Noise pollution

Noise is defined as, "the unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound that causes discomfort to all living beings".
Sound intensity is measured in decibels (dB), that is the tenth part of the longest unit Bel. One dB is the faintest sound
that a human ear can hear.
TYPES OF NOISE: Environmental noise has been doubling every ten years. Noise is classified as:
1. Industrial Noise
2. Transport Noise and
3. Neighbourhood noise
Industrial Noise: It is sound with a high intensity sound caused by industry machines. Sources of such noise pollution
is caused by machines from machines in various factories, industries and mills. Noise from mechanical saws and
pneumatic drills is unbearable and a nuisance to the public.
The Indian Institute of Oto-Rino Laryngology, Chennai reported that increasing industrial pollution damages the
hearing ability by atleast 20%.Workers in steel industry, who work close to heavy industrial blowers are exposed to
112dB for eight hours suffer from occupational pollution.

Transport Noise: Transport noise mainly consists of traffic noise from road, rail and aircraft. The number of
automobiles on roads like motors, scooters, cars, motor cycles, buses, trucks and diesel engine vehicles have increased
enormously in the recent past further aggravating the problem of transport noise. Noise levels in most residential areas
in metropolitan cities is hovering around the border line due to increased vehicular noise pollution. This high level of
noise pollution leads to deafening in the elderly.

Neighbourhood noise: This type of noise includes disturbance from household gadgets and community. Common
sources being musical instruments, TV, VCR, Radios, Transistors, Telephones, and loudspeakers etc. Statistically,
ever since the industrial revolution, noise in the environment has been doubling every ten years.

Effects of Noise pollution

Effects of Noise:
Noise is generally harmful and a serious health hazard. It has far-reaching consequences and has many physical,
physiological as well as psychological effects on human beings.

(i) Physical Effects:

The physical manifestation of noise pollution is the effect on hearing ability. Repeated exposure to noise may result in
temporary or permanent shifting of the hearing threshold of a person depending upon the level and duration of
exposure. The immediate and acute effect of noise pollution is impairment of hearing (i.e. total deafness.)

Human ears have sensory cells for hearing. If these cells are subjected to repeated sounds of high intensity before they
have an opportunity to recover fully, they can become permanently damaged leading to impairment of hearing. Be-
sides the sensory cells, the delicate tympanic membrane or the ear drum can also be permanently damaged by a
sudden loud noise such as an explosion.

(ii) Physiological Effects:

The physiological manifestations of noise pollution are several as mentioned below:
(a) Headache by dilating blood vessels of the brain.

(b) Increase in the rate of heart-beat.

(c) Narrowing of arteries.

(d) Fluctuations in the arterial blood pressure by increasing the level of cholesterol in the blood.

(e) Decrease in heart output.

(f) Pain in the heart.

(g) Digestive spasms through anxiety and dilation of the pupil of the eye, thereby causing eye-strain.

(h) Impairment of night vision.

(i) Decrease in the rate of colour perception.

(j) Lowering of concentration and affect on memory,

(k) Muscular strain and nervous breakdown.

(l) Psychological Effect

The psychological manifestations of noise pollution are:

(a) Depression and fatigue which considerably reduces the efficiency of a person.

(b) Insomnia as a result of lack of undisturbed and refreshing sleep

(c) Straining of senses and annoyance as a result of slow but persistent noise from motorcycles, alarm

clocks, call bells, telephone rings etc.

(d) Affecting of psychomotor performance of a person by a sudden loud sound

(e) Emotional disturbance

For a talkative person, the most important effect of noise pollution would invariably be that noise interferes with our
conservation. So, noise is annoying and the annoyance depends on many factor not merely the intensity of the sound
but also repetition, because even a sound of small intensity (e.g. dripping tap or clicking of clock) may become
annoying, simply by repetition.

1. Noise pollution affects both human and animal health. It leads to:
1. contraction of blood vessels
2. making skin pale
3. excessive adrenalin in the blood stream which is responsible
for high blood pressure.

4. Blaring sounds are known to cause mental distress

5. Heart attacks, neurological problems, birth defects and abortion
 2. Muscle contraction leading to nervous breakdown, tension, etc
3. The adverse reactions are coupled with a change in hormone content of blood, which
in-turn increases heart beat, constriction of blood vessels, digestive spams and
dilation of the pupil of the eye.
4. Adverse affects health, work efficiency and behaviour. Noise pollution may cause

damage to the heart, brain, kidneys, liver and may produce emotional disturbance.
5. The most immediate and acute effect of noise is impairment of hearing that
diminishes some part of the auditory system. Prolonged exposure to noise of certain
frequency pattern leads to chronic damage to the inner ear.
6. Impulsive noise may cause psychological and pathological disorders
7. Ultrasonic sound can affect the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular system and
semicircular canals of the internal ear.
8. The brain is adversely affected by loud and sudden noise by jets and airplanes. People
are subjected to psychiatric illness.

9. Recent reports suggest that blood is thickened by excessive noise.

10. The optical system of human beings is also affected by noise pollution. Severe noise
pollution causes:
1. Pupullary dilation
2. Impairment of night vision and
3. Decrease in rate of colour perception
Control measures:

1. SOURCE CONTROL: This includes source modification such as acoustic treatment to machine
surface, design changes, limiting operational timings, etc
2. TRANSMISSION PATH INTERVENTION: This includes containing the source inside a sound
insulating enclosure, constructing a noise barrier or provision of sound absorbing materials along the path.
3. RECEPTOR CONTROL: This includes protection of the receiver by altering the work schedule or
provision of personal protection devices such as ear plugs for operating noisy machinery. The measure may
include dissipation and deflection methods.
4. OILING: Proper oiling will reduce noise from the machine.
Preventive measures:
1. Prescribing noise limits for vehicular traffic

2. Ban on honking (usage of horns) in certain areas

3. Creation of silence zones near schools and hospitals
4. Redesigning buildings to make them noise proof
5. Reduction of traffic density in residential areas
 6. Giving preference to mass public transport system.
7. Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is an effective solution for noise pollution.
8. Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce the sound pollution.
9. Building can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material for the walls, windows and ceilings.
10. Worker should be providing with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.

Table 5.9. Noise Pollution Level and its Harmful Effects:

Level (in db) Effects
up to 23
……………………….. No disturbance

Stress, tension, psychological

(illness, heart attact) effects
30—60 ……………………….. especially at upper range.

Damage to health, psychological

and vegetative (disturbance in
stomach-gall function, pains in
muscles, high blood pressure,
60—90 ……………………….. disturbance in sleeping)

Damages to health and ontological

60—120 ……………………… (ear diseases) effects

Above 120
……………………. Painful effects in long run.

The decibel (abbreviated dB) is the unit used to measure the intensity of a sound. The decibel scale is a little odd

because the human ear is incredibly sensitive. Your ears can hear everything from your fingertip brushing lightly over

your skin to a loud jet engine. In terms of power, the sound of the jet engine is about 1,000,000,000,000 times more

powerful than the smallest audible sound. That's a big difference!

On the decibel scale, the smallest audible sound (near total silence) is 0 dB. A sound 10 times more powerful is 10

dB. A sound 100 times more powerful than near total silence is 20 dB. A sound 1,000 times more powerful than near

total silence is 30 dB. Here are some common sounds and their decibel ratings: