PROJECT : DIFC ICD Brookfield Place REFERENCE : BAL-151

CAL NO. : 4459-AAB-SC-24 ENG'G DESIGN : DED

DESIGN CODE : British Standards CHECK : SMLJr.
Design and Engineering Department

SECTION DESCRIPTION 1-1} Typical Glass Balustrade Panel

i. Overview
The following figures are representaonal and for structural calculaon purposes only. The actual configuraon i.e., panel
dimensions, member lengths, fastener diameters, etc. may vary on the actual concept/shop drawings. However, this does not affect
the structural analyses and design verificaons presented in this desig n sheet as the desig n parameters are based and consistent
with the reference drawings.

Typical 3D View of Structure Schedule of Panel (Highlighted), Cri$cal is Shown

ii. Analysis
A} So&ware Modeling

FE Model Structural System

Support Defini$on

1-1} Typical Glass Balustrade Panel.xmcd Section Page 1 of 7

 PROJECT : DIFC ICD Brookfield Place REFERENCE : BAL-151
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B} Loads Ref: i. Design Overview, Structural System and Load Analysis

Basic Loads

Dead Load D - Selfweight of Panel Calculated implicitly by so&ware!

Wind Load
Wind Load Pressure qiWLp := 2.00 kPa ←
Wind Load Sucon qiWLs := - 2.00 kPa ←
Live Load
Horizontal Uniformly Distributed Line Load wL := 3.00  kN  m ←
Uniformly Distributed Load Applied to the Infill qL := 1.50 kPa ←
Point Load Applied to Part of the Infill PL := 1.50 kN ←
C} Reports / Diagrams

Displaced Shape of the Panel

for the Governing Load Case

1-1} Typical Glass Balustrade Panel.xmcd Section Page 2 of 7

 PROJECT : DIFC ICD Brookfield Place REFERENCE : BAL-151
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Stress Contour for the

Governing Load Case (BS 6180)

Stress Contour for the

Governing Load Case (AS 1288)

1-1} Typical Glass Balustrade Panel.xmcd Section Page 3 of 7

 PROJECT : DIFC ICD Brookfield Place REFERENCE : BAL-151
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D} Summary Note: "STL" refers to Short Term Load (Up to 3 s); "MTL on FT" refers to Medium Term Load on HS and
FT (Up to 10 min).

Load Combinations, Design Parameters, Deflections and Stresses

TEMP. Eint Actual Deflection Actual Stress
LC DESCRIPTION DURATION
(°C) (MPa) (mm) (MPa)
1 1.0D + 1.0W STL 55 51.65 5.53 -
2 1.0D + 1.0ULL MTL on FT 22 536.00 15.13 31.76
3 1.0D + 1.0QLL MTL on FT 22 536.00 3.08 8.75
4 1.0D + 1.0CLL-1 MTL on FT 22 536.00 3.43 7.38
5 1.0D + 1.0CLL-2 MTL on FT 22 536.00 7.45 18.08
6 1.2D + 1.0W STL 55 51.65 - 23.11
7 1.2D + 1.5ULL MTL on FT 22 536.00 - 47.62
8 1.2D + 1.5QLL MTL on FT 22 536.00 - 13.13
9 1.2D + 1.5CLL-1 MTL on FT 22 536.00 - 11.07
10 1.2D + 1.5CLL-2 MTL on FT 22 536.00 - 27.19

iii. Design Verifica;on

This part presents the various design checks on every possible and crical mode of failure of the panel.

⌂ This subsec$on verifies glass unit panel with single pane laminated.
≡

Sec$on Proper$es

Modula$on
Height of Glass hg := 1200.00 mm ←
Width of Glass wg := 3000.00 mm ←
Glass Long Dimension ( )
a := max hg , wg = 3000.00mm

Glass Short Dimension b := min ( hg , wg ) = 1200.00mm

Composi$on
Pane #1

Layer 1 ←

Interlayer ←

Layer 2 ←

Interlayer Material
The se2ng blocks which are idealized by the spring support are placed at a distance of 150 mm from both edges of the panel.
The glass shoe base is idealized by the clamp support that restrain bending in the out-of-plane direcon only. The resulng stresses
are checked againsttheUlmate Limit State to AS 1288 (Australian Standard). The load combinaons are presented in the table
above. Only the crical load cases are analyzed in the FEM so<ware. These are evident in the matrix presented.
For the laminated glass, SGP is used as interlayer. SGP is a viscoelasc material which means that its behavior is sensive to both
loading me and temperature. Laminated glass in room temperature behaves like a monolithic glass when subjected to surface
loadings. But when exposed to hig h temperature condion, studies show that they behave like two glass panels.
The calculaon below presents the determinaon of the shear sffness oftheinterlayer in laminated glass based on the theory
of sandwich mechanics considering temperature and duraon of loads. With this approach, the calculaon of secant modulu sof the
interlayer in laminated gla sswhich isa prim ary factor in determining the strength of the laminated panel is made possible.

1-1} Typical Glass Balustrade Panel.xmcd Section Page 4 of 7

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Wind Load
For the Given Temperature of 55°C

Given Temperature Temp := 55 °C ←

Load Duraon ←

Shear Modulus of the Interlayer (Secant Modulus) Gint := Gint MPa = 17.29 MPa SGP Values from Du Pont

Poisson Rao of Interla yer ν int = 0.50

Young's Modulus of Interlayer Eint := Eint MPa = 51.65 MPa Input in the So&ware

Live Load Note: Only a temperature of 22°C is considered for

any load combina$on involving live loads, as it is
For the Given Temperature of 22°C both improbable and illogical for the occupancy to
congregate near and to lean on the balustrade at
Given Temperature Temp := 22 °C ← higher temperature.

Load Duraon ←

Shear Modulus of the Interlayer (Secant Modulus) Gint := Gint MPa = 184.00 MPa SGP Values from Du Pont

Poisson Rao of Interla yer ν int = 0.46

Young's Modulus of Interlayer Eint := Eint MPa = 536.00 MPa Input in the So&ware

Serviceability Check
Dead Load + Wind Load Combina$on
Allowable Center of Glass Deflecon δall := min ( b  30 , 25.00 mm) = 25.00 mm ← AS 1288, Sec$on 3.3.3 /
BS 6180, Sec$on 6.4.1
Dead Load + Live Load Combina$on
Allowable Center of Glass Deflecon δall := min ( b  65 , 25.00 mm) = 18.46 mm ← BS 6180, Sec$on 6.4.1

Serviceability Limit State (SLS) for Glass Panel Verification

TEMP. Actual Allow. Utilization
LC DESCRIPTION Remarks Reference
(°C) (mm) (mm) Ratio
1 1.0D + 1.0WL 55 5.53 30.00 18.43% AS 1288 / BS 6180
2 1.0D + 1.0ULL 22 15.13 18.46 81.96% BS 6180
3 1.0D + 1.0QLL 22 3.08 18.46 16.68% BS 6180
4 1.0D + 1.0CLL-1 22 3.43 18.46 18.58% BS 6180
5 1.0D + 1.0CLL-2 22 7.45 18.46 40.36% BS 6180

1-1} Typical Glass Balustrade Panel.xmcd Section Page 5 of 7

 PROJECT : DIFC ICD Brookfield Place REFERENCE : BAL-151
CAL NO. : 4459-AAB-SC-24 ENG'G DESIGN : DED
DESIGN CODE : British Standards CHECK : SMLJr.
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Structural Verifica$on AS 1288 - 2006

Dead Load + Wind Load Combina$on

@ Pane #1
Glass Type ←

Glass Type Factors ← AS 1288, Table 3.1

c1 = 2.50

Surface Type Factors ← AS 1288, Table 3.2

c2 = 1.00

Load Duraon Factors ← AS 1288, Table 3.3

c3 = 1.00

Total Nominal Thickness

tg :=
tg1 mm = 24.00 mm
Minimum Thickness tgmin := tgmin mm = 23.40 mm AS 1288, Table 4.1

Characterisc Tensile Strength of the Glass Away from Edge   tgmin 

f'ts := - 9.85  ln    MPa + 71.34MPa = 40.29 MPa
  mm 
Characterisc Tensile Strength of the Glass at the Edge   tgmin 
f'te := - 7.88  ln    MPa + 57.07MPa = 32.23 MPa
  mm 

Locaon of Maximum Stress ←

Capacity Reducon Factor ϕ := 0.67

Ulmate Design Strength of the Glass ( )

ϕ_Ru := if σ location = "Away from the Edge" , ϕ c1 c2 c3 f'ts , ϕ c1 c2 c3 f'te = 53.98 MPa

Dead Load + Live Load Combina$on

@ Pane #1
Glass Type ←

Glass Type Factors ← AS 1288, Table 3.1

c1 = 2.50

Surface Type Factors ← AS 1288, Table 3.2

c2 = 1.00

Load Duraon Factors ← AS 1288, Table 3.3

c3 = 1.00

Total Nominal Thickness

tg :=
tg1 mm = 24.00 mm
Minimum Thickness tgmin := tgmin mm = 23.40 mm AS 1288, Table 4.1

Characterisc Tensile Strength of the Glass Away from Edge   tgmin 

f'ts := - 9.85  ln    MPa + 71.34MPa = 40.29 MPa
  mm 
Characterisc Tensile Strength of the Glass at the Edge   tgmin 
f'te := - 7.88  ln    MPa + 57.07MPa = 32.23 MPa
  mm 

Locaon of Maximum Stress ←

Capacity Reducon Factor ϕ := 0.67

Ulmate Design Strength of the Glass ( )

ϕ_Ru := if σ location = "Away from the Edge" , ϕ c1 c2 c3 f'ts , ϕ c1 c2 c3 f'te = 53.98 MPa

1-1} Typical Glass Balustrade Panel.xmcd Section Page 6 of 7

 PROJECT : DIFC ICD Brookfield Place REFERENCE : BAL-151
CAL NO. : 4459-AAB-SC-24 ENG'G DESIGN : DED
DESIGN CODE : British Standards CHECK : SMLJr.
Design and Engineering Department

Ultimate Limit State (ULS) for Glass Panel Verification

TEMP. Actual Allow. Utilization
LC DESCRIPTION Remarks Reference
(°C) (MPa) (MPa) Ratio
6 1.2D + 1.5WL 55 23.11 53.98 42.81% AS 1288
7 1.2D + 1.5ULL 22 47.62 53.98 88.22% AS 1288
8 1.2D + 1.5QLL 22 13.13 53.98 24.32% AS 1288
9 1.2D + 1.5CLL-1 22 11.07 53.98 20.51% AS 1288
10 1.2D + 1.5CLL-2 22 27.19 53.98 50.37% AS 1288

Structural Verifica$on BS 6180: 2011

Average Modulus of Rupture for Fully-Tempered Soda Lime σ R := 24000.00 psi = 165.47 MPa ←
Float Glass
Factor of Safety FOSR := 4

Ulmate Design Strength of the Glass ϕ_Ru,R := σ R  FOSR = 41.37 MPa

Fracture Limit State for Glass Panel Verification

TEMP. Actual Allow. Utilization
LC DESCRIPTION Remarks Reference
(°C) (MPa) (MPa) Ratio
2 1.0D + 1.0ULL 22 31.76 41.37 76.77% BS 6180
3 1.0D + 1.0QLL 22 8.75 41.37 21.15% BS 6180
4 1.0D + 1.0CLL-1 22 7.38 41.37 17.84% BS 6180
5 1.0D + 1.0CLL-2 22 18.08 41.37 43.70% BS 6180
▄▄▄

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