NSCET-LAB MANUAL

CE 6511 – SOIL MECHANICS LAB MANUAL

(REGULATION 2013)

III YEAR
V - SEMSTER.

Prepared By

R.THENMOZHI, AP/CIVIL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

The following instructions should be strictly followed by students in the

concrete and highway engineering laboratory

 You are advised to wear uniform, shoes, etc. before entering into the
laboratory.

 Before starting the experiment, you should have a clear idea about the
principles of that experiment.

 You are advised to come with the completed record and corrected
observations of previous experiments: if not you will not be allowed to do
your current experiments.

 Don’t operate any instrument /equipment without getting concerned staff
member’s prior permission.

 All instruments/equipment are costly. Handle them carefully, because
carelessness may result in series injuries to you and damage to the
instruments/equipment.

 Clean the apparatus, glass ware, etc. used for the experiments and return to
the technician safely without any damage.

 Take almost care to avert any possible injury while on laboratory work. In
case anything occurs, immediately report to the staff members.

 Make sure that all the power connections are switched off before leaving the
lab.

 Do not absent yourself to the lab experiments without prior permission
of the staff in charge.

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
At the end of this course, the student acquires the capacity to test the soil to assess
its Engineering and Index properties.

1. SIEVE ANALYSIS

2. RELATIVE DENSITY OF SANDS

3. DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT OF SOIL

4. DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOIL

5. DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORS

6. CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST

7. STANDARDS PROCTER’S COMPACTION TEST

8. FIELD DENSITY TEST BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

9. FIELD DENSITY TEST BY CORE CUTTER METHOD

10. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL GRAINS

11. HYDROMETER ANALYSIS FOR GRAINED SOIL

12. FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST

13. DIRECT SHEAR TEST ON COHESIONLESS SOIL

14. UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST ON COHESIVE SOIL

15. TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION ON COHESIVE SOIL

16. ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST

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Observations:

Weight Retained (grams)

I.S Cumulative Cumulative %
Sl.No Sieves Empty Retained Retained Weight % Finer
Weight of Weight Weight Retained Retained
Sieve of Sieve of Soil (grams) (grams)
4.75
1.
mm
2.36
2.
mm
1.80
3.
mm
600
4.
microns
300
5.
microns
150
6.
microns
75
7.
microns

8. Pan

Graph:
Plot the particle size distribution curve between the particle dia in (mm) and % finer in
semi log sheet.

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SIEVE ANALYSIS
Exp No: 01 Date:
AIM:
To determine the grained size distribution of coarse grained soil by sieving.
Description:
Soils having particles larger than 0.075 mm sieve are termed as coarse grained soils.
Coarse grained soils are classified mainly by sieve analysis. The grain size distribution curve
gives an idea regarding the graduation of soil whether the soil is well graded or poorly graded. In
mechanical soil stabilization the main principle is to mix a few soils in such a proportion that a
desired grain size distribution is obtained for the design mix. Hence for proportioning the
selected soils, the grain size distribution of each soil should be known. Apparatus:

A set of specified Sieves, Sieve Shaker, Balance.

Procedure:
1. Take suitable quantity 1000 grams of oven dried soil retained in 75 micron sieves.
2. Sieve the soil through 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.70mm, 1.80mm, 600micron, 425 micron, 300
micron, 150 micron, 75 micron using a mechanical shaker for 5 minutes.
3. Weight to 0.01 grams each sieve and pan with soil retained on them.
4. The sum of the retained soil is checked against the original mass of soil taken.
5. All the observations are entered in the data sheet and the calculations are made.

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Calculation:
1. Effective Size of the Soil =D10
2. Uniformity Coefficient (Cu) =D60 / D10
2
3. Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) =(D30) / D10 X D60
4. Fineness
Modulus =Total sum of
the cumulative % retained / 1000

Draw

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Results:
1. Effective size of the soil =
2. Uniformly coefficient (Cu) =
3. Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) =
4. Fineness Modulus =
5. Gravel (> 4.75 mm) =
6. a) Coarse Sand (4.75 mm to 2.00 mm) = %
b) Medium Sand (2.00 mm to 0.425mm) = %
c) Fine Sand (0.425mm to 0.075mm) = %

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RELATIVE DENSITY TEST:

Exp No: 02 Date:
Aim:
To determine the relative density of cohesion less soil.
Apparatus:
1. Vibrating Table: 75cm x 75cm deck frequency approximately 3600 vibrations per
minute.
2
2. Cylindrical Metal Mould: 3000 cm capacity.
3. Guide sleeves with clamping assembly- 1 no.
4. Surcharge base plate with handle- 1 no.
5. Dial Gauge holder- 1 no.
6. Dial Gauge 0.01 mm x 25 mm- 1 no.
Introduction:
This relative density test apparatus meets the requirement of ISO2720 (part XIV) and is
used for determining the relative density of cohesion less free draining soils containing up to
12% by weight of soil particles passing a 75 microns IS sieves. Procedure for the Determination
of Maximum Density:
The maximum density may be determined by dry method.
Dry Method:
The guide sleeves should be assembled on the top of the Mould and the clamp assemblies
tightened so that the inner surface of the walls of the Mould and the sleeve are in line. The lock
nuts on the two set screws equipped with them should be tightened. The third clamp should be
loosened, the guide sleeve removed, the empty Mould weighted and its mass recorded.
The Mould should be filled with the thoroughly mixed oven dry soil by the procedure
explained in the above paragraphs. The Mould filled for the determination of minimum density
may also be used for this test.
The guide sleeve should be attached to the Mould and the surface base plate should be
placed on the soil surface. The surcharge weigh should than be lowered on the bass plate. The
Mould should be fixed to the vibrator deck for assembly. The vibrator control should be set at
maximum amplitude and the loaded cell specimen should be vibrated for 8 minute

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The surcharge weighs and guide sleeve should be removed from the Mould. The dial gauge
readings on the two opposite sides of the surcharges base plate should be obtained and the
average recorded. The Mould with the soil should be weighed.
Minimum Density:
The minimum density, min in gm/cm3 should be calculated as follows,

Where,
Wsm = Mass of dry soil the minimum density test in gram.
3
Vc = Calibrated volume of the Mould in cm .
Maximum Density:
The minimum density, max in gm/cm3 should be calculated as follows,

Where,
Wsm = Mass of dry soil the minimum density test in gram.
3
Vc = Calibrated volume of the Mould in cm .
= Vc – (D1-Df) A
D1 = Initial Dial Reading in cm.
Df = Final Dial Gauge Reading on the surcharge base plate after completion of the
Vibration period in cm.
3
A = Cross Sectional Area of Mould in cm
Density Index:
The density index Id (Relative Density Df) expressed as a percentage should be
calculated as follows:
Id (or Df) = x 100

Where,
emax = Void Ratio of the soil in loosest state
e = Void Ratio of the soil in Field
emin = Void Ratio of the soil in the densest state obtained in the laboratory.
Result:
The Relative Density of the given sandy soil =

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Observation and Calculations:

Soil =
Specific Gravity =
Weight of can W0, gram =
Weight of wet soil with can W1, gram =
Weight of dried soil with can W2, gram =
Weight of water (W2 – W1), gram =
Weight of dry soil (W2 – W0), gram =
Moisture content (W %) =
Graph:
A plot is made between the water content and the number of blows in a semi log sheet.
Calculations:
1. Moisture content W = (W2 – W1) / (W2 – W0) X 100
2. Liquid limit is directly found from the graph (corresponding to 25 blows)
3. Flow Index (If) = (W2 – W1) / log N2 / N1
Where,
W1, W2 = Water content in % at N2 and N1 blows respectively.

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DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT OF SOIL:

Exp No: 03 Date:
Aim:
To determine the liquid limit of the given soil.
Description:
The liquid limit apparatus has a cup which is raised 1 cm above a flat base and then
dropped by rotating a handle. The grooving tool has a cutting edge of standard dimensions used
to form a groove in the middle of the soil sample.
Apparatus:
1. Liquid limit device with grooving tool.
2. China clay dish.
3. Balance to weigh up to an accuracy of 0.01 gram.
4. Spatula.
5. Container to dry the sample.
Procedure:
1. Weigh about 120 gram of soil passing through 420 micron IS Sieve.
2. The soil sample is placed on the evaporating dish and thoroughly mixed with
water using spatula until the mass becomes a thick paste of putty like consistency.
3. The casagrande’s device is checked to have a correct fall of 10mm and placed a
portion of the prepared paste over the brass cup.
4. A portion of the mixture is placed in the cup and leveled with the spatula to a
maximum depth of 1 cm.
5. The grooving tool is used to cut a groove in the middle of the soil cake.
6. The cam is rotated at a rate of 2 blows per second and the rotations are counted
until the groove closes over a length of 12 mm.
7. A small quantity near the center of test sample is collected in a container and
weighted it.
8. The sample is kept in the oven for 24 hours and weighed.
9. The difference of the two weights will give the weight of water and from that the
moisture content is found out by the dry weight.

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10. The experiment is repeated by adding little more water. Four trails are made so
that the numbers of blows are more than 25 in two cases and less than 25 in other
two cases. (25±15)
11. In each trail the moisture content is determined the results of the test are plotted as
a flow curve.
12. The moisture content values are plotted to a natural scale against the no of blows
to a logarithmic scale.
13. The moisture content corresponding to 25 no of blows will give the liquid limit
for the sample (from the graph)

Results:
1. Soil =
2. Specific Gravity =
3. Liquid Limit of the Soil =

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Observations:

Soil =
Specific Gravity =
Weight of can W0, gram =
Weight of wet soil with can W1, gram =
Weight of dried soil with can W2, gram =
Weight of water (W2 – W1), gram =
Weight of dry soil (W2 – W0), gram =
Moisture content (W %) =
Calculation:
Determination of Moisture Content.
W= x 100

The average of the three moisture contents is taken as the plastic limit of the soil. It is
expressed to the nearest whole number.

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DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOIL:

Exp No: 04 Date:
Aim:
To determine the plastic limit of the given soil.
Apparatus:
1. Glass plate
2. China clay disc
3. Balance
4. Container to dry the sample in oven
Procedure:
1. A sample of about 50 gram is taken from the given soil sample.
2. The sample is thoroughly mixed with water on the glass plate until it is plastic
enough to be enrolled into a ball.
3. The ball of soil is then rolled between the hand and the glass plate so as to form
the soil mass into a thread of 3mm diameter without breaking.
4. The soil is then kneaded together and rolled out again. The process of kneading
and rolling thread is repeated until the soil just ceases to be plastic and crumbles.
5. The portions of the crumbled soil are gathered together and placed in a container
for moisture content determination.
6. The test is repeated twice more with fresh samples.
7. The average of the three water contents gave the plastic limit of the soil.

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Results:
1. Soil =
2. Specific Gravity =
3. Plastic Limit of the Soil =

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Observation and Calculations:

Soil =
Specific Gravity =
Weight of dish, gram =
Weight of mercury filling the dish, gram =
Volume of the dish (cc) =

Weight of dry soil pat, gram =

Volume of dry soil pat =
Weight of displaced mercury, gram =
Volume of displaced mercury, (cc) =
Volume of dry soil pat, (cc) =
Volume of wet soil pat, (cc) =
Calculation:
V =Weight of wet soil pat, (cc) =
W = Weight of wet soil pat, gram =
V0 = Volume of dry soil pat, (cc) =
W0 = Weight of dry soil pat, gram =
a) Water content (m %) = (W – W0) / W0 X 100 =
b) Shrinkage Limit (s %) = m- x 100 =

c) Shrinkage Ratio (S.R) = W0 / V0 =

d) Volumetric shrinkage (Vs) = (m-s) SR in % =

e) Linear Shrinkage (LS) = 100 x 1-√ x 100 in %

f) Approximate Specific Gravity= =

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DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORS

Exp No: 05 Date:
Aim:
To determine the shrinkage limit of a soil and shrinkage factors.
Apparatus:
1. Shrinkage dish.
2. Porcelain evaporating.
3. Three pin pronged plate.
4. Plain glass plate.
5. Mercury and Mercury measuring cup.
Procedure:
1. About 30 gram of soil passing through 425 microns sieve is mixed with distilled
water. The water added should be sufficient to make soil pasty enough to be
readily worked into the shrinkage dish without intrusion of air bubbles.
2. The inside of the shrinkage dish is coated with a thin layer of Vaseline. The soil
sample is placed in the dish by giving gentle taps. The top surface is struck off
with a straight edge.
3. The shrinkage dish is weighed immediately full of wet soil.
4. The dish is dried first in air and then in an oven.
5. The shrinkage dish is weighted with dry soil pat.
6. The shrinkage dish is cleaned and dried to determine its empty mass.
7. An empty porcelain dish is also weighted which will be used for weighting
mercury. This dish is known as mercury weighing dish.
8. The shrinkage dish is kept in a large porcelain dish and is filled to cover flow
with mercury and the excess is removed by pressing the plain glass plate firmly
over the top of the dish. The content of the shrinkage dish is transferred to the
mercury weighing dish and is weighed.
9. The glass cup is placed in a large dish and is filled to overflowing with mercury
the excess is removed by pressing the glass plate with three prongs firmly over
top of the cup.

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10. The outside of the glass cup is wiped to remove any adhering mercury, then it is
placed in another large dish, the dry soil pat is placed on the surface of the
mercury and it is submerged under the mercury by pressing with the glass plate
with prongs.
11. The mercury displaced by the dry soil pat is transferred to the mercury weighing
dish and is weighed.
12. The test is repeated thrice for each soil samples.

Results:
1. Shrinkage limit of the soil (S) =
2. Shrinkage Factor
a. Shrinkage ratio (SR) =
b. Volumetric Shrinkage (Vs) =
c. Linear Shrinkage (Ls) =
3. Approximate Specific Gravity (Gs) =

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Observation:
Soil =
Specific gravity =
Dimensions of permeameter =
Volume of sample (A) =
Weight of sample filling the Mould ws =
Specific gravity of the soil (G) =
Volume of solids Vs = Ws /G =
Volume of VOIDS (VV =V-VS) =
Void ratio e Vv / Vs =
Length of sample ‘L‘ =
Head causing flow ‘h’ =
0
Viscosity of water at 27 C (u27) =
Tabulation:
Coefficient of
Trial No. Time ‘T Quantity Temperature Viscosity
permeability

K27 = KT Average X µt / µ27 cm/sec

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CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST

Exp No: 06 Date:
Aim:
To find out the coefficient of permeability of the assigned soil using a constant head
permeameter
Apparatus:
Constant head permeameter with accessories
Procedure:
1. The permeameter Mould should be filled with the assigned soil sample in a manner
specified by the instructor. The weight of the soil filling the Mould should be
determined in order to find out the void radio.
2. The permeameter assembly should be assembled and kept in the bottom tank.
3. The 75mm glass tube with overflow is used
4. The water is allowed to flow into the permeameter by opening tap.
5. The air release valve on the cap of the permeameter is unscrewed.
6. Then it is closed when air ceases and only water comes out. Now the soil specimen is
said to be saturated.
7. The bottom outlet valve is opened and water is allowed to flow through the specimen.
8. Water is poured till it overflows in the tank.
9. When a steady state of flow has been established collect water coming out of the
overflow tube of the bottom tank.
10. Repeat the test for same time interval and determine the average quantity.

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Calculations:
The coefficient of permeability of the soil (k) =QL/At h
K-coefficient of permeability of soil cm/sec
3
Q-Total discharge in time t cm /sec
2
A-Area of sample perpendicular to the direction of flow of water cm
L- Length of the sample in cm
H-Head causing the flow in cm

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Results:
Soil =
Specific Gravity =
The Void Ratio of the given Soil c (e) =
Co-efficient of permeability of the given
Soil at 270C having Void Ratio (e)
Observations and calculations:

Soil sample = Weight of soil taken =

Specific gravity = Weight of rammer =
Diameter of Mould = Number of layers =
Height of Mould = Number of blows =
Volume of Mould = Weight of blows =

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Determination of dry density:

1. Weight of Mould without collar (w1)g =
2. Weight of Mould with wet soil (w2)g =
3. Weight of wet soil (w2 –w1)g =
4. Wet density (w2 –w1)/v g/cc =
5. Weight of dry soil (gm) =
6. Moisture content (w %) =
7. Dry density =

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STANDARD PROCTOR’S COMPACTION TEST

Exp No: 07 Date:
Aim:
To determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density of a soil by
standard proctor test.
Apparatus:
1. Cylindrical Mould
2. Standard Rammer
3. Straight Edge
4. Drying Crucibles
5. Measuring Jar
6. Balance
Description:
1. The apparatus consists of diameter of 100mm (d) and interval effective height of
127.3 mm (h). The Mould is attached with detachable base plate and a removable
3
collar. The volume of the Mould is 1000 cm .
2. A standard rammer has 50mm circular base and weight 2.6 kg. The rammer
equipped with suitable arrangement to control the height of the drop which is 310
mm.
Procedure:
1. Weight the standard proctor Mould with base and without collar (W1) gram.
2. Take about 3 kg of air dried soil passing through 4.75 mm sieve.
3. Take known quantity of water (6% by the weight of dry soil) and mix well with
the soil.
4. Attach the collar with proctor Mould and fill the mixed soils in the Mould in three
equal layers.
5. Compact each layer by the rammer weighing 2.6 kg allowing it to drop 25 times
from the height of 310 mm.
6. The total height of the compacted soil should be slightly more than the height of
the Mould.

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Moisture content determination:

1. Weight of can with wet soil (gm) =
2. Weight of can with dry soil (gm) =
3. Weight of water (gm) =
4. Weight of dry soil (gm) =
5. Moisture content (w %) =

Data for saturation line or zero air void curve:

W%
γ dry

Calculations:
Wet density = (w2 –w1)/v
Dry density =wet density / (1+ moisture content)
The point on the saturation lines are obtained by using the following relation.

Dry density =

Specific Gravity of soil (G) =

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7. Remove the collar and cut out the projected soils to have a level surface with the
top of the Mould.
8. Weight the Mould with the soil (W2) gram.
9. Remove the soil from the cylinder and break up the soil by hand. Now increase
the moisture content by 2% and mix thoroughly. Repeat the experiment.
10. In the repeating process each time raise the moisture content by 2% until there is a
considerable fall in the weight of the Mould with compacted soil.
11. Take samples from each operation and calculate the moisture content and
corresponding dry density.
12. Draw the graph between dry density and moisture content. Draw the saturation
line in the same graph.
13. Find the dry density and optimum moisture content from the graph.

Result:
1. Soil =
2. Specific gravity =
3. Maximum dry density of the soil =
4. Optimum moisture content =

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Observations:
Empty weight of sand pouring cylinder =
Weight of sand pouring cylinder with sand (w1) =
Weight of sand pouring cylinder with sand after filling cone &container (w2 =
Weight of sand pouring cylinder with sand after filling cone alone (w3) =
Weight of sand in the cone and calibrating container (w1 –w3=w4) =
Weight of sand in the cone alone (w1-w3=w5) =
Weight of sand in the calibrating container alone (w4-w5=w6) =
Weight of sand pouring cylinder with sand after filling cone and hole (w7) =
Weight of sand required to fill the cone and hole (w1-w7=w8) =
Weight of sand required to fill the hole alone (w8-w5=w9) =
Weight of soil Excavated (w0) =

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FIELD DENSITY TEST BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

Exp No: 08 Date:
Aim:
To determine the field density of soil by sand replacement method.
Apparatus:
1. Sand pouring cylinder
2. Calibrating can
3. Metal Tray
Procedure:
1. Determination of weight of sand in the pouring funnel (bottom cone):
Close the tap and fill the sand pouring cylinder nearly up to the brim with dry clean sand
graded between 1.2mm to 0.6mm and weighted to the nearest gram. Place the sand pouring
cylinder in a leaved horizontal place. By opening the tap, allow the sand to run down sand
pouring cylinder. When no movement of sand is noticed, close the tap and remove the sand
pouring cylinder carefully and weight it to the nearest gram.
2. Determination of Bulk Density of sand:
Determine the volume of the calibrating container to the nearest 1cc. with the Dimensions
of the cylinder. Fill the sand pouring cylinder with same as previously to the brim and place it
over the metal tray and calibrating can. Open the sand pouring cylinder run down the sand until
no further movement of sand takes place. Close the tap and remove the sand pouring cylinder to
the nearest gram.
3. Determination of soil Density:
Expose an area of soil to be tested and trim down to a level surface. place the metal tray
with the hole over the surface of the soil to be tested and excavated the soil to a depth of 12.5cm,
collect the soil in a can , care being taken to see that no loose soil is left in the hole and
determine its weight to the nearest gram. Fill the sand pouring cylinder with same sand as used
previously to the brim and place it over the centre of the metal tray and hole, open the sand
pouring cylinder run down the sand until no further movement of sand takes place. Close the tap
and remove the sand pouring cylinder carefully. Determine the weight of the sand pouring
cylinder to the nearest gram.

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Calculations:
Volume of the container v =1178.1cc

Density of sand r =W6 / V

=
Volume of sand required to fill the hole v0 =W9 / r
=
Filed Density of Excavated soil r0 = W0- V0
=
Filed Density of Excavated soil r0 = gm/cc

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Result:
The insist density of soil (gm/cc) =

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Calculations:
Volume of the core cutter (VC cc) =
Weight of the core cutter (Wc gms) =
Weight of the core cutter with soil sample (Ws gms) =
Weight of the soil sample W =WS-WC =
Field Density of soil (gm/cc) W/Vc =

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FIELD DENSITY TEST BY CORE CUTTER METHOD

Exp No: 09 Date:
Aim:
To determine the field density of soil by core cutter method.
Apparatus:
Core cutter having 10cm internal diameter is made of seamless steel tube. It is
beveled and hardened at one end to form cutting edge. Dolly is made of steel and is cylindrical in
shape. Open from both sides, it is fitted with a lip to enable it to be located on top of the core
cutter. Rammer consists of a solids cylindrical base attached to a steel stem.
Procedure:
1. Calculate the volume of the core cutter from its dimensions, which should be measured
with an accuracy of 0.25mm and weight the core cutter to the nearest gram.
2. Expose and level a small area of 30cm square of the soil to be tested.
3. Place the core cutter on the leveled surface of the soil and place the dolly on the top of the
core cutter.
4. Drive the core cutter into the soil with help of rammer until only 15mm of the dolly
produces above the ground surface.
5. Care should be taken not to rock the core cutter during driving operation.
6. Take out the core cutter by digging the surrounding soil. Care being taken to see that some
soil projects from the lower end of the cutter.
7. Level off both surface of the core cutter with a straight edge.
8. Weight the core cutter with the soil sample to the nearest gram

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Result:
Field Density of soil (gm/cc) =

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Observation:
Test temperature T0t c =
Weight of the Pyconometer (w1) =
Weight of the Pyconometer +dry soil (w2) =
Weight of the Pyconometer +soil + water (w3) =
Weight of the Pyconometer + water (w4) =

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION

Exp No: 10 Date:
Aim:
To determine the specific gravity of the soil particles passing 4075mm I.S Sieve using
Pyconometer
Description:
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of dry soil solids to the
0
weight equal volume of distilled water at 4 c. The value of specific gravity depends upon
0
temperature; hence its value is reported at standard temperature of 27 c.
Specific gravity of soil grains is an important property and is used in calculating void ratio,
porosity and degree of saturation. Its value helps in identification and classification of soils. It is
used in computing the soil particles size by means of hydrometer analysis. Its value Ranges as
follows.
Coarse grained soils : 2.6-2.7
Fine grained soils : 2.7-2.8
Organic soil : 2.3-2.5
Apparatus:
1. Pyconometer
2. 4.75mm I.S. Sieve
3. Glass rod
4. Thermometer
5. Distilled water
6. Balance (Accuracy 0.1gms.)
Procedure:
1. Dry the Pyconometer and weight with its cap tightly screwed on (w1)
2. Unscrew the cap and put in about 200gms of oven dried soil passing 4.75 mm I.S. Sieve
and weight again (w2)
3. Add sufficient desired water to cover the soil about half full and screw on the top.
4. Shake well and stir thoroughly with glass rod to remove the entrapped air.

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Calculation:
0
The specific gravity of the soil grains at T t c is calculated as follows.

0
Gs(at T c) = (w 2-w 1 )
(w2 –w1) – (w3- w4)

0
The specific gravity of the soil grains is reported at 27 c

0
Specific gravity of water at T t c
0 = 0
Gs (at 27 t c) x Specific gravity of water at 27 t c

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5. After the entrapped air has been removed, fill the Pyconometer with water completely up
to the mark.
6. Thoroughly dry the Pyconometer from the outside and weight it (w3).
7. Record the temp of the content.
8. Clean the Pyconometer thoroughly.
9. Fill the Pyconometer with water up to it’s and screw on the cap.
10. Weight the Pyconometer after drying it on the outside (w3)

Result:
0
Specific gravity of soil grains at 27 c =

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Calculation:
Percentage of particles smaller than corresponding equivalent particle diameter is given
by the formula

Where,
Ws =Total dry weight of soil particle is 1000 ml suspension
Gs = Specific gravity of soil particles
R = Corrected Hydrometer reading

D = 0.175
Where,
= Viscosity of water in C.G.S. units (poises)
HR = Effective height of fall in cm. = Specific
Gs gravity of soil particles = Observed time in
t minutes

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HYDROMETER ANALYSIS FOR FINE GRAINED SOIL HYDROMETER

METHOD
Exp No: 11 Date:
Aim:
1. Calibrating the Hydrometer.
2. Plotting the grain size distribution curve of the given soil sample by hydrometer
analysis and to determine the effective size and uniformity coefficient.
Apparatus:
1. Balance to weigh up to o.1 g
2. Soil stirrer
3. Hydrometer in specific gravity range from 0.995 to 1.050 and reading 1.00 at 20 c in
water.
4. Graduated measuring cylinder for a volume of 1000ml (Hydrometer Jar)
5. Thermometer.
6. Beakers of 100 cc capacity.
Calibration of Hydrometer:
1. The readings on the hydrometer stem give the density of soil specimen situated at the
centre of the bulb at any time.
2. When hydrometer is immersed in the jar , the water level will raise being equal to the
volume vh of the hydrometer divided by the internal area of cross section Aj of the
jar.
3. So the corrected height HR will be HR = VH / 2Aj
4. A graph has been drawn between hydrometer reading in abscissa and height in
ordinate.
Procedure:
1. Mix 50 g of soil with 100ml of sodium oxalate or sodium hexametaphosphate per
liter.
2. The mixture is well stirred with a glass rod and allowed to stand overnight.
3. Next day the mixer is passing through 0.075 mm sieve and washed.
4. The passing is taken for hydrometer analysis.

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Gs = Ws = Cm =
Cd =
R = Rh + Cm + Ct - Cd
Tabulation:
Elapsed Hydrometer Temp. Corrected Viscosity Height Equivalent % of particles
finer than the
Temp Time ‘ t Reading Correction hydrometer (Poises) of fall particle
corresponding
T ’ Rh CT reading R Hr.in diameter particle dia
(W%)
min cm. ‘D’ mm

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5. After stirring the mixture for 5 minutes the suspension is transferred to the measuring
cylinder and made up to exactly 1000 ml with distilled water.
6. The measuring jar is now shaken vigorously and then allowed to stand and the stop
watch is started.
7. The hydrometer is carefully inserted and the first reading taken after a period of 0.5
minute.
8. It is usual for convenience, when recording the hydrometer readings to omit the one
and more the decimal point three places to the right. For example the graduation of
1.014 is ready as 14.
9. Further readings are taken at 1 and 2 minutes and hydrometer is removed. Insertion
and withdrawal of hydrometer should be done carefully.
10. After each removal, the hydrometer should be wiped dry with a clean rag.
11. Further readings should be taken after periods of 4, 8, 15, 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3
hours. Subsequently readings may be taken at convenient intervals.
12. The readings should be taken for 24 hours.
13. The results are tabulated as in the tabular column.
Correction to Hydrometer Readings:
1. Meniscus correction: cm
Since soil suspension is opaque the true reading of the hydrometer at the bottom of
the meniscus of the liquid cannot be obtained. So a meniscus correction is applied to top
reading. The meniscus correction is positive and added to the hydrometer reading.
2. Temperature Correction: Ct
Hydrometers are calibrated for 20c. If the test temperature is higher than 20 corrections
is positive, If the test temperature is lower correction is negative. Readings are
obtained from temperature correction chart.
3. Dispersion agent Correction: Cd
The standard correction of 0.8 is subtracted from reading.
Corrected hydrometer reading R = Rh + Cm + Ct – Cd

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Result:
Grain size distribution curve is drawn having log. Particle size in abscissa and percentage
finer as ordinate. The effective size and uniformity coefficient have been determined.

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Observations:
Area of the sample (A) =
Area of the stand pipe (a) =
Length of the sample (L) =
o
Temperature of the test (T C) =
o
Viscosity of water at 27 C =
o
V iscosity of water at T C =

Tabulation:

SI.No Initial head Final head at time t1 Time in sec. KT

h1 (cm) h2 (cm) Tt1 (cat the temp of the test)

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FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST

Exp No: 12 Date:
Aim:
To find out the coefficient of permeability of the given fine grained soil using a variable
head permeameter.
Apparatus:
Variable head permeameter with accessories.
Procedure:
1. Prepare the soil specimen in the permeameter and saturate it as explained in the constant
head permeability test.
2. Keep the permeameter mould assembly in the bottom tank.
3. Connect the water inlet nozzle of the mould to the stand pipe filled with water. Permit
water to flow for some time till steady state of flow is reached.
4. Note down the time interval required for the water level in the stand pipe to fall from
some convenient initial value (h1) to some final value (h2).
5. Repeat the above step at least three times and determine the time for the water level in the
stand pipe to drop from the same initial head to the same final value.

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Calculations:
The coefficient of permeability of the soil can be calculated from the following relation
KT = 2.303
Where,
2
a - area of the stand pipe (cm )
2
A - Cross sectional area of the specimen (cm )
L- Length of the specimen in cm
t1 - time in sec. for the head to fall from h 1 to h2 .
h1 - head initial
h2 - head at time
The coefficient of permeability is expressed at a standard temperature of
o
27 C. k27 = kT
Where,
o
= coefficient of viscosity at T C.
o
= coefficient of viscosity at 27 C.

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Results:
Soil Specific gravity =
The coefficient of permeability of the soil at 27oC (k27) =

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Observations:
Soil =
Specific gravity =
Soil example =
Specific gravity of soil =
Weight of dry soil used =
Sample dimensions =
Lever arm ratio of the apparatus =
Proving ring calibration =
Area on which the loads are acting =

Weight on hanger (kg) =

Normal load on the sample (kg) =
Normal stress (kg/cm2) =
Proving ring dial reading at failure =
Shear force at failure (kg) =
Ultimate shear stress in (kg/cm2) =

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DIRECT SHEAR TEST ON COHESIONLESS SOIL

Exp No: 13 Date:
Aim:
To determine the angle of shearing resistance of the given sample.
Apparatus:
1. Shear box assembly
2. Balance
3. Proving ring
4. Dial gauge
5. Weights
Description:
In the shear box test, failure is caused in a predetermined plane of the soil. The shear
strength or shearing resistance and the normal stress both being measured directly.
The shear box assembly consists of a container and two pieces of 6 x 6 x 2 cm. The two
halves of the shear box are positioned relative to each other by two pins which can be pulled out
when not required.
A raised rim in the bottom half of the shear box separates it from the top half by about 1
mm to prevent it from riding upon any soil particles that might get between the edges.
There are two grid plates which transmit the shear to the specimen surface. The base plate
is grooved and rests on pins in the sides of the lower half of the box. The top plate has and air
vent and a central spherical knob, on which the vertical loading yoke rest. The outer container
moves freely on ball roller strength strips parallel to the axis of the load screw and proving ring.
Procedure:
1. The shear box assembly is put together using the pin.
2. The bottom grid plate is placed in position, so that the groove in the grid plate should
be perpendicular to the direction of shear.
3. For the given density the weight of soil sample required is calculated.
4. The calculated weight of soil sample is placed in layers; each layer is tamped to the
required density. (The top of the top of the layer does not come on the shear planes)
5. The top grip plate and loading pad is placed on top of the soil sample.

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Calculations:
Normal stress (σ) = Normal load applied
Area of C.S.
Ultimate shear stress () = Shear force at failure
Area of C.S.
τ = σ tanυ (for υ soil)
-1
υ = tan (τ / σ)
Also υ can be finding out from graph.

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6. The normal load frame is placed on the loading pad.

7. The proving ring is set to read zero.
8. The required normal load is applied.
9. The pins from shear box assembly are removed.
10. The separating screw is turned to have a gap of 1 mm between the two halves.
11. The hand wheel is rotated to apply the shear load.
12. The maximum deflection is recorded in the proving ring which gives the maximum
shear stress.
13. The shear load is released, the normal load and the shear box is removed.
14. The test is repeated with a fresh sample of soil for other normal loads.
15. The graph between the normal stress (x axis) and the corresponding shear stress (y
axis) at failure is drawn.
16. The shear parameter υ is found out from the graph.

Result:
Soil =
Specific gravity =
The ultimate friction angle from graph (υ) =
From calculation (υ) =

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Tabulation:
Length of sample =
Dia of sample =
Sample 1:
Compressive Dial Proving Ring Dial
Stress =
Gauge Reading Reading A’ =
Strain Ԑ 1- Ԑ P/A’
A0/(1- Ԑ) 2
Div mm Div mm N/mm

Sample 2:
Compressive Dial Proving Ring Dial
Stress =
Gauge Reading Reading A’ =
Strain Ԑ 1- Ԑ P/A’
A0/(1- Ԑ) 2
Div mm Div mm N/mm

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UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST ON COHESIVE SOIL

Exp No: 14 Date:
Aim:
To find out the unconfined compression strength and shear strength of re-moulded clay
samples in its normal water content.
Introduction:
The unconfined compression is also called as U test is the special from of tri-axial
compression test where the lateral confining pressure is zero. This test is classified as un-drained
or quick test even though small amount of drainage takes place during the test. The test can be
conducted in soil samples at natural water content.
Apparatus required:
Unconfined compression tester, soil sample compression and gauge and proving ring.
Description of apparatus:
Unconfined compression tester consists of a small load frame fitted with a proving ring to
measure the vertical axial load applied to the soil specimen. The deformation of the sample is
measured with the help of a dial gauge. The ends of the cylindrical specimen are kept flat.
Procedure:
Remoulded soil specimens (38 mm dia) were prepared and it is centrally mounted in the
unconfined compression tester. The proving ring is so adjusted to touch the top of the soil
sample. Then vertical axial load is gradually applied to the soil specimen. Readings from the
proving ring and the compression dial gauge are taken. During early stages of the test, take
readings approximately 0.25 mm of vertical deflection. As the stress strain curve begins to flatten
take readings less often (i.e. 0.50 mm) and later ever (0.75 mm) compress the specimen till
failure.
Failure mode:
Two types of failure are possible. They are 1. Brittle failure 2. Plastic failure. This drops
rapidly with the further increases of strain. This is identically a well-defined break point in the
stress strain curve.
In the plastic failure no definite maximum load is indicated. In such a case the load
corresponding to 20% strain is arbitrarily taken as the failure load.

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Result:
Sample 1 Maximum Unconfined Compression Strength =
Sample 2 Maximum Unconfined Compression Strength =
Sample 1 Cohesion =
Sample 2 Cohesion =

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DATA SHEET
Sample Data:
Area =
Length of the given sample =
Machine Data:
Load rate =
Load ring constant =
Date of testing =

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TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST ON COHESIOLESS SOIL

Exp No: 15 Date:
Object:
To determine the effective stress parameters and C of a soil
Introduction:
In tri-axial compression test, soil specimen is subjected to all –round cell pressure and an
3
axial load (deviator stress). Therefore, minor principal stress (o )is equal to intermediate
principal stress, the soil parameter depend upon whether the soil is normally consolidated, over
consolidated, or is a remolded sample and also depend upon making allowance for pore
pressures. Following types of test are performed on this machine
Un-drained Test:
The undisturbed specimen is tested at natural water content. It is a quick test
Consolidated Un-drained Test:
This test performed on undisturbed or remolded samples after consolidating them
under constant hydrostatic pressure and then sheared under un-drained conditions
Drained shear Test:
It is similar to consolidated un-drained test except that drainage is allowed at top and
bottom of the sample, so that total normal stresses become effective stresses both during
consolidation and shear.
Drained tests are cumbersome owing to very slow rate and not recommended, even
though no pore pressure measurements are necessary. Drained tests are useful in sandy soils
only, as test can be conducted within a day unlike in clays.
Apparatus:
1. Compression machine
2. Tri-axial cell
3. Specimen Mould
4. Rubber membrane
5. Membrane stretcher
6. Rubber binding strips and
7. Porous stones

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Tabulation:
Deviator
Pressure Applied Proving Ring Deviator Total Normal Stress
SI.No. Stress
2 2
Kg/cm σ3 Dial Reading Load (P) 2 Kg/cm σ1
kg/cm d

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Recommended procedure:
1. Two or tube samples of adequate L/d ratio are prepared, at some constant water content
and compaction
2. The average diameter of the samples at each height location and then a final average
specimen diameter can be computed as dw= (dt + 2dm + db ) /4
Where dt is the average diameter based on the two top measurements, etc
3. A correct size membrane stretcher and a membrane is taken and the membrane is fitted
smoothly into the stretcher, folding the ends of the membrane over ends of the stretcher
4. The sample is inserted into membrane and it is attached with the lower plates and porous
stone using rubber lands or strips to seal the membrane. A more airtight seal may be
obtained if the plate’s perimeter is lightly greased with silicone grease.
5. The sample is removed from the membrane stretcher and the lower plates are attached to
the base of the tri-axial cell. Also the upper plates are attached. Extreme care has been
taken not to damage the soil specimen.
6. The Lucite cover is placed in the compression testing machine. The load bar is made into
contact with the load piston until a load just flickers on the load dial.
7. A predetermined chamber (perfectly compressed air) is applied for the lateral I pressure
o3
8. When the chamber pressure was applied, it could be seen that the load dial recorded an
upward load which is the difference between the weight of the load piston and the
upward chamber pressure on the piston base. The cell is raised until the load dial just
records a load, indicating that recon tact of the piston and soil sample is made. Now the
load dial is made to zero to tare the system approximately.
9. The load gauge, cell pressure gauge is checked for the final correct settings.
10. The compression machine is set for a desired strain rate (generally between 0.5 and 1.25
mm/min) as specified by the instructor.
11. The compression machine is put on and readings are taken.
12. After the sample fails, the compression machine is reversed and the chamber pressure is
released and the sample load is removed.
3
13. A new specimen is prepared to the same approximate density (within 0.2 to 0.5 KN/m )

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14.

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Precautions:
1. No leakage is tolerable in the apparatus so care must be to prevent any leakage.
2. While preparing the sample, care must be taken that whether the base of the sample has
perfect by smooth plane.
3. Normal duration of test may be kept as 3 hours for testing a sample of 3.7 x7.4cm height .
The cell pressure must be kept as constant. It is better to carry the test during early hours
of the day when fluctuations in the temperature are low.
Computations:
1. Using the load dial readings, the deviator load is computed. Here a load ring is used,
therefore the deviator load P is calculated as P = DR x load ring constant Where DR is
the load dial reading in units of deflection
2. The deviator stress is calculated as o =P/A
3. Where P is the deviator load and A is the area of the sample.
4. The major principle stress for each test can be calculated as o1 =o3 + o 4
5. Mohr’s circle for the three tests can be plotted on the same set of axes and a tangent is
drawn to the circles. From the slope of the tangent, the angle of internal friction o of the
soil is calculated. For the cohesion of the soil the Y-axis intercept is measured and this
can be plot on the graph.

Results:
The stress parameters =
Cohesion of the given sample C =
Angle of internal friction of the given sample =

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Consolidation Test
Diameter of sample, D (cm) =
Height of the sample, 2H (cm) =
Weight of fixed ring sample container W1 (g) =
Weight of sample + fixed ring sample container W2 (g) =
Least count of LVDT =
o
Temperature C =
Consolidation Test Data
Elapsed time t1
Date t Log t LVDT reading mm
minutes
0.25
1.00
2.5
4.00
6.25
9.00
12.25
16.00
20.25
25.00
49.00
64.00
81.00
144.00
480.00
900.00

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ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST

Exp No: 16 Date:
Aim:
To obtain the time compression relationship of given saturated fine grained soil and the
coefficient of consolidation for one load increment
Apparatus required:
1. One dimensional consolidation unit, with fixed ring container and deflection dial.
2. Knife for trimming/wire saw
3. Balance with sensitivity 0.0’) to 0.1g
4. Drying oven
5. Loading weights
6. Stop clock
Procedure:
1. Measure the inside diameter D (cm) and height 2H.(cm) of the fixed ring sample
container and lubricate the inside surface with thin film of oil and find the weight nearest
to 0.1 gm, WI (gm).
2. Carefully feed the soil sample into the fixed ring sample container with the help of the
sample ejector. Trim the ends of the sample with least disturbance of soil structure.
3. From the leftover of the trimmed soil sample obtain two sample specimens and after
weighing put them in the oven for water content determination.
4. Find the weight of the soil sample and fixed ring container w2 (gm).
5. Wet two filter papers with water and fit them at both ends of the soil sample
6. Place the bottom porous after soaking in water on the base of the Odometer unit and
given connection to water level gradually raise the water level above the porous stone
7. Place the sample container on the porous stone. Put the second porous stone which has
been well soaked in water and a loading block on the soil sample. Feed the rubber washer
and place the outside ring and tighten the whole system with a given set of screws. Mount
the odometer assembly in the consolidation load frame, immerse the sample completely
in water.

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Consolidation Apparatus
Description
1. Base 8. Loading yoke
2. Weight hanger 9. Guide Bracket
3. Loading lever 10. Cell Assembly
4. Water Reservoir 11. Top plate
5. Reservoir support pillar 12. Capstan Screw
6. Pillars 13. Counter Weight
7. Dial gauge and support 14. Thrust Piece

Moisture Content Determination

Wt. of container Wt. of container Water
SI.No Container Wt. of empty
+ wet sample + dry sample content
No. container (g)
(g) (g) (%)
1.
2.

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8. Adjust the loading platform1 till the loading yoke touches the loading block. Check
the deflection dial weather it has free run and note the initial dial reading dl. Allow
the sample to reach the equilibrium under a seating load of very small magnitude
9. After a lapse of 24 hours note the dial reading d2, and apply the first load increment
2
usually 0.5 kg/cm and start the stop clock
10. Note down the compression dial reading at elapsed times of 0, ¼, 1, 2 ¼, 4, 6 ¼, 9, 12
¼, 15, 20 ¼, 25, 36, 49 minutes etc. until 90 to 95% consolidation is reached.
11. At the end of 24 hours take the final reading and increase the load intensity with the
next desired load increment.
Note:
2
The test will be continued under load intensities of 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 16 kg/cm in all soil
testing laboratories to get a complete picture of load intensity versus time relationships at
different load intensities. At the end of the test the sample container will be dismantled and final
weight of container and the sample will be noted. Then the sample will be oven dried for final
water content determination.

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References:
IS : 2720 part (xv) 1970, consolidation test.
T.W.Lambe (1951) soil testing for engineers, john wiley & sons, new york

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