Fungi

The characteristics of fungi :

 Fungi are heterotrophic
 Fungi have cell walls made of chitin
 Fungi have mass of hyphae is called mycelium
 Fungi reproduce by spores
Fungi are divided into 4 division :
a. Zygomycota
Example: Rhizopus oryzae, to making tempe

b. Ascomycota
Example : Aspergillus wentii, to making soy sauce

c. Basidiomycota
Example: Volvariella volvaceae,For groceries

d. Deuteromycota
Example: Neurospora crassa,to making oncom

Exoskleton
Exoskleton is eksternal skleton, the function of exoskleton is to protecting the body. So, we can
called it eggshell.
Example : Crustaceae Myriapoda

Famili
Famili in the classification of scientific is a takson which live between ordo and genus.
Example : Canidae Caricaceae
Evolution
Evolution of biology is the process of living things gradually in a long periode of time from a
simple shape into complex shape.
Evolution is divided into two kinds :
 The Progressive evolution : the changes that result in a species that allows
the continued life of the next.
» Divergen, example : beak shape of finch bird
» Convergen, example : dolphin, and shark
 The reggressive evolution : the changes that result in a species which not
allow the continued life of the next, fo example: dinosaur

Classification
Classification is a way to grouping organism. The order of organism classification from the
highest to the lowest level are :
1. Kingdom
2. Division (for plant)/Phylum (for animal)
3. Class
4. Family
5. Genus
6. Species
For example :

ANGIOSPERM
Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants. Their reproductive structures are flowers in which
the ovules are enclosed in an ovary. Angiosperms are found in almost every habitat from forests
and grasslands to sea margins and deserts. Angiosperms display a huge variety of life forms
including trees, herbs, bulbs and epiphytes. The largest plant families are Orchids, and
Compositae (daisies) and Legumes (beans).
Example of angiosperm:
ENDOSPERM
Endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plant around the time
of fertilization.
Endosperm is formed when the two sperm nuclei inside the a pollen grain reach the interior of an
embryo sac or female gamethopyte. One sperm nucleus fertilizes, the egg, forming a zygot, while
the other sperm nuclesos usually fuses with the two polar nucleid at the center of thhe embryo
sac. Forming a primary endosperm cell lits nucleus is often called the triple function nucleus.
That cell created in the process of doble fertilization develop into the endosperm. Because, it is
formed by a separate fertilization, the endosperm constitutes an organism separate from the
growing embryo.