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Embryology Lecture Ch. 10: The Mouse 3.

Embryos are transplanted to a foster mother


that has been pseudopregnant (mated with
Mammals are viviparous (giving birth to living young sterile male mouse)
than hatching eggs). 4. So long as the transplanted embryos
implant, they should continue to develop
-microsurgeries are used less thus the
and be born in a normal way.
mouse’s developmental biology depends on a
greater extent to genetic manipulation. MAMMALIAN FERTILIZATION

There are many laboratory strains of mice that have Fertilization- union of male and female gametes
each been inbred to homozygosity at all loci. while avoiding hybridization and polyspermy
-each strain has a characteristic color Mechanisms have been studied on different on
animal models including sea urchins, however, few
-in experiments involving the embryo of
molecular mechanisms and features are common
more than one strain, the differences may serve as
with mammals, thus reducing value of invertebrate
a visual indication of genetic constitution.
models.
Products of mouse genes, like in humans but nor
Mouse sperm:
invertebrates, are spelled in capitals. (eg. NODAL)
-haploid
Mice mate at night thus, age of embryo is often
expressed as days and a half. -highly condensed DNA with protamines
(make up the protein content of chromatin)
-eg. If embryo is recovered on the eighth
day, it is designated as E7.5 (7.5 day embryo) -acrosome- Golgi body located infront of
nucleus
-solid white deposit or plug formed after
mating determines the mating night -behind the nucleus: centriole, midpiece
which is rich in mitochondria, tail having 9+2
Ovulation occurs few hours after mating and
arrangement of microtubules
fertilization takes place at the upperend of the
oviduct. -swimming movements are driven by dynein
arms attached to the microtubules
Numerical Stages by Theiler: (aside from the usual
“E” designations) Capacitation- (since sperm are not capable to
fertilize immediately after release) sperm spending
Stages 1-5 – preimplantation
a period of time inside the female reproductive
-embryos are located at the oviduct tract to become competent to fertilize.

Stages 6-14- early post-implantation -can also be brought out in vitro in media
containing albumin, calcium, and bicarbonate.
-contains body formation and turning
-involves loss of glycoproteins that prevent
Stages 15-27- organogenesis, fetal growth and birth serm-zona interaction, and display of acrosomal
(occurs 20 days after fertilization) protein at the surface.

Microsurgery manipulation at early stages of Loss of cholesterol promotes; presence of


mouse: (to turn modified preimplantation embryo cholesterol inhibits it
into late stage embryo or into adult mouse)
Loss of cholesterol makes the membrane
1. Embryos are collected at early, permeable to calcium and bicarbonate
preimplantation stage (when embryo is at which activate adenylyl cyclase, thus
oviduct or uterus) production of cAMP and activation of
2. Embryos are kept in vitro in simple media. protein kinase A which leads to:
1. protein tyrosine phosphorylation -species specificity resides in the
carbohydrate of ZP3 polypeptide, that has murine
2. increase membrane potential structure that was assembled by murine glycosyl
from -30 to -50 mV transferase.

3. increase intracellular Ca2+ and pH B 1,4 galactosyl transferase (GalT) cell surface
recognize the ZP3 of oocyte, and binding of ZP3
4. Increase motility
provokes acrosome reaction.
Mouse egg:
Acrosome reaction- rapid exocytosis of the
-Oocyte arrested MDII at metaphase. acrosomal vesicle. Materials released are:

-released from the ovary as complex with cumulus -hydrolytric enzymes like serine protease
cells
-acrosin- help digest a path through the
-surrounded by zona pellucida , a transparent layer zona and enables the sperm to reach the egg
of EC material secreted by follicle cells, embedded surface.
in hyaluronic acid

- oocyte-cumulus complex is picked up by the


Coupling GalT and exoxytosis proceed by the
funnel (infundibulum) at the entrance of the
sequence:
oviduct. (the process depends on the adhesion of
cilia of infundibulum on ECM of the complex) 1. G protein activation
2. Less negative membrane potential
-complex is churned to compress the matrix and
3. Voltage gated Ca2+ open (increase in
allow it through the narrow neck into the oviduct
intracellular Ca2+
itself.
4. Rise in intacellular pH
Sperm transport
When sperm reaches the egg surface, there is a
-evidence of chemotaxis is not clearcut second recognition process: sperm-egg recognition
which is carried out by ADAM proteins.
-depends on muscular movements of the FRT
(female reproductive tract) ADAM- a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain

Vagina-> uterus-> oviducts -bind tightly to integrins

(for the ff see Fig. 10.3 on page 144 for the -spem contains 3 of this: fertilin a , fertilin B,
illutrsation of the mainsteps of sperm-egg and cyritestin
interaction)
Integrin-a6- best candidate for the target integrin
Hyaluronidase- assists the passage of sperm through on the egg because binding is prevented by a
the ECM of the oocyte-cumulus complex monoclonal antibody to this protein.

Binding of sperm to zona pellucida is where species Fusion


specificity is controlled. If zona is removed then
Binding of sperm to egg is the first stage in fusion of
cross fertilization (hybridization) may happen.
the plasma membranes which occurs at a domain
Zona is composed of glycoproteins: ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, side of sperm head.
which share a common “ZP” peptide sequence
Fusion requires a four-pass membrane protein on
motif at C-terminus.
the egg called tetraspanin or CD9 and one or more
ZP3 -specific sperm receptor; of knocked out glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)- anchored cell
normal oocytes will be produced but without a surface proteins on the egg.
zona, thus mice are infertile
-w/o GPI fusion is prevented

In the course of fusion the whole sperm, including Completion of MDII:


the tail enters the egg,
-expulsion of 2nd polar body containing the
Cell fusion increases intracellular Ca2+, then surplus chromosomes
followed by series of other calcium spike making up
oscillatory pattern over several hours. Sperm nucleus decondenses, assisted by
reduction of protamine disulfide bonds by
Ca2+ release is caused by activation of inositol peptide glutathione
triphosphate (IP3) pathway by a specific
phospholipase C introduced by the sperm. Protamines are replaced by histones and the
sperm becomes actively demethylated without
The evidence is as follows: affecting the imprinted loci

1. Injection of IP3 provokes Ca2+ release. In mammals they do not fuse to form a true
2. Inhibitors of phospholipase C or IP3 receptor zygote nucleus, instead the pronuclear
will inhibit Ca2+ release. envelopes breakdown as they meet, and the
3. Injection of whole sperm or chromosomes become aligned on the mitotic
demembranated sperm heads or sperm spindle ready for first cleavage.
extracts will provoke Ca2+ release.
4. Sperm contains specific phospholipase C In most mammals but not in mouse a centriole is
which cause release of Ca2+ contributed by the sperm and becomes the
5. Immunodepletion of phospholipase C from MTOC (microtubule organizing center) for the
sperm extract will demolish the activity. sperm aster, later dividing to form first mitotic
spindle.
Injection of Ca2+ or treatment of calcium
ionophore will cause same events of egg -In mouse, both centrioles are MATERNAL in
activation as fertilization by sperm. Such eggs origin, and this is the reason why
are parthenogenetic. (no paternal nucleus) parthenogenetic devt may occur.

The events dependent on the Ca2+ entry NORMAL DEVELOPMENT


comprise the
PREIMPLANTATION STAGES
1. exocytosis of cortical granules
Firsst few cleavages are very slow unlike
2. completion of MDII
Xenopus and Zebrafish.
3. resumption of DNA synthesis
4. recruitment of maternal mRNA into 1st cleavage- after 24 hours
polysomes
5. general metabolic activation 2nd and 3rd- occurs at intervals of 12 hours, but
not synchronous
**these events are mediated by the y isoform of
calcium. Calmodulin dependent protein kinase **this slow process may be an adaptationto the
II (CaMKII)** time requires for the uterus to prepare for
implantation**
To prevent polyspermy:
Compaction- when the whole embryo acquires
-the cortical granules under the plasma a more nearly spherical shape, where individual
membrane and their contents, glycosidase and cells cease to be visible (late 8-cell stage) by
protease modify the zona pellucida receptors flattening of blastomeres to maximize
so that no sperm can bind. intercellular contacts. This is mediated by E-
cadherin or Leucocyte cell adhesion molecule)
Cells become polarized in radial direction, -primitive endoderm contributes to
indicated by the appearance of microvilli at extraembryonic tissues but not to the definitive
the exterior. Gap junctions are also formed endoderm
allowing diffusion of low molecular weight
subtsances throughout the embryo. In trophoectoderm:

Morula stage: -a polar component that overlies ICM,


continually proliferates
-stage from compaction to 32-cell stage
-a mural component which makes up the
-desmosomes and tight junctions appear to remainder, transformed into polytrene giant cells,
create a permeability SEAL between inside and where DNA is replicated without cell division. (DNA
outside of embryo content is increased between 64-512 times)

-fluid filled blastocoel fills the interior EARLY POSTIMPLANTATION STAGES

-happens 3 days after fertilization where it (see figure 10.7 for illustration)
tranfers to uterus from the oviduct
Embryo hatches from zona and becomes
-cavity expands into blastocyst wich consists of implanted to uteri crypt
outer epithelial layer called tropoectoderm and
attached to its interior is the inner cell mass. -uterus is the only component to receive embryos
about 4 days from mating
- at 60-cell stage ¼ of cells are in ICM while
¾ are in tropoectoderm -mesometrial side of the uterus is the side
where the placentas form; implanted in such a way
ICM expresses a set of transcription factors that the ICM lies away from mesometrium
are pluripotent:
Trophoectoderm becomes trophoblast which
1. OCT4 (POU domain) stimulates the proliferation of uterine mucosa
2. SOX2 (SRY type) connective tissue to form deciduum.
3. NANOG (homeodomain)
4. FGF4 Nutrients from mother supply the embryo to make
the embryo grow and gain weight,
Tropoectoderm expresses:
Conceptus- entire product of fertilization
1. FGF receptor
2. FGFR2 Egg cylinder stage:
3. Transcription factors of TEAD4 (TEF family)
Cylinder is homologous to area pelucida of chick,
4. CDX2 (homeodomain)
consists of:
**3 and 4 are necessary for trophoectoderm
Primitive ectoderm or epiblast- “upper”
differentiation
layer
From E 3.5 to E. 4,5 both the ICM and
Primitive endoderm-“ lower” layer
trophoectoderm differentiate in two different tissue
types: **U shaped in sagittal section. O shaped in
transverse section**
Within the ICM:
Primitive endodermal cells (parietal endoderm)
-some cells lose expression of NANOG and
move to cover the inner surface of mural
acquire GATA4 and -6., these cells constitute the
trophoectoderm, anad start to secrete Reichert’s
primitive endoderm or hypoblast.
membrane, that contains laminin, entactin, and
type IV collagen.
Remainder primitive endoderm remains epithelial 2. Exocoelom separating amnion and
and forms the visceral endoderm. chorion
-Allantois is formed which grows
Distal region of inner egg cylinder: epiblast contact with chorion forming blood
vessels of placenta. (contains no
Proximal region: extraembryonic ectoderm derived
endodermal layer unlike in humans
from polar trophoectoderm.
and chick)
At E6.5: 3. Ectoplacental cavity lined with
extraembryonic ectoderm.
The anteroposterior region is apparent by -Placenta in contact with
formation of primitive streak (posterior end) mesometrium.

Definitive endoderm and mesoderm are Maternal placenta contains: 1) maternal decidual
formed by the extending of the streaks across tissues, which the trophoblast cells invades 2) giant
ectoderm towards distal tip of the cup. trophoblast cells with maternal blood sinuses
3)diploid trophoblast with fetal blood vessels 4)
Node: at anterior end of the streak (two cell layers
crypts lined with extraembryonic endoderm
while the remainder of streak has 3)
Placenta- nutrient supply for fetus; endocrine
At E7.5
functions like producing estrogen and
Headprocess is forming anterior to the node, progesterone.
with notochord that is flanked by:
At 8.5 days: TURNING (only in rodents; in humans
definitive endoderm in the lower epiblast are flat) happens, a process where germ
layer layers are brought to proper orientation within the
embryo by its rotation along its axis.
neural plate at the upper layer.
U shaped structure at dorsal side concave
Convergent extensions in forming trunk notochord. to U shaped structure at dorsal side convex.

At E8.5 Involves:

-massive headfold at anterior end mainly -Stretching of amnion and lining of


composed of anterior neural tube, embryo exocoelom (becomes visceral yolk sac) to
elongated, cover entire embryo.

-somites are formed anteroposteriorly (one Final arrangement of layers:


somie per 1.5 hours)
a. Amnion on the inside
At 7 days amniotic fold forms as an outpushing of b. Next is visceral yolk
ectoderm and mesoderm at the junction of c. Parietal yolk on the ouside
posterior primitive streak and extraembryonic -formed from trophoectoderm
endoderm. lined with parietal endoderm

Chorion- farther from embryo; near ectoplacental Closure of midgut facing on the ventral side
cone becomes constricted to a small umbilical
tube which contains vitellointestinal duct,
Amnion-nearer embryo vitelline vessels, and allantois.
Amniotic fold divides promamniotic space into ORGANOGENESIS STAGES
three:
At E9.5, axis has formed, embryo has turned, and
1. Amniotic cavity above embryo gut has closed.
Mouse organogenesis is similar to chick. function)
1. Opticle vesicles.
Mouse organogenesis is similar to chick. E9.5 2. Neural crest emerges from neural
tube.
Neural tube closure takes place simultaneously with 3. Limb buds arise from
turning. Neural tube closure hindbrain then somatopleure.
proceeds anteriorly and posteriorly, 1. Posterior neuropore closing.
E10 2. Neural crest emerges from neural
Neural crest cells form skeletal structures of head, tube.
sympathetic NS, dorsal root ganglia, Schwann cells, 3. Genital ridges become visible.
pigment cells, adrenal medulla, and enteric 4. Germ cells enter hindgut.
5. Limb buds arise from
ganglia.
somatopleure.
1. Posterior neuropore closing.
65 somites at E14. Mostly found in the tail.
E10.5 2. Neural crest emerges from neural
tube.
Forelimb at 8-12th somite.
Germ cells starts to reach gonads.
Hindlimb at 23-28th somite. E11
1. Lens incorporated to eye. Left
Gut forms from fore and hindgut pockets. E11.5 and right atria become
separated.
Gut epithelium contributed by visceral and 2. Uteric bud is produced by nephric
definitive epithelium. duct.
Germ cells reach gonads.
5th pharyngeal arch is vestigial. E13
1. Somites continue to form until at
Mesoderm lateral to somites is the intermediate E14 this stage.
mesoderm which becomes the kidneys and 2. Hair follicles start to cover outer
epidermis.
gonads,

Lateral parts of genital ridges forms mesonephros


(SKIP KO FATEMAP HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA)
(vestigial to mammals).
REGIONAL SPECIFICATION
Metanephros, the functional kidney, formed from
ureteric bud that grew into the posterior Formation of extraembryonic structures:
nephrogenic mesoderm.
Early blastomeres of mouse- totipotent.
Germ cells originated from extraembryonic
mesoderm in the posterior amniotic fold. Complete formation of blastocyst/embryo
can be obtained in a single blastomere
Lateral plate is divided into somatopleure (outer) isolated at 2/4 cell stage but not in 8-cell
and splanchnopleure (inner) stage. Blastomere from 32-cell stage may
form a complete fetus if implanted in a
(numbers at the 2nd column don’t indicate the
tetraploid host.
order)
In normal development, formation of ICM and
trophoectoderm depends on the cell polarization
E8 Neural crest emerges from neural tube.
that occurs at the eight cell stage.
1. Neural crest emerges from neural
E8.5 tube.
Happens due to: PAR proteins.
2. Paired heart primordia fuse.
1. Anterior neuropore closed.
a. EMK1(PAR1)- internal
E9 2. Neural crest emerges from neural
tube. Heartbeat begins. b. PAR6b-external
3. 6 pharyngeal arches form.
**administration of dsRNA dominant
4. Mouth forms.
5. Pronephric primordium arises. (no negative version of PAR increases
proportion of cells to become ICM, while Pattern of gene expression indicates a progressive
decreasing proportion of cells to become specification of parts of the body axis throughout
the trophoectoderm. ** the course of gastrulation.

Activation FGF signaling upregulates Cdx2 A very rapid growth-> 660 to 15000 cells
(which is expressed by TEAD4) increasing the from egg cylinder to late streak stages.
proportion of trophoectodermal cells
produced. (ERK2 is involved in this process) NODAL plays a critical role in the sequence
of inductions:
CDX2- protein for trophoectoderrm
formation that suppresses Oct4 and Nanog. Nodal- expressed in the node;
Promotes original polarization event. expressed throughout epiblast and
downregulated in anterior and
At 64-cell stage two cell types have been concentrated at streak and node;
stabilized and no longer interconvertible. also needed for formation of anterior
visceral endoderm and primitive
After implantation ICM divides into outer primitive streak.
endoderm and inner core of epiblast.
Homozygous null embryos
FGF signaling triggers ICM cells to randomly are unable to form any
upregulate Gata6 and lose Nanog to sort embryonic pattern and
themselves into primitive endodermal layer genes for the formation of
at blastocoel surface the primitive streak and node
are not expressed
Primitive endoderm divides into:
The knockouts of the following abolish
1. Visceral endoderm- in contact with
anteroposterior polarity of embryo:
epiblast
2. Parietal endoderm- in contact with Activin receptors II A&B- receptors
mural trophoectoderm; for NODAL
-formed via delamination,
stimulated by fibronectin and Smad2- required for the signal
parathyroid hormone related transduction of NODAL-like factors
peptide and reduced by
laminin. Foxh1- partner of SMAD2 in
transcriptional regulation.
Trophoectoderm divides into two:
The anteroposterior pattern of the embryto arises
1. Polar trophoectoderm – near ICM from an egg cylinder that is initially radially
2. Mural trophoectoderm- surrounds whole symmetrical but polarized along the proxmodistal
blastocyst axis.

**division depends on proximity to ICM and requires Locations genes expressed in the egg cylinder
transcription factor ELF5 which is upregulated by (radially symmetrical):
FGF4 and NODAL**
1. Distal tip of visceral endoderm
EMBRYONIC BODY PLAN a. the transcription factor gene:
Hex
Tissue grafts within the epiblast develop in b. the inducing factor genes:
accordance with its surroundings. -Cerberus like 1(Cerl1)- CEBERUS
inhibits NODAL BMP and WNT
Regional determination is irreversible after late
action;
streak stage.
-dickkopf 1(Dkk1)- DKK1 protein
antagonistic to WNT action
-Lefty1 –LEFTY protein these prevents formation of forebrain but not trunk
antagonistic to NODAL action and posterior nervous system.

**Loss of Cerl1 and Lefty1 produces multiple FGF –CDX-HOX pathway controls patterning of the
primitive streaks** posterior region:

2. Proximal end of epiblast Fgf4, Fgf8 – expressed in streak

a. T domain Knockouts off Fgf8, Fgf receptor 1,


and Cdx genes show posterior
b. Wnt3 –becomes active in primitive defects associated with reduction of
streak, knock out produces no primitive HOX activity. (Cdx genes
streak or mesoderm upregulates Hox genes in vivo.)

The establishment of the proximodistal pattern due FGF protein produces a gradient in all 3 germ
to the signals emitted by the extraembryonic layers:
ectoderm comprising WNT3 and BMP.
-arises by transcription of Fgf8 in the tail bud
Bmp2,-4, and 8bare expressed in the distal followed by decay of mRNA after the cells
extraembryonic ectoderm, knockouts of have left the tailbud.
these results in defective embryonic
mesoderm and primordial germ cells. Wnt genes are also important in posterior body
formation. (eg. Wnt3A)
As the cup shaped-egg cylinder expands and the
proamniotic cavity, the radial symmetry is broken. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase- enzyme responsible
Morphogenetic movements shift the domains on for the production of endogenous retinoic acid; loss
diff’t side. of function lead to posterior defects.

Side containing the Hex domain- anterior Initial regionalization: head and trunk

Side containing the T domain- posterior Head pattern- depends on genes that are
upregulated in the anterior visceral
Distal visceral endoderm becomes the anterior endoderm, with inductive signal to form
visceral endoderm which expresses gene for anterior territory in epiblast.
secreted factors (including those mentioned earlier
at 1.b.) and genes for transcription factors (Otx2, Trunk pattern- depends on the signaling
Foxa2, and Lim=Lhx1) which are associated for center associated with the tip of the
anterior development. Knockout of these genes primitive streak and node (for neural
produces anterior truncations (shortening). induction and dorsalization of messoderm)

SOX2-expressed from ICm stage onwards NODAL- mesoderm formation

OTX2-expressed at epiblast but suppressed BMP inhibitors- neural induction


posteriorly
FGF and WNT- posterior formation
The posterior epiblast, anterior epiblast, and the
node express genes associated with the organizer GERM CELL FORMATION
such as Foxa2, Lim1, and goosecoid (Gsc).
Primordial germ cells of mouse are formed by
**Activity is maximal at midstreak stage.** induction and not by cytoplasmic determinant in
the egg,
Chordin (Chrd) and noggin (Nog) – expressed in
the anterior streak and node epiblast; induce At E7.5- 30-40 PGC are visible, located at allantoic
anterior neural tissue from epiblast. Knockout of base; they are induced by BMP4
Although initially formed in the posterior mesoderm, KIF3A, 2. KIF3B, 3. dynein, and 4.
PGC enter the hindgut then migrate to gonads. LRD (encoded by the iv gene)

LEFT-RIGHT ASYMMETRY 2. Bilateral symmetry (Isomerism)


Eg. TG737 mutant; gene product:
Asymmetry= ”situs”
POLARIS
Nodal and Lefty2 expressed on the left side of the Mutant (loss of function) has
node (at 2-3 somite stage) no cilia thus shows
symmetrical Nodal
-Expression spreads to the left lateral plate expression.
mesoderm. 3. Reversed asymmetry
Inv – recessive gene that arose from
Factors cause asymmetries of organogenesis by
transgene insertion; its homozygotes
differential upregulation of downstream targets on
have situs inversus
the two sides.
-In inv- Nodal and Lefty2 are
bHLH-type transcription factors = heart expressed on the right.
asymmetry -In inv product, INVERSIN is
expressed early and affects direction
inititated by the NODAL causes of ciliary beat.
dHAND to be expressed mainly on -In the mutant the fluid flow is
the right side; eHAND on the left. reduced and directed rightwards,
thus expression of Nodal on the right.
Counterclockwise coil of intestines due to
denser mesenchyme on the left side. HOX GENES

Denser mesenchyme due In the mouse, four hox genes clusters contains 39
transcription factors (PITX2 and ISL1) genes which are expressed at the phylotypic stage.
that produce N-cadherin.
-sharp anterior expressiom boundaries in the
One node cell contains a single cilium that is motile: central nervous system and mesoderm,

Fluid flow stimulates sensory cilia on the left -fades out posteriorly
side, provoking increase of intracellular
calcium which affects the gene expression. -2-3 per paralog group; per group have the
similar anterior boundaries
Three classes of mutants:
Knockout of hox genes results in an anterior
1. Randomization of Asymmetry transformation.

In the mouse, there are mutants that perturb -the gene distinguishes the overall hox
the normal left-right asymmetry due to cilia combination from that in more anterior positions.
defect.
-one hox gene knock out: modest effect
Normal= situs solitus
-one paralog group: substantial effect
Reverse= situs invsersus
K.O. of paralog 10 = lumbar covert
In mutants: expression of Nodal and Lefty2 to thoracic
may be on either side.
K.O. of paralog 11= sacral converts
Mutations are in genes encoding the to lumbar
motor proteins (needed for cilia
assembly (kinesin) and motion
(dynein) )
Substantial redundancy is because paralog 3. A large volume of mesenchyme
members are usually similar to each other and are appears between the primary
expressed in similar domains. endoderm and trophoblast

Ectopic expression: posterior transformation.


Embryonic mesoderm appears before primitive
Hoxa7 normally has anterior boundary at thoracic streak in humans, thus not a product of gastrulation.
region and expressed in the head.
Placenta begins to form with the appearance of
Ectopic expression: basal occipital bone is the lacunae in the syncytiotrophoblast which will
transformed to pro atlas type vertebra. become continuous with blood sinusoids.
HUMAN EARLY DEVELOPMENT Chorionic Villi consist of projections of
cytotrophoblast containing blood vessels derived
Fertilization:
from the extraembryonic mesoderm.
-occurs in the oviduct
-For exchange between maternal and fetal
-embryo takes about 4 days to move into circulation.
the uterus.
Gastrulation
Cleavage
Same with chick and mouse.
-slow; first div: 30 hours; 2nd: 40 hours
-cells migrating through streak to form
-accelerating a little to produce early mesoderm an endoderm.
blastocyst on the 4th day
Primitive streak arises in the blastodisc at day 15.
Mature blastocyst hatches from zona by 5 days.
- A node arises at the tip of the streak and
-Blastocyst is very same in mouse with an pushes anteriorly to form notochord.
ICM surrounded by trophoectoderm called o Human notochord is HOLLOW
trophoblast (human). (formed by invagination process)
o Notochord fuses with endoderm to
-Murine mural trophoectoderm = form transient neurocentric canal.
syncytiotrophoblast that burrows into the
endometrium of the mother. Other aspects of primary body plan formation are
comparable to the mouse except that allantois is
-Cytotrophoblast -similar to the murine polar an evagination from the hindgut and is lined with
trophoectoderm and remains as proliferating cells. endoderm; mouse allantois is composed of only
mesoderm.
-Hypoblast or primitive endoderm becomes
visible on the blastocoelic surface of the ICM at *No identifiable human organism until formation of
day 7. primitive streak*

On day 8 development differs from mouse:

1. Amniotic cavity arises by cavity


formation within the ICM
2. No egg cylinder is formed. Instead the
epiblast and hypoblast (primitive
endoderm) make up a flat blastodisc
situated between the amniotic cavity
and yolk sac cavity.

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