.0 m/s and
θ = 60.0 degrees and note that
length of opposite side v0,y

sin(θ) = = v0
,
length of hypotenuse
length of adjacent side v0,x
cos(θ) = = v0
.
length of hypotenuse
What are the values of v 0,x and v 0,y ?
Enter your answers numerically in meters per second separated by a comma.
ANSWER:
15.0,26.0 m/s
ANSWER:
30.0, 0, 0, 0
0, 30.0, 0, 0
15.0, 26.0, 0, 0
30.0, 0, 0, 9.80
0, 30.0, 0, 9.80
15.0, 26.0, 0, 9.80
15.0, 26.0, 0, +9.80
Correct
Also notice that at time t2 , just before the ball lands, its velocity components are v 2,x = 15 m/s (the same as
always) and v 2,y = −26.0 m/s (the same size but opposite sign from v 0,y by symmetry). The acceleration at time
t2 will have components (0, 9.80 m/s2 ), exactly the same as at t0 , as required by Rule 2.
The peak of the trajectory occurs at time t1 . This is the point where the ball reaches its maximum height ymax . At the peak the

ball switches from moving up to moving down, even as it continues to travel horizontally at a constant rate.
Part C
What are the values of the velocity vector components v 1,x and v 1,y (both in m/s) as well as the acceleration vector
components a1,x and a1,y (both in m/s2 )? Here the subscript 1 means that these are all at time t1 .
ANSWER:
0, 0, 0, 0
0, 0, 0, 9.80
15.0, 0, 0, 0
15.0, 0, 0, 9.80
0, 26.0, 0, 0
0, 26.0, 0, 9.80
15.0, 26.0, 0, 0
15.0, 26.0, 0, 9.80
Correct
At the peak of its trajectory the ball continues traveling horizontally at a constant rate. However, at this moment it
stops moving up and is about to move back down. This constitutes a downwarddirected change in velocity, so the
ball is accelerating downward even at the peak.
The flight time refers to the total amount of time the ball is in the air, from just after it is launched (t0 ) until just before it lands (t2 ).
Hence the flight time can be calculated as t2 − t0 , or just t2 in this particular situation since t0 = 0. Because the ball lands at
the same height from which it was launched, by symmetry it spends half its flight time traveling up to the peak and the other half
traveling back down. The flight time is determined by the initial vertical component of the velocity and by the acceleration. The
flight time does not depend on whether the object is moving horizontally while it is in the air.
Part D
If a second ball were dropped from rest from height ymax , how long would it take to reach the ground? Ignore air resistance.
Hint 1. Kicking a ball off a cliff; a related problem
Consider two balls, one of which is dropped from rest off the edge of a cliff at the same moment that the other is
kicked horizontally off the edge of the cliff. Which ball reaches the level ground at the base of the cliff first? Ignore air
resistance.
Hint 1. Comparing position, velocity, and acceleration of the two balls
Both balls start at the same height and have the same initial y velocity (v 0,y = 0) as well as the same
acceleration (a⃗ = g downward). They differ only in their x velocity (one is zero, the other nonzero). This
difference will affect their x motion but not their y motion.
ANSWER:
The ball that falls straight down strikes the ground first.
The ball that was kicked so it moves horizontally as it falls strikes the ground first.
Both balls strike the ground at the same time.
ANSWER:
t0
t1 − t0
t2
t2 − t1
t 2 −t 0
Correct
In projectile motion over level ground, it takes an object just as long to rise from the ground to the peak as it takes
for it to fall from the peak back to the ground.
The range R of the ball refers to how far it moves horizontally, from just after it is launched until just before it lands. Range is
defined as x2 − x0 , or just x2 in this particular situation since x0 = 0.
Range can be calculated as the product of the flight time t2 and the x component of the velocity v x (which is the same at all

times, so v x = v 0,x ). The value of v x can be found from the launch speed v 0 and the launch angle θ using trigonometric
functions, as was done in Part B. The flight time is related to the initial y component of the velocity, which may also be found from
v 0 and θ using trig functions.
The following equations may be useful in solving projectile motion problems, but these equations apply only to a projectile
launched over level ground from position (x0 = y0 = 0) at time t0 = 0 with initial speed v 0 and launch angle θ measured from
the horizontal. As was the case above, t2 refers to the flight time and R refers to the range of the projectile.
2v0,y 2v0 sin(θ)

flight time: t2 =
g
=
g
2
v sin(2θ)
range: R = vx t2 =
0
In general, a high launch angle yields a long flight time but a small horizontal speed and hence little range. A low launch angle
gives a larger horizontal speed, but less flight time in which to accumulate range. The launch angle that achieves the maximum
range for projectile motion over level ground is 45 degrees.
Part E
Which of the following changes would increase the range of the ball shown in the original figure?
ANSWER:
Increase v 0 above 30 m/s.
Reduce v 0 below 30 m/s.
Reduce θ from 60 degrees to 45 degrees.
Reduce θ from 60 degrees to less than 30 degrees.
Increase θ from 60 degrees up toward 90 degrees.
Correct
A solid understanding of the concepts of projectile motion will take you far, including giving you additional insight
into the solution of projectile motion problems numerically. Even when the object does not land at the same height
from which is was launched, the rules given in the introduction will still be useful.
Recall that air resistance is assumed to be negligible here, so this projectile motion analysis may not be the best
choice for describing things like frisbees or feathers, whose motion is strongly influenced by air. The value of the
gravitational freefall acceleration g is also assumed to be constant, which may not be appropriate for objects that
move vertically through distances of hundreds of kilometers, like rockets or missiles. However, for problems that
involve relatively dense projectiles moving close to the surface of the earth, these assumptions are reasonable.
Circular Launch
A ball is launched up a semicircular chute in such a way that at the top of the chute, just before it goes into free fall, the ball has a
centripetal acceleration of magnitude 2 g.
Part A
How far from the bottom of the chute does the ball land?
Your answer for the distance the ball travels from the end of the chute should contain R.
Hint 1. Speed of ball upon leaving chute
How fast is the ball moving at the top of the chute?
Hint 1. Equation of motion
The centripetal acceleration for a particle moving in a circle is ac = v /r
2
, where v is its speed and r is its
instantaneous radius of rotation.
ANSWER:
− −−−−
v = √ (2gR)
Hint 2. Time of free fall
How long is the ball in free fall before it hits the ground?
Express the freefall time in terms of R and g.
Hint 1. Equation of motion
There is constant acceleration due to gravity, so you can use the general expression
2
ay t
y(t) = y
0
+ vy0 t + .
2
Write the values of y0 , v y0 , and ay (separated by commas) that are appropriate for this situation. Use the
standard convention that g is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity. Take y = 0 at the ground, and
take the positive y direction to be upward.
ANSWER:
y
0
, v y0 , ay = , ,
2R 0 −g
Hint 2. Equation for the height of the ball
To find the time in free fall before the ball hits the ground, tf , set the general equation for the height equal to
the height of the ground.
Answer in terms of tf , R, and g.
ANSWER:
g 2
y(t f ) = 0 = 2R − tf
2
ANSWER:
−−
R
tf = 2√
g
Hint 3. Finding the horizontal distance
The horizontal distance follows from D = x(t f ) = x0 + v x0 t f , where x0 .
= 0 v x0 and tf were found in Hints 1
and 2 respectively.
ANSWER:
D = 2√2R
Correct
± Crossing a River
A swimmer wants to cross a river, from point A to point B, as shown in
the figure. The distance d1 (from A to C) is 200 m, the distance d2
(from C to B) is 150 m, and the speed v r of the current in the river is 5
km/hour. Suppose that the swimmer's velocity relative to the water
makes an angle of θ = 45 degrees with the line from A to C, as
indicated in the figure.
Part A
To swim directly from A to B, what speed us , relative to the water, should the swimmer have?
Express the swimmer's speed numerically, to three significant figures, in kilometers per hour.
Hint 1. Use the motion in the y direction
Suppose it takes the swimmer time t to cross the river and arrive at B. Find an expression for t by considering only v y
(the y component of the swimmer's motion with respect to the shore).
Answer in terms of d1 , us , and θ.
Hint 1. The y component of the velocity relative to the shore
The y component (see the figure in the problem introduction) of the swimmer's velocity relative to the shore is
v y = us cos(θ) .
ANSWER:
d1
us

d1

u s cos(θ)
d1

u s sin(θ)
d1
vr
Hint 2. Use the motion in the x direction
Now find an expression for t by considering only the x component of the swimmer's motion.
Express your answer in terms of d2 , us , v r , and θ.
Hint 1. The x component of the velocity relative to the shore
The x component (see the figure in the problem introduction) of the swimmer's velocity relative to the shore is
v x = v r − us sin(θ) .
ANSWER:
d2

vr −u s sin(θ)
d2

vr +u s sin(θ)
d2
vr −u s

d2
vr +u s
Hint 3. Solve for us
Find a symbolic expression for us . If you used the previous hints, solve for us by eliminating t from the two equations
you derived.
Express your answer in terms of v r , d1 , d2 , and θ.
ANSWER:
d1 vr
us =
d1 sin(θ)+d2 cos(θ)
ANSWER:
us = 4.04 km/hour
Correct
Another way to do this problem is to add the swimmer's and the river's velocities vectorially, and set the angle that
the resultant vector makes with AC or the river bank equal to that which AB makes with the same.
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 94.3%.

You received 12.25 out of a possible total of 13 points.

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3/10/2018 Summer Assignment Part 2

Tim and Rick both can run at speed v r and walk at speed v w , with v r > v w . They set off together on a journey of distance D.

position x at t = 50.0 s. In symbols,

v av = 0.600 m/s

v = 0.600 m/s

Enter your answer in the order x1,c , v 1,c , ac , separated by commas as shown, in units of meters, m/s, and

x1,c , v 1,c , ac = 52.0,21.5,0 m, m/s, m/s2

Enter your answer in the order v 1,m , am , separated by commas as shown, in units of m/s and m/s2

v 1,m , am = 21.5,5.00 m/s, m/s2

t2 − t1 = 4.56 s

Enter your answer in the order v 1,m , am , separated by commas as shown, in units of m/s and m/s2

v 1,m , am = 21.5,5.00 m/s and m/s2

xm (t 2 ) = 150 m

Speed (mi/h) 0 60.0 205 256

aav = 12.8 m/s2

aav = 3.62 m/s2

aav = 0.691 m/s2

A car and a train move together along straight, parallel paths with the same constant cruising speed v 0 . At t = 0 the car driver

Express the separation distance in terms of v 0 and a0 . Your answer should be positive.

Cheetahs can reach v 0x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v x = 0 . What is ax ?

Cheetahs can reach v x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v 0x . What is ax ?

Cheetahs can reach v x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v 0x . Assuming a

Cheetahs can reach v 0x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v x = 0 . Assuming a = constant , what

50.0 miles/hour = 22.3 m/s

ax = 10.1 m/s2

To solve for v 0 , you must first subtract the term 2ay (y1 − y0 ) from both sides of the equation, and then take the

v0 = 3.25 m/s

t up = 0.332 s

t down = 0.332 s

time in air = 0.664 s

v max = 55 m/s

amax = 30 m/s2

amin = 0 m/s2

d1,2 = 40 m

Obviously the difference between v (t ⃗ + Δt) and v (t)

v0 = v 1 = v 2 > 0

v0 = v 2 > v 1 = 0

v0 = v 2 > v 1 > 0

v0 > v 1 > v 2 > 0

v0 > v 2 > v 1 = 0

Consider a diagram of the ball at time t0 . Recall that t0 refers to the

As shown in the figure, v 0,x , v 0,y , and v 0 are three sides of a right triangle, one angle of which is θ. Thus v 0,x and

length of opposite side v0,y

What are the values of v 0,x and v 0,y ?

The peak of the trajectory occurs at time t1 . This is the point where the ball reaches its maximum height ymax . At the peak the

Range can be calculated as the product of the flight time t2 and the x component of the velocity v x (which is the same at all

2v0,y 2v0 sin(θ)

Answer in terms of d1 , us , and θ.

us = 4.04 km/hour

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