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    20 Ansichten16 Seiten

    Planets Told

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    pjpropraveenss
    Planets Told

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    s00372018 Planet Wikiped'a Wixirep1A, Planet ‘Aplanet ian astronomieal body orbling star or sellar remnant a + ja massive enough tobe founded by its oom gravy, + isnot massive enough to cause thermonucear ison, and + has chard ts neighbouring region of planetesimals 7 “The term plone i arent, wih tos to history, axtclogy, seen, mythology, and relislon. Sever planets inthe Solar ‘System can be scen with the naked eve, These wore regarded by many ery ealtares as divine, or as emissaries of ees. As scientific knowlege advance, human perception ofthe planets changed, incorporating a number of Kokhov a "the planet” given its ack of singishing features), Mars is vee Makin ofthe red on,” and Setar the resting one” (in reference to its slow movement compared tothe other visible plants)) The odd one out is Jupiter, called prs Teed or “Justice” Stiga suggest that this may bes euphemism forthe original nme of 220 Kothav Baal "Baas plane, sten 2s dolavous and euphemizd ina simlar tanner to eMbasheth rom H Samuel 9 is wae Shabbota or Formation 12s not known with certaty how planets are formed. The prevalng theory I that they are formed dung the collapse ofa nebula int «thin disk of ga and dust. A protester for a the core aurrounded bya rotating protoplanetary dik. Through cretion a proce of sticky cllision) dst parti in the dink steal accurate ‘mas o form everanger bodies. Local concentrations of mass known as planetesimals form, and these aselerte ‘the accretion process by drawing in adtional material by their gravitational attraction. These concentrations ‘become ever denser until they cllspse inward under gravity to form protopanet!™ After planet reaches 3 ais somewhat larger than Mars mas, it egins to aecamulae sn extended atmosphere greatly increasing the capture rate of the planetesimaly by means of atmopherc drag !21 Depending on the accretion history of ee solids an ps, ant planet, ance ant, ora terest planet may esl E19) “When the protaetar has grown sch that mites to fem a star, the surviving ditk is removed from the inside ‘outward by photoevaporation, the solr wind, oyating Robertson dag and ater effets 71 thereafter there sal nay be many protopanets orbiting the star or eachother, but overtime many wil calde, ether to fora single larger planet or release material for oter lager protoplanets or planets to absorb! Those objets that have become massive enough wil expture most matter in their orbital neighbourhoods to become planets. otoplanets that bave avided collisions may become natural stlites of planets though a process of gravitational capare, or ean in belt of other object to become either dvar planets or small bodies, ‘he energetic impacts of the smaller planeesimals (aswel a radioactive decay wil heat up the growing planet, ‘nusng ito at east paral melt. The iatrar of the planet begins to diferente by mas, developing a denser ‘orl Salle terres planet oe most oftheir atmosphere benuse of this tortion, ut the lost gases can be replaced by outgassing fom the mantle and from the subseqsent impact of come! Smaller planets will Jose any atmosphere they gain through arous escape mechanisms) ‘With the aicosery and obaenation of planetary stems around stare oer than the Sun, ts becoming posible to abort revise or even replace tis acount The level of metalicty—an astronomical term deserhing the abundance of chemical elements with anatomic number greater than 2 (bli) —is now thought to determine the "kelinood that a star wll have planets Hence, tis thought that a metal-rich population star wil ikly have more substancal planetary system than 2 metal-poor, population star htpsion wikipedia orglvkiPlanet eine s00372018 Planet Wikiped'a Solar System There are eight planet in Ue Sole Sytem, which rein iczeasing datanc rom the Sus = vot dtc wats 1. Morcury 2. Venus 3. @earth 4 gt Mars 5.2 Jupiter 5 Saturn 7. Uranus 8p Neptune Supiter isthe largest, at 38 Earth masses, whores Mercury isthe smallest, o.055 Earth masses “The planets ofthe Solar System en be divide into catepories bse on thir eompsion ale Plants hat ae sma to Earth, wih boss largely composed of rock: Mercury, Venus, Earth {nd Ware, At 0.086 Eath masses, Mercury ise smallest tereta planet (and smallest planet) nthe Slar System. Ear ste largest tesa plane + Giant planets (Jovian) Masswve planets signifcandy more masshe than be terestrals:uptor, Slum, Grant, Nestine + Gas anes and Stun re pant pret pray composed ol yoga Pein a are ‘Sclar Sytem, and Saum s oe birt as masse. at 95 Earhymastes. + ee glants, Uraeus ana Neptune, are primary composed of ow-balng onl mates sch a8 wats, ‘methane an armonia, wh hes atmospheres of hyérogen and hel. They havea significantly ower ‘mass han tho gas gars (only 1@ ane 17 Earh masses), 3 @Z Planetary attributes htpsion wikipedia orglvkiPlanet ms s00372018 Planet Wikiped'a ‘Semi Orbital Inclination Rotation ‘Axial name Eaitol yaggni Mot Gero, “agure” Ota, arad”—Cenimed St! age Atmoapore ime Bis yearsy™ equator faye) meena!” a Se 6. sum ania) osha st~S~C«S~C*aSSSSCSS CT ges) College [rere ane ans [esta ot ar gana) Fd bok vaue hl Ear Exoplanets 4 scree (rr pan) Hunt oid he or em: Ar of @ Hach 28 hw we 78 contd pnt n 796 tes, stent baig or than oe ple” ‘nearer avonomes Alkane Wen ané Dl Fl anounced he oe of to aes tng te ple 8 nse Ts vr ws cnt, a pel considered ob he Sefntedetton of apn These pulsar ant bled hve med um he uel reman o theses hat rae he pla naan opt rato, ro eh ag hy he fim conf sxe fa ear ae hing an oder mlnseqiens sexu on 8 a (Octber 1985, when Michel Mayor and Didier Quel ofthe Univertyof Geneva announced the detection of an Exons, by yar of covery. hough ‘esoplanet around 51 Peis, From then unl the Kepler mission most known exiraslr planets were gat ants Sebtember 2044 ‘comparable in mas to Jupiter ot larger a they were more easly detected, The catalog of Kepler candidat planets consists mostly of planets the size of Neptune an smal, down to smaller than Mercury. ‘hore are types of panes tha dono east inthe Solar System: super-Rarths and mini Neptunes, which eould be rod lke Barth ofa misture of volatiles and gas Ike Neptune—a radius of 175 times tat of Earth ie a posse viding Tine between the tw types of plane.°1There are hot Jupiter that ori very elowe to their star and may ‘vsporate to besime ehthonian plants, which are the leftover cores. Another possible type of pine carbon planets, which form in ystems wi higher proportion of arbon than inthe Solr System, ‘A zona stody, analyzing gravitational microlesing data, estimates an average ofa leat 1.6 bound planets for ‘very star inthe Milky Way.) (on December 30, 201, the Kepler Spce Telessope team reported the discovery ofthe fist arthsreexoplanes, Keplr-2oe and Keplr-2f orbiting a Sune star, Keple-20 °°) ean "Earth-siaed™ plant inthe habitable zone, so the nearest would be 2140 cancastesorbting 2.03 stars aso ‘Around in 5 Suntike™ stars expected to be within 12 ight-yeats distance from Earth OU The fequency of occurence of such texrestal planets sone ofthe variables inthe Drake equation, which estimates the number of intelligent, eammuniating ieilation that exist in the Milly Way ‘There are exoplanes that are much loter to their parent star haa any pape inthe Solar Sytem isto the San, and there are alo exoplanet hat are mmc farther rom, ‘heir tar Mereury, the closes planet ta the Stn a 0.4 AU tes 8-day for an orbit, bt the shortest known orbits for exoplanets take only afew horse. Kepler-70b, ‘The Kepler system has Sve of its planets inserter orbits than Mercury’ all them much more masive than Mercury. Neptune is 3o AU fom the Sun an takes 265, ‘yeast orb but there ate explants that are hundreds of AU fom thelr strand take moe than thousand years to abi eg 8481609 b, ‘The next fw space telescopes to sly explants ate exposed to be Gaia launched in December 2019, CHEOPS in 2038, TESS in 20:8, and the James Webb Space ‘Teleeapein 2019, Planetary-mass objects ‘Aplanetary-mass object (PMO), planemo;"l or planetary body is clestil object with a mass that fills within the ange ofthe definition of «planet: massive ‘enough to aciove hydrostatic eguiriam (tobe rounded under its own gray), but not enough to sustain eore fasion ke a star!™™19 By defiaition, al planets are planctary-mase objets, but he purpose ofthis term isto refer to cet hat donot contr to tpl expecatlons fora planet. These include dwt planets, which are rounded by ther own gravity but not massive enought clear their oxen orbit the lange moons, and free-osingpanemos, which may have been eeted from a syste (cope planets) o formed trough loud-sollapee rather than scretion (sometimes call sub-brow dvi) Rogue planets htpsson wikipedia orglvkiPlanet ate 1010872018 Planet Wikiped'a ‘Several compute simulations of stellar and planetary eysem formation have ses that some obieets of planetary mass ‘would ejected int intersela space!"* Some scientists have argued that such objets found roaming in dep space should ‘be lated as “planets, although olbers ave suggested that they should be called low-mass own dana" ‘Sub-brown dwarfs ‘tas fora va the sat ional collapse of gs ods, bt smaller objects can sl frm via clovd-ollapse. Planetary-mass objets formed thie wy ae sometimes called eub-brown dwarfs. Sob-brown dwars maybe free-floating sach af Cha 110913 ‘74a! and OTS 44!" or orbiting larger object suchas MASS Jasai448942501513, Binary sjstams of sub-brown dwarfs are theoretically pessble; Oph 162225-240515 was inital thought tobe a binary system of a brown dwt of 14 Jupiter aastes and a sub-brown dwatfof 7 Jupller masses, but further observations revised the ‘etimated mastesupwards to restr than 19 Jupiter taste, making them brown dwar according tothe LAU working Foner stars conan su7iggg8 "91 hese shrunken white dwarfs may become a elim planet or carbon planet Satellite planets and belt planets Some lage stslites are of sina ine or larger than the planet Merry eg Jupiter's Gallen moons and Titan, Alan Stern has arp that location shovld not mater {and tat ony goophysieaatibutes should be taken ito account inthe definition of a planet, and proposes the term satelite planet fre plane-sived satelite. Likewise, vat planets in Ch asteroid belt and Kuiper bel should be ennsidered planes according to Sten) Captured planets Free-loating planets in stellar clusters hav similar velo to the stars and so can be reaped. They are spel aptred nto wide obits between 100 and 308 AU. “The capture efficiency decreases with ineeesing cluster volume, and fora given cluster size it inceases with the host/primary mas, I is slmost independent ofthe planetary mas. Single and multiple planes could be captured into arbitrary unaligned orbits, non-coplanar with ach other or withthe stellar has spo, or pre-existing planetary syste Attributes “Although each plant has unique physical characteris, «numberof bro commonalities do exist among them. Some ofthese characteristics, sucha rings or natural satellites, have onl as yt oun observed ia planets inthe Solar Sytem, whereas uber ae alko commonly observed in extrasolar planets Dynamic characteristics ont Aecorting to cosent defo, ll planets matt revave around sar; thos, any poles] “rogue planets” ae ‘exchded Inthe Solr Syste, all the planets orbit the Sun inthe same direton as the Sun rotates (outer. ‘locke a en from above the Suns north ple). At leat one extrasolar plane, WASP-1, hasbeen found 0 ‘nit inthe opposite diretion tis star's rtation." The period of one revolution ofa plane's obit is own as is siderea period or year. A planet year depends omits tance rom tsar; the farther plant from is sta, not only the longer he distance it must tal, but alto the slower ts speed,becaate it i Tess flected by i ssa’ gravity. No planet's orbit eperety rela, and hence the distance ofeach varies ovr the coarse of te year. The doses approach to its star is ale its perasto (perblio in the Solr System), wheres is farthest ‘sepaaton from the sari called its apaston (aphelon. Ae «plane approaches peiaton ie sped increases ie trades gravitational potential energy for Kinetic energy, Just falling ject. on arth acetals as “The ob ofthe planet Nepune compared io that ‘of Phio. Note the elongation of lis orn the plat reaches apustron, i speed decreas, just a an object thrower upwards oa arth slows down as it sso unceiitc ett Bach plants rit delineated bys set of elements: ccconveites nave more apical orbs. The plana inthe Solr System nave var low eccenictes and thus realy crcular omits!" Gomats and Kipe belt sbjcs (as wot as eovra extrasolar planet) have vor high eccerttes, an thos excoosinglyaipiel ort. "#18 + The seminar aus the date fom a planet othe hallway pol along the engest ameter of is lpia rit (ee nag). This tance fot Be same 0 is pasion, bocavseno planets ori has i sara fs exact con®) + The inalnaton of planet es now far above of Below an establishes reference planes ob es. nthe Solr System, te reference plane i the plane of Earth's orbit called he ciptz Fo extraclr planet. he pare, known as te sy plane or plane othe sky. che plane perpndicasto the cbservars ine o sgh fom East 2) The 2g plants the Solar System al le very loge othe scp, come ans Kuper bel abject ke Pu ate a fa more sxveme angles 12 The ohns at whic a planet crosses above an baow ts reference plane as ced is ascending and dosconding nodes" The angtude of ho ascending nods is he htpsion wikipedia orglvkiPlanet one s0103:2018 Planet Wikipedia angle between the reference plane's 0 longitude and the plants ascending node. The argument of peragsis (or perhion Inthe Sear Systom) isthe angle Between a planets ascending node and is clases! aperoach os sa! ‘axial Planets also have varying degrees of xia i; they iat an angle tothe plane of ther stars equator, This xuses the amount of Tight received by each hemisphere to vary ver the course ofits year; whea the borthera hemisphere points away from is star, the southern hemisphere posts toward and vie versa. Hach plat therefore has seuss, changes tothe eimate over the ‘course ofits yer. The ine at which ea hemiapere point farts or nearest rom ts stare known a its iti ach planet avalon a he sembmajrala Js two inthe ears ofits orbit; when one espe as its summer slic, when ts days longest, the ober has its winter solstice, when its day's shortest The varying amount flight and heat received by each hemisphere creates annul changes in ‘weather patterns foreach half ofthe planet Jupiter’ axl tits very stall sot seasnelvration i minimal; Uranus, on the other hand, hasan al it so extreme it is viewally oa it aie, which mean that its hemispheres ae ether perpetually in sunlight oF perpetually in darkness round the time of ts slice" Among extrasolar planet, ail i are not kaowo for ‘etan though most hot Jupiter are beled to have nlp to no ail it as result oftheir proximity to thei stars! Rotation ‘The planets rotate eround invisible acs through their centres, A planet's rotation prod is known asa stor day Most ofthe planets inthe Sola Systm ott nthe sume direction as they ori the Sun, whic is eounter lorie as sen rom above the Ears axa about 234. ‘Sur's sarth ple, the exceptions being Veni!" and Uran"2l which rotate clockwise, though Uranus’ extreme ail tit Geciats between 22-1 and 245° ‘means there ae difering conventions on which of its poles is north’, and therefore whether i is rotating lackwise or anti on 2 1,000.year eee an is lockwise 1 Reyaréless of which conventions used, Uranus hes a retrograde rotation rave tits orbit. sorely decreasing, ‘The rotation ofa planet canbe induced by several factors during formation, A net angular momentum canbe induced by the {ndviual angular momentum contributions of acreted objects. The aceeton of as by the giant planets can aso contribute tothe angular momentum. Finally, ing the las stages of planet bling, a stochastic proces of protoplanetary aceretion ca randomly aller the spin ai ofthe planet" Thar i great vation in he length of ay ‘etween the planes, with Venu taking 249 dys to oat, and the giant planet only a ew hours "21 The rotational periods of entraasar planes are aot known, However, for "hot Jupters, their proximity to ther stars means that they are telly eked (Le, their orbits re in syne wih hee rotations). This means they always show one face ‘other stars, with one sie in perpetual day, the othe in perpetael night") ‘orbital eesrng “The defining dynamic characteritc of planet ie that it as cleared ite neighborhood. A planet that hes cleared ts neighborhood has seeumulated enough mas to gather ‘up or weep aay all he planetesnale in ts orbit Infect, tobi ite star insolation, a8 oppose o sharing its orbit wih a mulltud of simarsived objects. This ‘haraetristic was mandated as part ofthe IAs definition of a planet in Angst, 2006. This eter exlades such planetary bodies as Pio, Eris and Ceces fom fal-edge planethood, making them instead dar planets" Altbough to dt this riteron only applies tothe Solar System, a number of young extrasolar systems av ‘ben found in whch evidenee suggests orbital earings taking place within their reumstelia diss!) Physical characteristics Mass ‘planets defining physical characterai i that ts massive enough forthe face of ts own gravy to dominate over the letromageetie faces binding is physi structure leading to state of hydrostatic equim, This effetively mean hall planets are spherical or pero. Upto certain mas, a object canbe ieee ‘shape bt beyond that point, which varies depending onthe chemical makeup ofthe objet, gravity begins to pul an object towards ts own entre of mass until the object, collapses int asphere!™4 ‘Mase alo the prime atte hy whieh planets are distinguished fom stars, The upper mas limit or planethood is roughly 49 times Jupiter's mass for objet with solar-ype isotopic abundance, beyond which it achioves conditions witable for alee fusion, Other than the Sun, no objects of sch mas exe nthe Slar Sytem; ot ‘there are exoplanets ofthis sive. The 15-Jupter-mass limit i not universally agreed upon andthe Exrasler Planets Encyclopaedia incudes objets upto 20 Jupiter ‘masses and the planet Data Explorer upto 24 Jupiter masses! ‘The smallest own plants PSK 12574124, on ofthe first extrasolar planets discovered, which was founda 1992 a omit round a pulsar. Is mas is oughly half hat ofthe plant Mercury) smallest known plane orb a malz-sequence star other than the Sus sKeplee-gb, wilt a mas (and ads) slg higher Un hat of the Moon Internal itferetition ‘Bvry planet began its existence in an ensety uid state; neat formation, the dense, heavier materia sankto the centre, leaving the lighter materials near the surface ‘Each therefore has a diferentisted interior consisting ofa dene planetary cote surrounded by a mantle tht ether eo was ud. The eestrial planes ate sled ‘within ard erst") tin the gan planes the mantle simply bends into the upper clad layers, The ere planets have cores of lernente auch fon and nek, nd mails of seats. Jupiter and Satur are believed to have cores of ork and metal surrounded by mantles of metalic hydrogen "9 Uranus ad Neptne, which ae ‘smaller, have ooky cores surrounded by mantles of water, ammonia, methane and other ces 1 The fu aeson within these planets cores eretes a eniynamo that generates a magnet eld 4 ‘Atmosphere htpssen wkipeda.orglnkiPlanet 1016 s00372018 Planet Wikiped'a Alt of the Solar System planets except Mereun¥” have substantial atmospheres bene ‘hei gravity is trong enough to keep gases eloce othe surface. The larger giant planets are ‘massive enough to ep large amounts ofthe ight gases hydrogen and helium, whereas the smaller planets lose these gates into space] The composition of Eset’ stomp i {ferent fom th ober panes becase the vari ile process that have transpired on the SRA pln haveinrodced fee moleclar omen — Planetary simoepheres ae affece by the varying insolation or internal energy, Ising to = atmosphere the formation of dynamic weather gysems such as hurricanes, (on Earth), pine-wice dost storms (on Mars) a greatethan-Harth-sized anticyone on Jupiter (called the Great Red |) 'S¥ ion he ois a Spo), ad holes inthe stmogphere (on Neptune). Atleast one extatolar planet, HD 185739», hasbeen claimed ta have sh a weather system, simile othe Great Red Spt ut tie a larg Hot Jupiters, ue to ther extreme proximities to thelr host stars, have bee shown tobe losing thelr atmospheres into space de to stellar radiation, mich ke the tall of comets!" These planet may have vast difleences in temperature between tel day and night ede that produce supersoake ‘wind although the day and night sides of HD 389729 b appear to have very smi temperatores, dating tht tht panes atmosphere elective edistebute stars energy sound the planet! Magnetospnere ‘One important characteristic ofthe planets is ther intvinsi magnetic moments, which in ur gv ise to magnetopheres. he presence fa magnetic eld inlets thal the planet al geogelly alive nother word, rngneined planets have flows of detrically conducting material in their interior, which generate their mgnctic fs, Thove fel eigiicntly change the ‘nection of the planet and solar wing. A magnetved planet erates s cavity inthe solar wind around isl eile she ‘magoetepher, which the wind cannot penetrate, The magnetosphere can be much larger than the plane isl. In contrast oa-magneticed planets have only small magnetospheres induced by interaction ofthe fonosphere with the colar wind, which ‘anol ffectiveyprotet the plant) ‘ofthe ght planets inthe Solar System, only Venus and Mars ack such a magnetic ld!“ addition, the moon uf Jupiter (Ganymede also as one. Of the magnetized planets the magnetic eld of Mereury isthe weakest, and is ively abet deflect the Eas magnetosphere solarwind. Ganymede magnet elds sveral times arer and pits isthe stongetin the Solar System 0 stron fst ‘that it pose serious health risk to fture manned missions to its moons). The magnetic fs of the other giant planets are ‘oughly sia in strength to that of Barth, bt thelr magnetic moments are sinifantly lage. The magnetic felis of Uranus and Neptune are strongly tied relative the rotational ais and dlsplaced rom the entre af the plane 1 tn 2004, a team of astronomers in Hawai cherved an extrasolar plane around the star HD 179549, whlch appeared tbe creating a aunapt on the surface ofits parent sta. The ters hypothesized thatthe plane’ magnetouphere wat transfering enerny onto the stars surface, increasing its already high 7:60 °C temperate by an ional 400 °C) Secondary characteristics ‘Several planets o dwae planets in the Solar System (uch as Neptune and Plato) have orbital periods tht ave in resonance with each ‘othe or with sale bodies (thi also common in satelite sytem). ll except Mercury and Venus have natural satlies, olen led “incr, Rar has one, Mars has two, aod the giant planets have numerous moons in complex planetary type ate. Many oan of the sant planets have featores similar to those on the terest planets and dart planets, and some have been stig as posible = bodes of ite espcily Europa #81718) “The four giant plnets ae alo orbited by planetary ring of varying size and eomplesity. The rings ate composed primary of dst oF = [No secondary characterises have heen observed around extrasolar planets. The sub-brwn dwarf Cha 110919-773444, whi hasbeen eseribed a8 a cogue plane, i beloved to he opted bya ny protoplanetary diel and the sub-brown dwart OTS 44 was shown to be surrounded by «subaanti See also + Doubln planet —Two planetary mass objects oring each oor + Planetary habiabilly ~The measure ofa planet's abiy to sustain Mo Lito exopianets + Plnalay mnemone —A pve used to remember the names ofthe panels + List ofnypatatcl Solr System objects 1 Plansiay stance ~ The scene study of planets, 1 List flancings on exratrestal bodes 1 Panels atology * Lists of planois A Ist of Isso planets sorted by verse atrbutos 1 Planets in slenea feton + Mosoplnet ~calestal body sailor han Mercury but largo han Coros + Thaoretcalpanetlogy + Minor planet colestal body smal than a planet Notes htpsion wikipedia orglvkiPlanet sine s0103:2018 Planet - Wikipedia This diene drawn Hom wo separa AU dectartons& formal defistion agrees by te IAU in 2008, ann infra working dafiton established by the IAU in 2001/2003 for ebjocsoutsido of he Solar Sysiom. Tho oficial 2008 dafintion apples ony oth Solar Systom, whereas the 2003 deton appli to planes around other stars. The exvasclr planet issue was a Forte purpose o hs For the purpose of tis tin 5 statistic, Earthsized moans 1-2 Earh ras in S statisti, 124 120 complex to esa a the 2006 AU conferenco Sure’ moans Glype str, Data fr Sunk stars wasn avaible so thie sats san extrapolation rom data about Kelype Roferod io by Huygens a8 Panels novus (new pen his Systems Satumiam (tp wwe. eduDigtlCalection!MST Muygensuygens-ex «Forte purpose of his 1 n 5 statisti, nabrable zone" mean tho agin wth 0.25 io 4 tes Earths stor fax (crrosponding to 05-2 AU fr th Su. t Bot obeled rowel i aes (new planes) by Casi in his Dscoun de dour nouvoles planets autour de Satual® 4. Both onc eres to a plans" by Cassin nhs An Extracto he Joumal Ds Scavens... npe:Wwint tr orglstabll 01844) The torn satel" had arescy bogun ove use to stu such boss rom those sound whlch Dey ome (primary plan's) h Meured relative to Eat, ‘ Juptor nas the mos! vrifes satelite (65) in the Solar Syston 3) References 1. “TAU 2006 General Assembly: Result ofthe IAU Reson votes" (apni) ‘avornewspressrelesea/etaiau0G03), Iriernalonal Atonon>atne (20060)-0), "less Suns Oonstad Th 38 any Unvers" (psn harvard euinwaarvelo404 ms £0, Wether 6. W. (198) *Fomation ofthe Teresa Planets’ Anna! Review lee Harvae-Snitsoian Cee for Asrophyses. Refieved 2017-10-23, bf Astronomy end Astoohyss. 18 (1: TI M3 ©, Sent. Sheppard (2012-04. “Tha Jt Satlts Pag (Now Alo Ts ‘code TSEOARABA. 671 (npadsadsnavarceduteberi990ARABA.* °° SENS SWRPA Ot ee A par ‘TT dl 10.1146/annuran 18. 080180000658 (ips 66.cr!10.1148%2 siete). Carnoge nsiibn lor Scloce. Retieves 20104-12 Fenn. 18.080160,000455 ee ee eee . 5, Seine’ reve Extrvasar Planet Clalg”(ptoxolantelata Dn 6 ain Pa) Teese iar “a inc esses Case (plop Sans Calo fh Evelpes Youn Plans Eee ne nasa ce eee i et Protolanaary Disks”. The Astrophysical Jounal 778 (1 77 (29) Cot! ofnsezor ton ‘nk 1310.221(pscncorgab! 13102241) ix Tblsoh-eot darlene) beads BUTaApln T7870 ots adeabe hater cdlsb2 86. Jonson, Miele Hargton, 0. Pbnuary 26,2014) “NASAS Kapa 1D) do 10s0880006637HITANIT fi isang 12FOSDUSETIG: Maton Anraunens a Pant Bonanza, 75 Now Woda go! BE TT@x26 82°77) “amesiplenasne ple mseon anroincataphnetonanza). NASA €2. nab, Shara, M (203), “Enhanced Colla! Growh a Prtoplanet nat Relfeved February 26,2014 hasan Atrospere Astronomy and Astrophys. 440 (2) 711-723, <7. “Th Habitable Gxoplanets Catalog Planetary Habibi Laboratory @ UPR Bibcode 203AKA..4°0,711p/acsabshanarseduabsZ009AKA..<10,7 Areas” (epbhLupeedupoectshabtabe-xoplanet “da 10,10510004-536120091248(tpeiGo.or01051%2FO008-636 08 Lopes €, 0; Forty J. (2012)." Understanding he Mast Race Relation 53020031248 {or Sub-Nepunes: Radius as Pony for Composton”. The Astrophysical £2, DAngol, 6; Woidnsciing. 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