Lab report

Titration of Hydrochloric Acid with Sodium

Hydroxide

Submitted to:
Dr. Patraphorn Sanguansat

Presented by:
Section 1107
Yanisa Wetchapon (Anna) 5961208
Natnicha Kunakornkul (Mew) 5961025
Siriyakorn Tongveeraprasert (Baitoey) 5961006
Nakin Srihakorth (Mammoth) 5961194
Bralee Somyarak (Toto) 5961069
Koonlapat Singharerk (Pim) 5961042

General chemistry
Mahidol University International Demonstration School
Grade 11 Semester 2 Academic year 2018
 Table of Contents:
Abstract 3
Introduction 4
Objectives 4

Experiment 6
Materials: 6
Chemicals 6
Equipments/glasswares 7

Procedures 9
Results 10
Discussion 12
POST-LAB QUESTIONS 12
Errors: 13
PRE-LAB QUESTIONS: 14

Conclusion 16
Suggestions 17
References 18
Work Log 19
 Abstract
This lab report studies how neutralization reaction occurs. In this
experiment we are using Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide solution along
with Phenolphthalein and Bromophenol Blue as an indicator. In the experiment, we
titrate NaOH and HCl. For the first solution, we use Phenolphthalein as an
indicator, if the solution changes from colorless into light pink means it reached
endpoint. On the other hand, we used Bromophenol Blue as an indicator for
another solution, it will varies from yellow to light gray when it reaches endpoint.
During the process, we continuously swirl the flask while we drop each indicator.
For Phenolphthalein, we got pale pink color of solution and for
Bromophenol we got light gray color. On average, we used in total of 7.7 mL of
NaOH for the solution that contains Bromophenol Blue and 4.5 mL of NaOH for
the solution that contains Phenolphthalein. After considering some of the
calculations, we are able to obtain that the average concentration of HCl is 6.65.
 Introduction
● Objectives
1. To obtain the knowledge of using titration and understanding neutralization
reaction
2. To determine the unknown concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution
using acid-base titration.

There are three major classifications of substance commonly known as

acids, bases, and neutral. Acids and bases are separated into strong acids/bases and
also weak acids/bases. “​A strong acid and bases is one that completely ionizes in a
solution while the weak acid and bases are opposite.”(Pomona Edu, 2016) ​The
concentrations of acids and bases are expressed in terms of pH, and in calculation
terms there are methods to convert into pH and pOH. The pH scale is defined as
“pH= -log[H+] and for pOH is pOH= -log[OH-]”. The addition of pH and pOH
value, it will always be 14.

In this experiment, we have to determine the unknown concentration of the

solution which is Hydrochloric solution by using titration. The titration method is a
technique of a solution of a known concentration (titrant) that is used to determine
the concentration of an unknown solution until the substance being analyzed is
consumed. This point, where all acid was consumed and there is no excess of base,
is called the equivalence point. We can use this equivalence point to determine the
initial concentration of acid considering the calculations. The goal of the titration is
to get as close as possible to the equivalence point by careful addition of the base;
this will ensure the calculated acid concentration is as close to the true value as
possible.
 ​ eutralization is a type of chemical ​reaction in which a strong acid of [H+]
N
and strong base [OH-] ​combined to form water and salt as a product.The ​reaction
shown below is a neutralization reaction, where salt and water are the produced
from the reaction:
Acid + Base → Salt + Water

HCl​(aq)​ + NaOH​(aq)​ → NaCl​(aq)​ + H​2​O​(l)

During the process, in order for chemists to be able to indicate when the
solution have reached the equivalence point is by using pH indicators. Due to
Virtual Amrita Laboratories, the pH indicators are a chemical reagent used to
recognize the attainment of end point in a titration​. ​It changes color depending on
the pH, to show us when the reaction has completely neutralized. For this
experiment, we used Phenolphthalein and Bromophenol Blue to indicates whether
the solution has reached it equivalence point. Phenolphthalein—a pH indicator in
acidic and neutral solutions, the indicator is colorless, but in a basic solution, the
color is a bright pink. The higher the pH is, the stronger the pink color is.
According to Science Company, Bromophenol Blue ​changes color over a ​pH range
from 6.0 (yellow) to 7.6 (blue). The signal that will apparently indicates that the
solution containing Bromophenol Blue has reached its equivalence point is when
the solution turns from yellow to a light gray color.
 Experiment
Materials:

Chemicals

1.Hydrochloric (HCl)

2.Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

3.Phenolphthalein
4.Bromophenol

Equipments/glasswares
1. 100 mL beaker

2. Buret

3. Flask
4. Automatic pipette

5. Squirt bottle

6. Pipette
 Procedures
1. Record the molarity of NaOH solution.
2. Obtain about 100 mL of the NaOH in a clean beaker. This should be enough for the initial
cleaning of your buret and for your first 3 trials.
3. Clean your buret: Add about 5 mL of the base solution from the beaker to the buret (use a
funnel to pour). Move the funnel around while adding to ensure the sides of the buret are coated
with base. Alternatively, you can remove the buret with the 5 mL of titrant from the buret stand
and carefully tilt and rotate to coat all interior surfaces with the titrant. Drain the solution through
the stopcock into a waste beaker. Repeat this rinse with a second 5 mL portion of base.
4. Pour more of the sodium hydroxide solution into the buret until it is near the 0.00 mL mark.
Open the stopcock to allow several drops to rinse through the tip of the buret. This should
eliminate any air bubbles in the buret tip. Record your initial buret reading on the data sheet for
trial 1 (the volume does not need to be exactly 0.00 mL).
5. Draw 10.00 mL of the acid solution into the volumetric pipette and transfer this solution into
an Erlenmeyer flask. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein to the acid solution in the flask.
6. Place the flask under the buret and start adding the base solution to the Erlenmeyer flask.
When pink starts to develop, add the solution more slowly. At this point you should add one drop
at a time followed by swirling until a very light pink color persists for at least 30 seconds.
Remember, the lighter the pink the better
7. Record the final reading of the buret. Wash the contents of the flask down the drain with
water.
8. Refill the buret with more sodium hydroxide solution if necessary. Record the new volume
under trial 2 on the data sheet. Pipette another sample of acid and add the phenolphthalein as
before and titrate as before.
9. Conduct additional titrations until the volume of NaOH used in two of them differ by no more
than 1 ml.
10. Measure the pH of mixing solution by using pH meter.
11. Repeat the step 5 by using bromophenol blue as indicator instead of phenolphthalein
12. Complete the data sheet and post-lab questions.

Results
Concentration of sodium hydroxide : 0.01 M

Balanced Chemical Equation of the titration reaction :

Phenolphthalein Bromophenol blue

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2

Initial
buret
volume 19.9 mL 20.0 mL 20.1 mL 24.2 mL
(mL)

Final
buret
volume 24.4 mL 28.8 mL 24.2 mL 31.9 mL
(mL)

Volume
of base 4.5 mL 8.8 mL 4.1 mL 7.7 mL
(mL)

Volume
of base 0.0045 L 0.0088 L 0.0041 L 0.0077 L

(L)

Moles of
base 4.5*10​-5 8.8*10​-5 4.1*10​-5 7.7*10​-5

(mol)

Acid to
Base 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1
 Mole
Ratio

Moles of
acid 4.5*10​-5 8.8*10​-5 4.1*10​-5 7.7*10​-5

(mol)

Volume
of acid 0.01 L 0.01 L 0.01 L 0.01 L

(L)

Acid
concentra 4.5*10​-3​ M 8.8*10​-3​ M 4.1*10​-3​ M 7.7*10​-3​ M
tion (M)

Average
concentra 6.65*10​-3​ M 5.9*10​-3 ​ M
tion (M)
 Discussion
POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. How would it affect your results if you used a beaker with residual water in it to
measure out your standardized sodium hydroxide solution?
= If there are drops of water left in the beaker the concentration of the solution will
change and this will affect the end point. Therefore, the concentration and pH
result will change or not accurate according to the end point chart.

2. How would it affect your results if you used a wet Erlenmeyer flask instead of a
dry one when transferring your acid solution from the volumetric pipette?
= The acid (HCL) that we use to pour into the beaker will be diluted a little bit and
the molarity will also change. This will also affect the equilibrium result,
concentration and pH.

3. How do you tell if you have exceeded the equivalence point in your titration?
= The color of the solution will change. So for the Bromophenol blue solution the
color changes to very bright blue. For the Phenolphthalein the color will changes
into bright pink color.

4. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH) in water. For quality control

purposes, it can be titrated using sodium hydroxide to assure a specific %
composition. If 25.00 mL of acetic acid is titrated with 9.08 mL of a standardized
2.293 M sodium hydroxide solution, what is the molarity of the vinegar?
(Next page)
CH3COOH + NaOH → H2O + CH3COONa
NaOH
Molarity = mole
L Change mL into L by multiplying 10−3
mole
2.293 =
9.08x10−3
Mole = 2.93 × ( 9.08 × 10−3 ) ≈ 0.0208 (round up to 3 s.f.)
Vinegar
M =​ 0.02082044
0.025 → N aOH mole
25×10−3
Molarity ≈ 0.8328176

Vinegar Molarity is 0.8328176

Errors:
From the experiment our group made 2 mistakes in Bromophenol blue solutions
but we succeed for all Phenolphthalein solutions. For Bromophenol blue, we put
too much base solution, because in each mixture the chemical composition are not
the same. Therefore, when we fill the Bromophenol blue with base solution of the
same amount as the first time it didn’t work. We keep adding the base solution
until it was over the equivalent and the color turned out blue. The mistakes could
be from us humans and also the environment, but these reasons may not be able to
solve directly. Human errors can be because of our physical issues, for example
visually impaired which can cause us to measure the amount of substance
inaccurately. And for environment, we can’t prevent what will be mix with the
solution or control the chemical in every mixtures to be the same. In brief, human
errors and the environment can be some factors that affect the result of the
experiment, there could be more reasons but these are some fallibilities we thought
might affect the most.
PRE-LAB QUESTIONS:

1. How will you know when your titration is finished?

= We could know if our titration is completed when we could see a pale pink
of the phenolphthalein solution for at least 30 seconds. For the bromophenol Blue
indicator, the solution will change its color from yellow to gray and it should stay
at gray color for about 30 seconds.

2. Label the pH scale below with acid, base and neutral, indicating numbers for
each.

3. On the scale above, use an arrow to show where your equivalence point is
located.

4. Write the neutralization reaction that occurs between hydrobromic acid

(HBr) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH).
= HBr + LiOH LiBr + H​2​O
5. What is the concentration of 10.00 mL of HBr if it takes 16.73 mL of a
0.253 M LiOH solution to neutralize it?
= Mole = M x V Morality = mole
litre
16.71
M = 0.253 x 16.73 1000 = ​1: 1 scale
M = 0.253 x 0.01673
M = 0.0423269 mole
Morality = mole
litre of HBr
M = 0.00423269
0.01
Morality = 0.423269 of HBr
 Conclusion

In conclusion, the purpose of this experiment is to use titration method to

determine the unknown concentration of solution of Hydrochloric Acid. The
indicators that aid the process was Phenolphthalein and Bromophenol Blue. As
stated earlier, the indicators will indicates whether the solution has reached the end
point yet. The process that occurred during the experiment was neutralization
reaction; for it produces salt and water.
From this experiment, after the solution which contains Phenolphthalein had
reached to the end-point as we dropped the base solution in the amount of 0.0045
L, the solution will change from colorless to pale pink. The solution with
Bromophenol blue turned from yellow to purple which mean it’s over in the first
trial, and the amount of base used was 0.0041L. Later in the second trial, it turned
into a light gray color when the base reached 0.0077 L, and this time was a
success. After a series of calculation of HCl, the average concentration of HCl is
6.65.
 Suggestions

1. Before start doing lab, make sure that you wear goggles, lab coat, gloves to
prevent your body from chemicals.
2. Drop NaOH in the beaker carefully.
3. Make sure that you fit a buret in auto pipette before suck and emit HCl out.
4. When you clean a buret with HCl, make sure that every single of them are
coated with a base solution.
 References
LearnChemistry. (n.d.). ​Titrating sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid​.
Retrieved from
http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00000697/titrating-sodium-hydroxi
de-with-hydrochloric-acid?cmpid=CMP00005972.

Libretexts. (2016, October 23). ​Acid-Base Titrations​. Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Demonstrations_and_Experiments/Basic_Lab_Techniqu
es/Titration/Acid-Base_Titrations.

amrita. (n.d.). ​Acid Base Titration​. Retrieved from

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=2&brch=193&sim=352&cnt=1.

chemistry.pomona. (n.d.). ​TABLE OF STRONG ACIDS ​. Retrieved from

http://www.chemistry.pomona.edu/chemistry/1alab/www/fall2006/powerptpresent
ations/5anions/acidbaset.htm.

sciencecompany. (n.d.). ​Bromothymol Blue pH Indicator, 1 oz.​ Retrieved from

https://www.sciencecompany.com/Bromothymol-Blue-pH-Indicator-1-oz-P6363.a
spx.

study. (n.d.). ​Neutralization Reaction: Definition, Equation & Examples​. Retrieved

from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/neutralization-reaction-definition-equation-exam
ples.html.
 Work Log

Yanisa Wetchapon (Anna) Suggestion

Conclusion
Natnicha Kunakornkul (Mew) Discussion and error

Siriyakorn Tongveerapraser (Baitoey) Introduction

Nakin Srihakorth (Mammoth) Experiment

Bralee Somyarak (Toto) Abstract

Introduction
Koonlapat Singharerk (Pim) Result
Conclusion