Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Communication
Overview
Page 1
Transmission Methods in Current
Communications Networks
Coaxial cable communication
Microwave TE
MUX/DEMUX Microwave MUX/DEMUX
communication
Satellite communication
Page 2
Development of Microwave
Communication
Transmission capacity bit/s/ch)
SDH digital microwave
155M communication system
34/140M
PDH digital microwave
communication system
2/4/6/8M
Small and medium
capacity digital microwave
communication system Late 1990s to now
480 voice
channels
Analog microwave
communication system
1980s
Note:
1970s
Small capacity: < 10M
Page 3
Application of Digital Microwave
Complementary
networks to optical
networks (access the
services from the last
1 km)
Special
transmission
BTS backhaul conditions (rivers,
transmission lakes, islands, etc.)
Microwave
Application Emergency
Redundancy communications
backup of (conventions, activities,
important links danger elimination,
disaster relief, etc.)
VIP
customer
access
Page 4
Concept of Digital
Microwave Communication
Digital microwave communication is a way of
transmitting digital information in atmosphere
through microwave or radio frequency (RF).
◦ Microwave communication refers to the communication that
use microwave as carrier .
◦ Digital microwave communication refers to the microwave
communication that adopts the digital modulation.
Page 5
Concept of Digital
Microwave Communication
◦ The baseband signal is modulated to intermediate
frequency (IF) first . Then the intermediate frequency
is converted into the microwave frequency.
◦ The baseband signal can also be modulated directly to
microwave frequency, but only phase shift keying (PSK)
modulation method is applicable.
◦ The electromagnetic field theory is the basis on which
the microwave communication theory is developed.
Page 6
Microwave Frequency Band
Selection and RF Channel Configuration
Generally-used frequency bands in digital microwave transmission:
◦ 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (defined by ITU-R
Recommendations)
1.5 GHz 2.5 GHz
Regional network
34/140/155 Mbit/s
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
GHz
1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 30 40 50
Page 7
Microwave Frequency Band Selection
and RF Channel Configuration
In each frequency band, sub-band frequency ranges,
transmitting/receiving spacing (T/R spacing), and channel
spacing are defined.
Frequency range
f0 (center frequency)
Low frequency band High frequency band
T/R spacing
Protection T/R spacing
spacing
Page 8
Digital Microwave Communication
Modulation
Digital baseband signal is the unmodulated digital signal. The
baseband signal cannot be directly transmitted over
microwave radio channels and must be converted into carrier
signal for microwave transmission.
Baseband signal rate
Channel bandwidth
Modulation
Service signal
transmitted
Page 9
Digital Microwave Communication
Modulation
The following formula indicates a digital baseband signal being converted into a
digital frequency band signal.
ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
amplitude (A). Wc and φ remain unchanged.
FSK: Frequency Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
frequency (Wc). A and φ remain unchanged.
PSK: Phase Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier phase (φ).
Wc and A remain unchanged.
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. ). Use the digital baseband signal to change
the carrier phase (φ) and amplitude (A). Wc remains unchanged.
Page 10
Microwave Frame Structure
RFCOH RFCOH: Radio Frame Complementary Overhead
RSC: Radio Service Channel
MLCM: Multi-Level Coding Modulation
INI: N:1 switching command
DMY: Dummy
ID: Identifier
XPIC: Cross-polarization Interference Cancellation
171.072 Mbit/s FA: Frame Alignment
ATPC: Automatic Transmit Power Control
15.552 Mbit/s STM-1 155.52 Mbit/s WS: Wayside Service
Page 11
Digital Microwave
Communication
Equipment
Page 12
Microwave Equipment
Category
System Digital microwave Analog microwave
MUX/DEMUX
Mode PDH SDH
(Discontinued)
Trunk radio
Structure
Split-mount radio
Page 13
Radio Configurations
Commercial fixed point to point microwave radios
have two basic hardware configurations: integrated
radio (all functions in one box) and split package
radio (baseband functions in one box near the
other telecommunication equipment and RF
functions in another box usually collocated with
the antenna). For radios that accept several
different signal formats, the integrated radio is
typically an all-indoor unit.
Page 14
Radio Configurations
If the radio supports only an IP interface, the radio
may be a single package intended for all-outdoor
installation (basically a split package radio with no
indoor unit). The radio will have an IP interface that
connects directly to a router
The split package and all-outdoor configurations
have advantages in an urban building environment.
However, they pose operational constraints in
suburban and rural tower installations.
Page 15
Radio Configurations
Page 16
Radio Configurations
Page 17
Trunk Microwave Equipment
• High cost, large BRU: Branch RF Unit
transmission capacity,
more stable MSTU: Main Signal
Transmission Unit
performance, (transceiver, modem, SDH
applicable to long haul P electrical interface, hitless
switching)
and trunk transmission M1
SCSU: Supervision,
M2 Control and Switching
• RF, IF, signal processing, Unit
…
Page 18
All Outdoor Microwave
Equipment
• All the units are RF processing unit
outdoor.
IF cable
• Installation is easy.
IF and baseband
processing unit
• The equipment
Service and power cable
room can be
saved.
All outdoor microwave equipment
Page 19
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
- The RF unit is an outdoor unit (ODU). The IF, signal
processing, and MUX/DEMUX units are integrated in the
indoor unit (IDU). The ODU and IDU are connected
through an IF cable.
- The ODU can either be directly mounted onto the
antenna or connected to the antenna through a short soft
waveguide.
- Although the capacity is smaller than the trunk, due to
the easy installation and maintenance, fast network
construction, it’s the most widely used microwave
equipment.
Page 20
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Antenna
IF cable
ODU
(Outdoor Unit)
IDU
(Indoor Unit)
Split-mount microwave
equipment
Page 21
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Unit Functions
Antenna: Focuses the RF signals transmitted
by ODUs and increases the signal gain.
ODU: RF processing, conversion of IF/RF
signals.
IF cable: Transmitting of IF signal,
management signal and power supply of ODU.
IDU: Performs access, dispatch,
multiplex/demultiplex, and
modulation/demodulation for services.
Page 22
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment - Installation
Separate Mount Direct Mount
antenna
(direct mount)
antenna
(separate mount)
ODU
Soft waveguide
中频口
IDU IF port
IDU IF port
Page 23
Microwave Antenna
Antennas are used to
send and receive microwave
signals. Parabolic antennas is
common type of microwave
antennas. Microwave
antenna diameters includes:
0.3m, 0.6m, 1.2m,
1.8m,2.0m, 2.4m, 3.0m,
Parabolic antenna
3.2m etc.
Page 24
Antenna Adjustments
Side lobe
Side view
Side lobe
Top view
Half-power angle Main lobe Tail lobe
Page 25
Antenna Adjustments
During antenna
adjustment, the two
wrong adjustment cases
are show here. One
antenna is aligned to
another antenna through
the side lobe. As a result,
the RSSI cannot meet the
requirements.
Wrong Wrong Correct
Page 26
Specifications of Transmitter
◦Working Frequency Band
Generally, trunk radios use 6, 7, and 8 GHz frequency
bands. 11, 13 GHz and higher frequency bands are
used in the access layer (e.g. BTS access).
◦Output Power
The power at the output port of a transmitter.
Generally, the output power is 15 to 30 dBm.
Page 27
Specifications of Transmitter
◦ Local Frequency Stability
If the working frequency of the transmitter is
unstable, the demodulated effective signal ratio
will be decreased and the bit error ratio will be
increased. The value range of the local frequency
stability is 3 to 10 ppm.
Page 28
Specifications of Transmitter
◦ Transmit Frequency Spectrum Frame
The frequency spectrum of the transmitted signal
must meet specified requirements, to avoid
occupying too much bandwidth and thus causing
too much interference to adjacent channels. The
limitations to frequency spectrum is called
transmit frequency spectrum frame.
Page 29
Specifications of Receiver
Working Frequency Band
Receivers work together with transmitters. The
receiving frequency on the local station is the
transmitting frequency of the same channel on the
opposite station.
Page 30
Specifications of Receiver
Noise Figure
The noise figure of digital microwave receivers is
2.5 dB to 5 dB.
Passband
To effectively suppress interference and achieve
the best transmission quality, thepassband and
amplitude frequency characteristics should be
properly chosen. The receiver passband
characteristics depend on the IF filter.
Page 31
Specifications of Receiver
Selectivity
Ability of receivers of suppressing the various
interferences outside the passband, especially the
interference from adjacent channels, image
interference and the interference between
transmitted and received signals.
Page 33
Common Networking Modes of
Digital Microwave
Ring network Chain network
Add/Drop
network
Hub network
Page 34
Types of Digital Microwave
Stations
Digital microwave stations are classified into Pivotal
stations, add/drop relay stations, relay stations and
terminal stations.
Relay Add/Drop
station relay station
Terminal
station
Pivotal Terminal
station station
Terminal
station
Page 35
Types of Relay Stations
Relay station
• Regenerative repeater
Active
• IF repeater
• RF repeater
Page 36
Active Relay Station
Radio Frequency Relay station
An active, bi-directional radio repeater system
without frequency shift. The RF relay station directly
amplifies the signal over radio frequency.
Page 37
Active Relay Station
Regenerator Relay station
A high-frequency repeater of high performance.
The regenerator relay station is used to extend the
transmission distance of microwave communication
systems, or to deflect the transmission direction of
the signal to avoid obstructions and ensure the
signal quality is not degraded. After complete
regeneration and amplification, the received signal
is forwarded.
Page 38
Passive Relay Station (Photos)
Page 39
Microwave
Propagation and Anti-
Fading Technologies
Page 40
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
Fresnel Zone and Fresnel Zone Radius
The first Fresnel zone is the region where the
microwave transmission energy is the most
concentrated. The obstruction in the Fresnel
zone should be as little as possible. With the
increase of the Fresnel zone serial numbers, the
field strength of the receiving point reduces as
per arithmetic series.
Page 41
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
Fresnel Zone and Fresnel Zone Radius
d1 (km) d 2 (km)
F1 17.32
f (GHz) d (km)
Page 42
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
CLEARANCE
Along the microwave propagation trail, the
obstruction from buildings, trees, and mountain
peaks is sometimes inevitable. If the height of the
obstacle enters the first Fresnel zone, additional
loss might be caused. As a result, the received level
is decreased and the transmission quality is
affected. Clearance is used to avoid the case
described previously.
Page 43
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
CLEARANCE
hc
h2
hs
h1
d1 hb d2
d
Page 44
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
CLEARANCE
When the peak of the obstacle is in the line
connecting the transmit end and the receive end,
that is, the HC is equal to 0, the additional loss is
equal to 6 dB.
When the peak of the obstacle is above the line
connecting the transmit end and the receive end,
the additional loss is increased greatly.
Page 45
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
CLEARANCE
When the peak of the obstacle is below the line
connecting the transmit end the receive end, the
additional loss fluctuates around 0 dB. The
transmission loss in the path and the signal
receiving level approach the values in the free
space transmission.
Page 46
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
Calculation formula for path clearance
h1d 2 h2 d1
hc hb hs
d hc
h2
d1d 2
hb 0.0785 h1 hs
K hb d2
d1
hb - stands for the d
projecting height of
the earth.
K - stands for the atmosphere refraction factor.
Page 47
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
FADING
The higher the frequency is and the longer the
hop distance is, the more severe the fading is.
Fading is more severe at night than in the
Flat fading
Page 50
Down fading
Received
Microwave Propagation
level
Up fading
Fading time
Slow fading
Key Parameters in
Fast fading
Duct type fading
K-type fading
mechanism
Fading
Scintillation
fading
FADING
Rain fading
Absorption fading
Free space propagation
fading
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
K-TYPE FADING
As a result of atmosphere refraction, the
microwave propagation trail is bent. It is considered
that the electromagnetic wave is propagated along
a straight line above the earth with an equivalent
earth radius of Re, Re = KR (R: actual earth radius.)
Re
R
Page 51
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
K-TYPE FADING
The average measured K value is about 4/3.
However, the K value of a specific section is
related to the meteorological phenomena of
the section. The K value may change within a
comparatively large range. This can affect
line-of-sight propagation.
Page 52
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
K-TYPE FADING
k > 1: Positive refraction
k = 1: No refraction
Page 53
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
K-TYPE FADING
k=∞
4/3
1
2/3
Ground surface
Page 54
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
K-TYPE FADING
In common geographical conditions, it is recommended that there be
no obstacles within the first Fresnel zone if K is equal to 4/3.
When the microwave transmission line passes the water surface or
the desert area, it is recommended that there are no obstacles within
the first Fresnel zone if K is equal to 1.
k = 4/3
Page 55
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
CATEGORY EFFECT
Page 56
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
AUTOMATIC TRANSMIT POWER CONTROL
Under normal propagation conditions, the output
power of the transmitter is always at a lower level,
for example, 10 to 15 dB lower than the normal
level. When propagation fading occurs and the
receiver detects that the propagation fading is
lower than the minimum received level specified by
ATPC, the RFCOH is used to let the transmitter to
raise the transmit power.
Page 57
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
AUTOMATIC TRANSMIT POWER CONTROL
ATPC ATPC
Page 58
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
AUTOMATIC TRANSMIT POWER CONTROL
The output power of the transmitter automatically
traces and changes with the received level of the
receiver within the control range of ATPC.
The time rate of severe propagation fading is
usually small (<1%). After ATPC is configured, the
transmitter works at a power 10 to 15 dB lower
than the nominal power for over 99% of the time.
In this way, adjacent channel interference and
power consumption can be reduced.
Page 59
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
EFFECTS OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMIT POWER
CONTROL
Reduces the interference to adjacent systems and
over-reach interference
Reduce DC power consumption
Reduces up fading
Improves residual BER
Page 60
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
CROSS-POLARIZATION
INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION
(XPIC)
In microwave transmission, XPIC is
used to transmit two different
signals over one frequency. The
utilization ratio of the frequency
spectrum is doubled. To avoid
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’
V (H)
H (V)
680 MHz
30MHz 340MHz
80MHz 60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’
V (H)
H (V)
Page 62
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
Apart from the anti-fading technologies introduced
previously, here are two frequently used tips:
Method I: Make use of some terrain and ground
objects to block reflected waves.
Page 63
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
Method II: high and low antennas
Page 64
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment
With one hybrid coupler added between two ODUs
and the antenna, the 1+1 HSB can be realized in
the configuration of one antenna. Moreover, the FD
technology can also be adopted.
Hybrid coupler
Page 65
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment
The 1+1 HSB can also be
realized in the configuration
of two antennas. In this
case, the FD and SD
technologies can both be
adopted, which improves
the system availability.
Page 66
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment
N+1 (N≤3, 7, 11) Protection
In the following figure, Mn stands for the active
channel and P stands for the standby channel. The
active channel and the standby channel have their
independent modulation/demodulation unit and
signal transmitting /receiving unit. When the fault
or fading occurs in the active channel, the signal is
switched to the standby channel. The channel
backup is an inter-frequency backup. This
protection mode (FD) is mainly used in the all
indoor microwave equipment.
Page 67
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment
N+1 (N≤3, 7, 11) Protection
ch1 M1 M1 ch1
ch2 M2 M2 ch2
ch3 M3 M3 ch3
chP P P chP
Switching Switching control
control unit unit
RFSOH
Page 68
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment
Configuration Protection Mode Remarks Application
Page 69
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 1. Determine the route according to the
engineering map.
Step 2. Select the site of the microwave station.
Step 3. Draw the cross-sectional chart of the
terrain.
Step 4. Calculate the parameters for site
construction.
Page 70
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 1. Determine the route according to
engineering map.
Page 72
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 2. Select the site of the microwave
station.
The distance between two sites should not be
too long. The distance between two relay stations
should be equal, and each relay section should
have the proper clearance.
Avoid the interference from other radio services,
such as the satellite communication system, radar
site, TV station, and broadcast station.
Page 73
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 3. Draw the cross-sectional chart of the
terrain.
Draw the cross-sectional chart of the terrain
based on the data of each site.
Calculate the antenna height and transmission
situation of each site. For the line that has strong
reflection, adjust the mounting height of the
antenna to block the reflected wave, or have the
reflection point fall on the earth surface with small
reflection factor.
Page 74
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 3. Draw the cross-sectional chart of the
terrain.
Consider the path clearance. The clearance in the
plain area should not be over great, and that in the
mountainous area should not be over small.
Page 75
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 4. Calculate the parameters for site
construction.
Calculate the terrain parameters when the route
and the site are already determined.
Calculate the azimuth and the elevation angles of
the antenna, distance between sites, free space
transmission loss and receive level, rain fading
index, line interruption probability, and allocated
values and margin of the line index.
Page 76