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Digital Microwave

Communication
Overview

Page 1
Transmission Methods in Current
Communications Networks
Coaxial cable communication

Optical fiber communication


Microwave TE

Microwave TE
MUX/DEMUX Microwave MUX/DEMUX
communication

Satellite communication

Page 2
Development of Microwave
Communication
Transmission capacity bit/s/ch)
SDH digital microwave
155M communication system

34/140M
PDH digital microwave
communication system
2/4/6/8M
Small and medium
capacity digital microwave
communication system Late 1990s to now
480 voice
channels
Analog microwave
communication system
1980s

Note:
1970s
Small capacity: < 10M

1950s Medium capacity: 10M to 100M


Large capacity: > 100M

Page 3
Application of Digital Microwave
Complementary
networks to optical
networks (access the
services from the last
1 km)
Special
transmission
BTS backhaul conditions (rivers,
transmission lakes, islands, etc.)

Microwave
Application Emergency
Redundancy communications
backup of (conventions, activities,
important links danger elimination,
disaster relief, etc.)
VIP
customer
access

Page 4
Concept of Digital
Microwave Communication
Digital microwave communication is a way of
transmitting digital information in atmosphere
through microwave or radio frequency (RF).
◦ Microwave communication refers to the communication that
use microwave as carrier .
◦ Digital microwave communication refers to the microwave
communication that adopts the digital modulation.

Page 5
Concept of Digital
Microwave Communication
◦ The baseband signal is modulated to intermediate
frequency (IF) first . Then the intermediate frequency
is converted into the microwave frequency.
◦ The baseband signal can also be modulated directly to
microwave frequency, but only phase shift keying (PSK)
modulation method is applicable.
◦ The electromagnetic field theory is the basis on which
the microwave communication theory is developed.

Page 6
Microwave Frequency Band
Selection and RF Channel Configuration
Generally-used frequency bands in digital microwave transmission:
◦ 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (defined by ITU-R
Recommendations)
1.5 GHz 2.5 GHz
Regional network

3.3 GHz Long haul 11 GHz


trunk network
Regional network, local network,
2/8/34
Mbit/s and boundary network

34/140/155 Mbit/s

2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
GHz

1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 30 40 50

Page 7
Microwave Frequency Band Selection
and RF Channel Configuration
In each frequency band, sub-band frequency ranges,
transmitting/receiving spacing (T/R spacing), and channel
spacing are defined.
Frequency range

f0 (center frequency)
Low frequency band High frequency band

T/R spacing
Protection T/R spacing
spacing

Channel Adjacent channel Channel


spacing T/R spacing spacing

f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’

Page 8
Digital Microwave Communication
Modulation
Digital baseband signal is the unmodulated digital signal. The
baseband signal cannot be directly transmitted over
microwave radio channels and must be converted into carrier
signal for microwave transmission.
Baseband signal rate

Channel bandwidth
Modulation

Digital baseband signal IF signal

Service signal
transmitted

Page 9
Digital Microwave Communication
Modulation
 The following formula indicates a digital baseband signal being converted into a
digital frequency band signal.

A*COS(Wc*t+φ) PSK and QAM are


most frequently
used in digital
microwave.
Amplitude Frequency Phase

 ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
amplitude (A). Wc and φ remain unchanged.
 FSK: Frequency Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
frequency (Wc). A and φ remain unchanged.
 PSK: Phase Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier phase (φ).
Wc and A remain unchanged.
 QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. ). Use the digital baseband signal to change
the carrier phase (φ) and amplitude (A). Wc remains unchanged.

Page 10
Microwave Frame Structure
RFCOH RFCOH: Radio Frame Complementary Overhead
RSC: Radio Service Channel
MLCM: Multi-Level Coding Modulation
INI: N:1 switching command
DMY: Dummy
ID: Identifier
XPIC: Cross-polarization Interference Cancellation
171.072 Mbit/s FA: Frame Alignment
ATPC: Automatic Transmit Power Control
15.552 Mbit/s STM-1 155.52 Mbit/s WS: Wayside Service

RFCOH SOH Payload

MLCM DMY XPIC ATPC WS RSC INI ID FA


11.84 Mbit/s 64 kbit/s 16 kbit/s 64 kbit/s 2.24 Mbit/s 864 kbit/s 144 kbit/s 32 kbit/s 288 kbit/s

Page 11
Digital Microwave
Communication
Equipment

Page 12
Microwave Equipment
Category
System Digital microwave Analog microwave

MUX/DEMUX
Mode PDH SDH

Small and medium Large capacity


Capacity capacity (2–16E1, 34M) (STM-0, STM-1, 2xSTM-1)

(Discontinued)

Trunk radio

Structure
Split-mount radio

All outdoor radio

Page 13
Radio Configurations
Commercial fixed point to point microwave radios
have two basic hardware configurations: integrated
radio (all functions in one box) and split package
radio (baseband functions in one box near the
other telecommunication equipment and RF
functions in another box usually collocated with
the antenna). For radios that accept several
different signal formats, the integrated radio is
typically an all-indoor unit.

Page 14
Radio Configurations
If the radio supports only an IP interface, the radio
may be a single package intended for all-outdoor
installation (basically a split package radio with no
indoor unit). The radio will have an IP interface that
connects directly to a router
The split package and all-outdoor configurations
have advantages in an urban building environment.
However, they pose operational constraints in
suburban and rural tower installations.

Page 15
Radio Configurations

Page 16
Radio Configurations

Page 17
Trunk Microwave Equipment
• High cost, large BRU: Branch RF Unit
transmission capacity,
more stable MSTU: Main Signal
Transmission Unit
performance, (transceiver, modem, SDH
applicable to long haul P electrical interface, hitless
switching)
and trunk transmission M1
SCSU: Supervision,
M2 Control and Switching
• RF, IF, signal processing, Unit

and MUX/DEMUX BBIU: Baseband


units are all indoor. Interface Unit (option)
(STM-1 optical interface,
Only the antenna C4 PDH interface)

system is outdoor. SDH microwave equipment

Page 18
All Outdoor Microwave
Equipment
• All the units are RF processing unit

outdoor.
IF cable

• Installation is easy.
IF and baseband
processing unit

• The equipment
Service and power cable
room can be
saved.
All outdoor microwave equipment

Page 19
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
- The RF unit is an outdoor unit (ODU). The IF, signal
processing, and MUX/DEMUX units are integrated in the
indoor unit (IDU). The ODU and IDU are connected
through an IF cable.
- The ODU can either be directly mounted onto the
antenna or connected to the antenna through a short soft
waveguide.
- Although the capacity is smaller than the trunk, due to
the easy installation and maintenance, fast network
construction, it’s the most widely used microwave
equipment.
Page 20
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Antenna

IF cable

ODU
(Outdoor Unit)

IDU
(Indoor Unit)

Split-mount microwave
equipment
Page 21
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Unit Functions
 Antenna: Focuses the RF signals transmitted
by ODUs and increases the signal gain.
 ODU: RF processing, conversion of IF/RF
signals.
 IF cable: Transmitting of IF signal,
management signal and power supply of ODU.
 IDU: Performs access, dispatch,
multiplex/demultiplex, and
modulation/demodulation for services.
Page 22
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment - Installation
Separate Mount Direct Mount
antenna
(direct mount)

antenna
(separate mount)
ODU

Soft waveguide

ODU IF cable IF cable

中频口

IDU IF port
IDU IF port

Page 23
Microwave Antenna
 Antennas are used to
send and receive microwave
signals. Parabolic antennas is
common type of microwave
antennas. Microwave
antenna diameters includes:
0.3m, 0.6m, 1.2m,
1.8m,2.0m, 2.4m, 3.0m,
Parabolic antenna
3.2m etc.

Page 24
Antenna Adjustments
Side lobe
Side view

Half-power angle Main lobe Tail lobe

Side lobe
Top view
Half-power angle Main lobe Tail lobe

Page 25
Antenna Adjustments
 During antenna
adjustment, the two
wrong adjustment cases
are show here. One
antenna is aligned to
another antenna through
the side lobe. As a result,
the RSSI cannot meet the
requirements.
Wrong Wrong Correct

Page 26
Specifications of Transmitter
◦Working Frequency Band
Generally, trunk radios use 6, 7, and 8 GHz frequency
bands. 11, 13 GHz and higher frequency bands are
used in the access layer (e.g. BTS access).

◦Output Power
The power at the output port of a transmitter.
Generally, the output power is 15 to 30 dBm.

Page 27
Specifications of Transmitter
◦ Local Frequency Stability
If the working frequency of the transmitter is
unstable, the demodulated effective signal ratio
will be decreased and the bit error ratio will be
increased. The value range of the local frequency
stability is 3 to 10 ppm.

Page 28
Specifications of Transmitter
◦ Transmit Frequency Spectrum Frame
The frequency spectrum of the transmitted signal
must meet specified requirements, to avoid
occupying too much bandwidth and thus causing
too much interference to adjacent channels. The
limitations to frequency spectrum is called
transmit frequency spectrum frame.

Page 29
Specifications of Receiver
Working Frequency Band
Receivers work together with transmitters. The
receiving frequency on the local station is the
transmitting frequency of the same channel on the
opposite station.

Local Frequency Stability


The same as that of transmitters: 3 to 10 ppm

Page 30
Specifications of Receiver
Noise Figure
The noise figure of digital microwave receivers is
2.5 dB to 5 dB.

Passband
To effectively suppress interference and achieve
the best transmission quality, thepassband and
amplitude frequency characteristics should be
properly chosen. The receiver passband
characteristics depend on the IF filter.
Page 31
Specifications of Receiver
Selectivity
Ability of receivers of suppressing the various
interferences outside the passband, especially the
interference from adjacent channels, image
interference and the interference between
transmitted and received signals.

Automatic Gain Control (AGC) range


Automatic control of receiver gain. With this function,
input RF signals change within a certain range and
the IF signal level remains unchanged.
Page 32
Digital Microwave
Networking and
Application

Page 33
Common Networking Modes of
Digital Microwave
Ring network Chain network

Add/Drop
network
Hub network

Page 34
Types of Digital Microwave
Stations
Digital microwave stations are classified into Pivotal
stations, add/drop relay stations, relay stations and
terminal stations.

Relay Add/Drop
station relay station

Terminal
station

Pivotal Terminal
station station

Terminal
station

Page 35
Types of Relay Stations

Passive • Back-to-back antenna


• Plane reflector

Relay station

• Regenerative repeater
Active
• IF repeater
• RF repeater

Page 36
Active Relay Station
Radio Frequency Relay station
An active, bi-directional radio repeater system
without frequency shift. The RF relay station directly
amplifies the signal over radio frequency.

Page 37
Active Relay Station
Regenerator Relay station
A high-frequency repeater of high performance.
The regenerator relay station is used to extend the
transmission distance of microwave communication
systems, or to deflect the transmission direction of
the signal to avoid obstructions and ensure the
signal quality is not degraded. After complete
regeneration and amplification, the received signal
is forwarded.

Page 38
Passive Relay Station (Photos)

Passive relay station Passive relay station


(plane reflector) (parabolic reflectors)

Page 39
Microwave
Propagation and Anti-
Fading Technologies

Page 40
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
Fresnel Zone and Fresnel Zone Radius
The first Fresnel zone is the region where the
microwave transmission energy is the most
concentrated. The obstruction in the Fresnel
zone should be as little as possible. With the
increase of the Fresnel zone serial numbers, the
field strength of the receiving point reduces as
per arithmetic series.

Page 41
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
Fresnel Zone and Fresnel Zone Radius

d1 (km)  d 2 (km)
F1  17.32
f (GHz)  d (km)

Page 42
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
CLEARANCE
Along the microwave propagation trail, the
obstruction from buildings, trees, and mountain
peaks is sometimes inevitable. If the height of the
obstacle enters the first Fresnel zone, additional
loss might be caused. As a result, the received level
is decreased and the transmission quality is
affected. Clearance is used to avoid the case
described previously.

Page 43
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
CLEARANCE

hc
h2
hs
h1
d1 hb d2
d

Page 44
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
CLEARANCE
 When the peak of the obstacle is in the line
connecting the transmit end and the receive end,
that is, the HC is equal to 0, the additional loss is
equal to 6 dB.
 When the peak of the obstacle is above the line
connecting the transmit end and the receive end,
the additional loss is increased greatly.

Page 45
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
CLEARANCE
 When the peak of the obstacle is below the line
connecting the transmit end the receive end, the
additional loss fluctuates around 0 dB. The
transmission loss in the path and the signal
receiving level approach the values in the free
space transmission.

Page 46
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
Calculation formula for path clearance
h1d 2  h2 d1
hc   hb  hs
d hc
h2
d1d 2
hb  0.0785 h1 hs
K hb d2
d1
hb - stands for the d
projecting height of
the earth.
K - stands for the atmosphere refraction factor.
Page 47
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
FADING

The higher the frequency is and the longer the
hop distance is, the more severe the fading is.
 Fading is more severe at night than in the

daylight, in summer than in winter. In the


daylight, sunshine is good for air convection. In
summer, weather changes frequently.
 In sunny days without wind, atmosphere is non-

uniform and atmosphere subdivision easily forms


and hardly clears. Multipath transmission often
occurs in such conditions.
Page 48
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
FADING
Fading is more severe along water route than

land route, because both the reflection


coefficient of water surface and the atmosphere
refraction coefficient above water surface are
bigger.
Fading is more severe along plain route than

mountain route, because atmosphere subdivision


often occurs over plain and the ground reflection
factor of the plain is bigger.
Page 49
Frequency selective fading
fading on signal
Influence of

Flat fading
Page 50
Down fading
Received
Microwave Propagation

level

Up fading
Fading time

Slow fading
Key Parameters in

Fast fading
Duct type fading
K-type fading

mechanism
Fading
Scintillation
fading
FADING
Rain fading
Absorption fading
Free space propagation
fading
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
K-TYPE FADING
As a result of atmosphere refraction, the
microwave propagation trail is bent. It is considered
that the electromagnetic wave is propagated along
a straight line above the earth with an equivalent
earth radius of Re, Re = KR (R: actual earth radius.)

Re
R

Page 51
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
K-TYPE FADING
The average measured K value is about 4/3.
However, the K value of a specific section is
related to the meteorological phenomena of
the section. The K value may change within a
comparatively large range. This can affect
line-of-sight propagation.

Page 52
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
K-TYPE FADING
k > 1: Positive refraction

k = 1: No refraction

k < 1: Negative refraction

Page 53
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
K-TYPE FADING
k=∞
4/3
1
2/3

Ground surface

Actual earth radius (r)

2/3 Ground surface


1
4/3
k=∞
Equivalent earth radius (r·k)

Page 54
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation
K-TYPE FADING
 In common geographical conditions, it is recommended that there be
no obstacles within the first Fresnel zone if K is equal to 4/3.
 When the microwave transmission line passes the water surface or
the desert area, it is recommended that there are no obstacles within
the first Fresnel zone if K is equal to 1.

The first Fresnel zone

k = 4/3

Page 55
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
CATEGORY EFFECT

Adaptive equalization Waveform distortion

Equipment level Automatic transmit power


Power reduction
countermeasure control (ATPC)

Forward error correction


Power reduction
(FEC)

System level Power reduction and


Diversity receiving technology
countermeasure waveform distortion

Page 56
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
AUTOMATIC TRANSMIT POWER CONTROL
Under normal propagation conditions, the output
power of the transmitter is always at a lower level,
for example, 10 to 15 dB lower than the normal
level. When propagation fading occurs and the
receiver detects that the propagation fading is
lower than the minimum received level specified by
ATPC, the RFCOH is used to let the transmitter to
raise the transmit power.

Page 57
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
AUTOMATIC TRANSMIT POWER CONTROL

Modulator Transmitter Receiver Demodulator

ATPC ATPC

Demodulator Receiver Transmitter Modulator

Page 58
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
AUTOMATIC TRANSMIT POWER CONTROL
The output power of the transmitter automatically
traces and changes with the received level of the
receiver within the control range of ATPC.
The time rate of severe propagation fading is
usually small (<1%). After ATPC is configured, the
transmitter works at a power 10 to 15 dB lower
than the nominal power for over 99% of the time.
In this way, adjacent channel interference and
power consumption can be reduced.
Page 59
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
EFFECTS OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMIT POWER
CONTROL
 Reduces the interference to adjacent systems and
over-reach interference
 Reduce DC power consumption
 Reduces up fading
 Improves residual BER

Page 60
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
CROSS-POLARIZATION
INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION
(XPIC)
In microwave transmission, XPIC is
used to transmit two different
signals over one frequency. The
utilization ratio of the frequency
spectrum is doubled. To avoid

Electric field direction


severe interference between two Horizontal polarization

different polarized signals, the


interference compensation Vertical polarization
Shape of waveguide interface
technology must be used.
Page 61
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
680MHz
30MHz 340 MHz
80MHz 60MHz

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’

V (H)

H (V)

680 MHz
30MHz 340MHz
80MHz 60MHz

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’

V (H)

H (V)

1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X 1X’ 2X’ 3X' 4X’ 5X’ 6X’ 7X’ 8X’


Frequency configuration of U6 GHz frequency band (ITU-R F.384-5)

Page 62
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
Apart from the anti-fading technologies introduced
previously, here are two frequently used tips:
Method I: Make use of some terrain and ground
objects to block reflected waves.

Page 63
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
Method II: high and low antennas

Page 64
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment
With one hybrid coupler added between two ODUs
and the antenna, the 1+1 HSB can be realized in
the configuration of one antenna. Moreover, the FD
technology can also be adopted.

Hybrid coupler

Page 65
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment
The 1+1 HSB can also be
realized in the configuration
of two antennas. In this
case, the FD and SD
technologies can both be
adopted, which improves
the system availability.

Page 66
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment
N+1 (N≤3, 7, 11) Protection
In the following figure, Mn stands for the active
channel and P stands for the standby channel. The
active channel and the standby channel have their
independent modulation/demodulation unit and
signal transmitting /receiving unit. When the fault
or fading occurs in the active channel, the signal is
switched to the standby channel. The channel
backup is an inter-frequency backup. This
protection mode (FD) is mainly used in the all
indoor microwave equipment.
Page 67
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment
N+1 (N≤3, 7, 11) Protection

ch1 M1 M1 ch1
ch2 M2 M2 ch2
ch3 M3 M3 ch3

chP P P chP
Switching Switching control
control unit unit
RFSOH

Page 68
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment
Configuration Protection Mode Remarks Application

1+0 NP Non-protection Terminal of the network

1+1 FD Channel protection Inter-


frequency Select the proper mode
depending on the
geographical condition
1+1 SD Equipment protection and Intra- and requirements of the
channel protection frequency customer

1+1 FD+SD Equipment protection and Inter-


channel protection frequency

N+1 FD Equipment protection and Inter- Large-capacity backbone


channel protection frequency network

Page 69
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
 Step 1. Determine the route according to the
engineering map.
 Step 2. Select the site of the microwave station.
 Step 3. Draw the cross-sectional chart of the
terrain.
 Step 4. Calculate the parameters for site
construction.

Page 70
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 1. Determine the route according to
engineering map.

 We should select the area that rolls as much as


possible, such as the hilly area. We should avoid
passing the water surface and the flat and wide
area that is not suitable for the transmission of the
electric wave. In this way, the strong reflection
signal and the accordingly caused deep fading can
be avoided.
Page 71
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 1. Determine the route according to
engineering map.

 The line should avoid crossing through or


penetrating into the mountainous area.
 The line should go along with the railway, road
and other areas with the convenient transportation.

Page 72
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 2. Select the site of the microwave
station.
 The distance between two sites should not be
too long. The distance between two relay stations
should be equal, and each relay section should
have the proper clearance.
Avoid the interference from other radio services,
such as the satellite communication system, radar
site, TV station, and broadcast station.

Page 73
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 3. Draw the cross-sectional chart of the
terrain.
 Draw the cross-sectional chart of the terrain
based on the data of each site.
 Calculate the antenna height and transmission
situation of each site. For the line that has strong
reflection, adjust the mounting height of the
antenna to block the reflected wave, or have the
reflection point fall on the earth surface with small
reflection factor.

Page 74
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 3. Draw the cross-sectional chart of the
terrain.
 Consider the path clearance. The clearance in the
plain area should not be over great, and that in the
mountainous area should not be over small.

Page 75
Procedure for Designing a
Microwave Transmission Line
Step 4. Calculate the parameters for site
construction.
 Calculate the terrain parameters when the route
and the site are already determined.
 Calculate the azimuth and the elevation angles of
the antenna, distance between sites, free space
transmission loss and receive level, rain fading
index, line interruption probability, and allocated
values and margin of the line index.
Page 76

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