Universidad Autónoma de Baja California

Valle de las palmas

Profesor Oscar Adrián Morales.

Alumno Efren Brigada Abarca.

Grupo 567

Materia Mecánica de fluidos II

Lectura IV y V

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

 Reading # 4
Fundamentals of flow

There are two methods for studying the movement of flow. One is a method which
follows any arbitrary particle with its kaleidoscopic changes in velocity and
acceleration. This is called the Lagrangian method. The other is a method by
which, rather than following any particular fluid particle, changes in velocity and
pressure are studied at fixed positions in space x, y, z and at time t.

Streamline and stream tube

A curve formed by the velocity vectors of each fluid particle at a certain time is
called a streamline.

The curve where the tangent at each point indicates the direction of fluid at that
point is a streamline.

A streamline is obtained by drawing a curve following this flow trace. From the
definition of a streamline, since the velocity vector has no normal component,
there is no flow which crosses the streamline.

Steady flow and unsteady flow

A flow whose flow state expressed by velocity, pressure, density, etc.,

at any position, does not change with time, is called a steady flow.

The other hand, a flow whose flow state does change with time is
called an unsteady flow.

When water runs out while the handle is stationary, leaving the
opening constant, the flow is steady.

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

Three-dimensional, two-dimensional and one-dimensional flow

All general flows such as a ball flying in the air and a flow around a moving
automobile have velocity components in x, y and z directions. They are called
three-dimensional flows. Expressing the velocity components in the x, y and z axial
directions as u, u and w.

Laminar flow and turbulent flow

One man who systematically studied such states of flow was Osborne Reynolds.

Reynolds used the device shown. Coloured liquid was led to the entrance of a
glass tube. As the valve was gradually opened by the handle, the colored liquid
flowed, as shown, like a piece of thread without mixing with peripheral water.

He called the former flow the laminar flow, the latter flow the turbulent flow, and
the flow velocity at the time when the laminar flow had turned to turbulent flow
the critical velocity.

Reynolds number

Conducted many experiments using glass tubes of 7, 9, 15 and 27 mm diameter

and water temperatures from 4 to 44°C. He discovered that a laminar flow turns
to a turbulent flow when the value of the non- dimensional quantity pvd/p
reaches a certain amount whatever the values of the average velocity v, glass
tube diameter d, water density p and water viscosity p.

Whenever the velocity is the critical velocity v,, Re, = v,d/v is called the critical
Reynolds number. The value of Re, is much affected by the turbulence existing in
the fluid coming into the tube, but the Reynolds number at which the flow remains
laminar, however agitated the tank water, is called the lower critical Reynolds
number.

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

Incompressible and compressible fluids

Liquid is called an incompressible fluid, and gas a compressible fluid.

The case of a liquid it becomes necessary to take compressibility into account

whenever the liquid is highly pressurised.

Rotation and spinning of liquid

Fluid particles running through a narrow channel flow, while undergoing

deformation and rotation.

Although the liquid makes a rotary movement, its microelements always face the
same direction without performing rotation. This case is a kind of irrotational flow
called free vortex flow.

Circulation

Assuming a given closed curve s, the integrated u: (which is the velocity

component in the tangential direction of the velocity us at a given point on this
curve) along this same curve is called the circulation.

1. Put appropriate words in the blanks _______ below.

(a) A flow which does not change as time elapses is called a

steady flow. velocity, density and pressure of flow in a steady flow are
functions of position only, and most of the flows studied in hydrodynamics are
steady flows. A flow which changes as time elapses is called an unsteady
flow. velocity, density and pressure of flow in an unsteady flow are functions
of position and time.

Flows such as when a valve is laminar or the turbulent from a tank belong to
this flow.

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

2. When a cylindrical column of radius 5cm is turned counterclockwise in
fluid at 300rpm, obtain the circulation of the fluid in contact with the
column.

n = 300 rpm

D = .05 m

n𝜋𝐷 300𝜋.1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑃𝑒 𝑉= = = 1.57 𝑚/𝑠
60 60

𝑃𝑒 = 𝜋𝐷 = 𝜋. 1 = 0.31416 m

𝑚
𝑉𝑐 = 1.57 (. 31416 𝑚) = 0.493 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑠

3. When water is running in a round tube of diameter 3 cm at a flow velocity

of 2 m/s, is this flow laminar or turbulent? Assume that the kinematic viscosity
of water is 1 x 10-6 m2/s.

Re =2320

D = 0.03 m

V = 2 m/s2

µw = 1 x 10-6 m2/s

Vc D 2 (0.3)
𝑅𝑒 = = = 60000 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜
µ 1 x 10−6

4. If the flow velocity is given by the following equations for a

twodimensional flow, obtain the equation of the streamline for this flow:

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

5. If the flow velocities are given as follows, show respectively whether the
flows are rotational or irrotational:

(a) u = -ky v = kx (k is constant). Rotational flow

(b) u = X’ - y2 v = -2xy kY Irrotational flow

(c) u = -- x2 + y2 kx v=- x2 + y2 Irrotational flow

6. Assuming that the critical Reynolds number of the flow in a circular pipe is
2320, obtain the critical velocity when water or air at 20°C is flowing in a
pipe of diameter 1 cm. 54 Fundamentals of flow

Date:

Re =2320

T = 20 C

D = 1 cm

ρw = 1000 kg/m3

ρair = 1.204 kg/m3

µw = 1.02 x 10-6 m2/s

µw = 1.51 x 10-5 m2/s

Vc ρ D Re µ (2320) (1.02 x 10−6 )

𝑅𝑒 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = = 2.3 𝑚/𝑠
µ ρD kg
(1000 3 ) (01 m)
𝑚

Re µ (2320) (1.51 x 10−5 )

𝑉𝑐 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = = 2.98 𝑚/𝑠
ρD kg
(1.204 3 ) (01 m)
𝑚

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

7. A cylinder of diameter 1 m is turning counterclockwise at 500rpm. Assuming
that the fluid around the cylinder turns in contact with the column, obtain the
circulation around it.

Date:

n = 500 rpm

D=1m

n𝜋𝐷 500𝜋1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑃𝑒 𝑉= = = 26.18 𝑚/𝑠
60 60

𝑃𝑒 = 𝜋𝐷 = 𝜋1 = 𝜋 m

𝑚
𝑉𝑐 = 26.18 (𝜋 𝑚) = 82
𝑠

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

 Reading #5

One-dimensional flow: mechanism for conservation of flow properties.

General flows are three dimensional, but many of them may be studied as if
they are one dimensional.

Continuity equation

In steady flow, the mass flow per unit time passing through each section does
not change, even if the pipe diameter changes. This is the law of
conservation of mass.

Equations and state that the flow is continuous, with no loss or gain, so these
equations are called the continuity equations. They are an expression of the
principle of conservation of mass when applied to fluid flow.

Conservation of energy

Consider a roller-coaster running with great excitement in an amusement

park. The speed of the roller-coaster decreases.

This is because the potential energy increases and kinetic energy decreases
at the top, and the opposite occurs at the bottom. However, ignoring
frictional losses, the sum of the two forms of energy is constant at any height.
This is a manifestation of the principle of conservation of energy for a solid.

Conservation of momentum

Therefore, the velocity is not sufficient to study the effects of bodily motion,
but the product, Mu, of the mass M and the velocity u can be used as an
indicator of the consequences of motion. This is called the linear momentum.
By Newton’s second law of motion, the change per unit time in the
momentum of a body is equal to the force acting on the body.

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

In other words, the acting force is conserved as an increase in unit time in
momentum. This is the law of conservation of momentum.

The equation of momentum is very effective when a fluid force acting on a

body is studied.

Conservation of angular momentum

The angular momentum in the case where a body of mass M is rotating at

radius r and rotational velocity v is given by Angular momentum = moment
of inertia x angular velocity.

This is equivalent to Newton’s second law of motion, and expresses the law
of conservation of angular momentum.

1.-Derive la ecuación de Bernoulli para el flujo constante mediante la

integración de Euler ecuación de movimiento

establece el equilibrio entre las fuerzas de inercia, masa, presión y

viscosidad por unidad de volumen que actúan sobre una partícula fluida
elementa

𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑧
V𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑔 𝑑𝑠

𝑣2 𝑑𝑝
+∫ 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
2

𝑣2 𝑑𝑝
+𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
2

𝑣2 𝑝
+ +𝑧=𝐻
2𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑

𝑃𝑣 2
+P+𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
2

𝑃𝑣 2
+𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃1
2

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

2.- Encuentre las velocidades de flujo vI, v2 y v3 en el conducto que se
muestra en la figura 5.25. El caudal Q es de 800 l / min y los diámetros d ,,
d2 yd, en las secciones 1,2 y 3 son 50,60 y 100 mm respectivamente.

Por lo tanto esto es igual a Q=aV

Q3=A3*V3 es lo mismo para v2

𝑚3 𝑚3
0.013 = (1.96𝑚2 )(𝑣1) para v2… 0.013 =2.82(v2)
𝑠 𝑠

V1=6.77m/s

R=v 1 = 6.79 m/s , v2 = 4.02 m/s, v3 = 1.70 m/s

3.- El agua fluye en el conducto que se muestra en la figura 5.25. Si la

presión p1, en
la sección 1 es 24.5 kPa, cuáles son las presiones p2, y p3, en las secciones 2
y 3 respectivamente
Aplicando la ecuación P1/𝛾+ (v1)^2/2*g= P2/𝛾+ (v2)^2/2*g
(0.77𝑚/𝑠))2 4.703 𝑚/𝑠2
P2=245kpa+[ − ]* 𝛾
2𝑔) 2𝑔

P2=24.5kpa[2.33-1.127]𝛾

2. p2 = 36 kPa , p3 = 46.1 kPa

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

4.- En la figura 5.26, el aire del caudal Q fluye hacia el centro a través de
una tubería de radio r, y radialmente entre dos discos, y luego fluye hacia
la atmósfera. Obtenga la distribución de presión entre los discos. también
calcular la fuerza de presión que actúa sobre la placa anular inferior el
diámetro interior es r1, y el diámetro exterior es r2, Desprecie las pérdidas
por fricción

𝜌𝑞 1 1
Po – p = 8𝜋2 ℎ2 (𝑟12 − 𝑟22 )

𝜌𝑞 𝑟2 1 𝑟12
P = 8𝜋2 ℎ2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟1 − 2 (𝑇 − 𝑟22 )]

5.- En la figura 5.26, si el agua fluye a una tasa Q = 0.013 m3 / s radialmente

entre dos discos de radio r, = 30 cm cada uno desde una tubería de radio rl
= 7 cm, obtener la presión y la velocidad de flujo en r = 12 cm. Suponer que
h = 0.3cm y descuidar la pérdida por fricción vr=575m/s pr-po=-1.38x10pa
recordando que Q=A*V

6.- Como se muestra en la figura 5.27, un tanque tiene un orificio y un << A.

Encuentre la hora necesaria para que el tanque se vacía

2𝐴√𝐻
T=𝐶𝑎√2𝑔

7.- Como se muestra en la figura 5.28, el agua fluye desde un recipiente a

través de un pequeño orificio en la parte inferior. ¿Qué es una forma de
sección adecuada para mantener la velocidad de descenso de la
superficie del agua constante? Supongamos que el volumen de agua en el
el recipiente es 21, R / d = 100 (donde R es el radio de la superficie inicial del
agua en el recipiente, del pequeño orificio en la parte inferior) y la descarga
de flujo el coeficiente del agujero pequeño es C = 0.6. ¿Qué debería R y D
estar en orden? para fabricar un reloj de agua para medir 1 hora. Aplicando
la formula directa:

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

 𝜋𝑣
H=[𝐶𝑎√2𝑔]2 *𝑟 4 por lo Q=129𝑚3 /𝑠 d=1.29m

8.- En el caso que se muestra en la figura 5.29, el agua con un caudal de Q

= 0.2m3 / s es suministrado al tanque de agua cilíndrico de diámetro 1 m
de descarga a través de un tubo redondo de 4 m de longitud y 15 cm de
diámetro. ¿Cuán profundo será el agua en el tanque?
𝜋𝑣
H=[𝐶𝑎√2𝑔]2 *𝑟 4

H=2.53m
9.-Como se muestra en la figura 5.30, un chorro de agua de caudal Q y
diámetro d golpea la placa estacionaria en el ángulo 8. Calcule la fuerza
en este estacionario placa y su dirección. Además, si 8 = 60 °, d = 25 mm y
Q = 0.12m3 / s, obtenga Q1, Q2 y F
Q1=Q(T+cos∅)/2 por lo cual el caudal 2 Q2= Q(T+cos∅)/2
Q1=12𝑚3 /𝑠(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅)/2 Q2=12𝑚3 /𝑠(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅)/2

Q1=0.09𝑚2 /s Q2=0.03𝑚 𝑠 /𝑠
F=pQvsen∅
F=(1000m/s)(0.12𝑚3 )(244.46)sen∅
F=25405KN
10.- La Figura 5.32 muestra un rociador de jardín. Si el diámetro de la
boquilla del rociador es 5 mm y la velocidad del aspersor es de 5 m / s,
¿cuál es la velocidad de rotación? ¿Qué par se requiere para mantener el
rociador estacionario? Suponer que hay sin fricción.

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II

11.- Un bote propulsado por un jet como se muestra en la figura 5.33 se
mueve a una velocidad de 10 m / s. El río fluye contra el bote a 5 m / s.
Asumiendo el jet la velocidad de flujo es de 0.15 m3 / sy su velocidad de
descarga es de 20 m / s, ¿cuál es el poder de propulsión de este bote? (Jet
boats como este en realidad están en uso).

F=PQ(𝑈2 − 𝑈1 )
20𝑚
𝐹 = 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (0.15𝑚3 )( − 15𝑚/𝑠)
𝑠
F=750N

EFREN BRIGADA ABARCA GRUPO 567 MECANICA FLUIDOS II