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TABLE II
E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS OF THE S TANDARD L25 (56 ) ORTHOGONAL A RRAY
we chose 515 V and 2.0 g/L Na2 SO4 as the optimum parame-
ters. For temperature and discharge time, lower temperature and
increasing discharge time benefit for higher removal efficiency.
However, considering the cost, 303 K and 90 min were the
best choice. For the initial pH value, it was just a temporary
value because the pH rapidly decreased when glow discharge
started due to the formation of organic acids. Therefore, the
initial pH value of the solution was chosen as 3.0. The lower
concentration of AO could be efficiently degraded. However,
the concentration of the dye wastewater was usually higher. The
degradation rate was over 95.0% when the initial concentration
of AO was 25.0 mg/L when other optimized variables were
employed. Therefore, 25.0 mg/L was chosen for the initial
concentration of AO.
The reproducibility of the experiment under optimum condi-
tions was also investigated. The results were shown in Fig. 1.
Obviously, the degradation rates of four reduplicate experi- Fig. 3. pH and conductivity changes of the solution during CGDE.
ments were over 95.0%. It could be concluded that the re-
producibility of the experiment under the optimum conditions C. Catalytic effect of Iron Ions
was well. It has been demonstrated that H2 O2 formed during anodic
discharge region [5], [6]. Therefore, the addition of iron salts
B. Absorption Spectra could enhance the dye removal through the Fenton’s reaction
[13]. In this experiment, the effect of ferrous ions was studied,
Under the optimum condition, we investigated the UV ab- and the results were shown in Fig. 4. The degradation of
sorption spectra of the AO samples that were demonstrated in AO was most efficient, and the degradation rate was more
Fig. 2. Before the degradation reaction, the initial absorption than 95.2% after 5 min when the concentration of Fe2+ was
curve had absorption between 350–550 nm and its maximum 10.0 mg/L. This was because the additional hydroxyl radicals
absorption at 485 nm. At 310 nm, there was a weak peak. were produced through the following reaction:
The absorbance at these two wavelengths decreased with the
discharge time. After 120 min, it became much weaker. It can H2 O2 + Fe2+ → Fe3+ + ·OH + OH− .
be inferred that the chromophore had been damaged in CGDE.
Meanwhile, the curve had very strong absorption at 200– Fe2+ could capture H2 O2 and produce powerful oxidizing
240 nm. It is clearly shown in Fig. 2 that the absorbance at agents ·OH. The concentration of the hydroxyl radical was
225 nm increased with the discharge time. It could be concluded enough to oxidize a reactant in a short time. However, when
that the cleavage of the conjugate system of AO led to the for- the concentration of Fe2+ was over 10.0 mg/L, the difference
mation of some carboxylic acids. In other words, AO underwent in degradation rates was not obvious. That is perhaps because
oxidative degradation in CGDE. of the following reaction:
The changes of pH and conductivity during the CGDE treat- ·OH + Fe2+ → Fe3+ + OH− .
ment were shown in Fig. 3. It can be observed in Fig. 3 that
the pH of the solution rapidly dropped, and the conductivity Excess Fe2+ consumed the hydroxyl radical instead. There-
accordingly increased. It also indicated that some of the organic fore, the amount of Fe2+ could not be excessively added.
acids were produced, which was consistent with that shown in The UV-vis spectra (see Fig. 5) also showed the efficient
UV-vis spectra. degradation. The absorbance at 485 nm abruptly decreased to
1102 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 39, NO. 4, APRIL 2011
a stable value in 10 min. However, it was worthy to notice However, when the concentration of Fe3+ was 40.0 mg/L, the
that absorption at 305 nm, 230 nm dropped first and then effect was similar to that of 20.0 mg/L. Therefore, 20.0 mg/L
increased to a stable value, which was different from that was the best addition.
without Fe2+ . Perhaps it was because the cleavage of AO led
to small molecule substance.
IV. C ONCLUSION
The ferric ion also showed apparent catalytic effect on the
degradation rate of AO (see Fig. 6). When the concentration of In this paper, the impact of several electrolyte parameters
Fe3+ was 20.0 mg/L, the degradation rate was more than 96.0% (pH, temperature, applied voltage, discharge time, initial AO
after the 5-min CGDE treatment. The following reaction may concentration, and electrolyte concentration) on plasma degra-
explain the aforementioned phenomenon: dation of AO with CGDE has been experimentally investigated.
It could be concluded that the applied voltage and the discharge
Fe3+ + H2 O2 → Fe2+ + HO2 · +H+ . time had a major effect on the degradation of AO. According
JIN et al.: PLASMA DEGRADATION OF ACID ORANGE 7 1103
to orthogonal design, the optimum conditions that we chose hydrodynamic instabilities in local solvent vaporisation by Joule heating
were as follows: 1) 515-V applied voltage; 2) 90-min discharge during electrolysis,” J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 427, no. 1/2 , pp. 23–27,
Apr. 1997.
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