**

i:

I^^H
/
TZtJ ERH CHI.
 E lit
(Yi) YEN TZU ERH CHI).

A
PROGRESSIVE COURSE
DESIGNED TO ASSIST THE STUDENT OF

COLLOQUIAL CHINESE
AS SPOKEN IN THE CAPITAL AND THE METROPOLITAN DEPARTMENT.

IN THREE VOLUMES.

SECOND EDITION.

PREPARED BY

THOMAS FRANCIS WADE,

Sometime H.B.M.'s Minister in China,

AND
WALTER CAINE HILLIER,
Chinese Secretary to H.B.M.'s Legation, Peking.

VOL. I.

SHANGHAI:
PUBLISHED AT THE STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT OP THE INSPECTORATE GENERAL OF CUSTOMS,
AND SOLD BY
KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, SHANGHAI, YOKOHAMA, AND HONGKONG.
LONDON : w. H. ALLEN & Co., WATERLOO PLACE.

isse.
 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

THE nature of the work entitled the " TzCr ERH CHI," and the reason for

adopting these words as its title, will be found explained in the Preface to the First

Edition, published in 1867, and now (of course at the instance of my friends) re-

printed with this. Seriously, that Preface may be found of some use to the beginner,

and I do not object to being spared the trouble of re-casting it.

The principal changes introduced in the present edition are the following.
Part III the Forty Exercises of the earlier edition was adversely criticised on two

grounds. Elder scholars declared that the idioms were in many instances forced, and

they stigmatised the phrases collected in it 'as Legation Chinese. I was Secretary
of Legation at Peking, as well as Chinese Secretary, when I compiled the work.

The phraseology, although frequently retouched, was no doubt open in some degree
to this objection. The younger scholars, who took up the book as their primer,

complained, on the other hand, that the method of the Exercises, each of which
demanded an acquaintance with from 20 to 25 fresh words, new in form, in sound'.

and in meaning, laid too severe a tax upon ordinary memories.

I fear that my novices, at all events, were right, and, as a brief inspection of
the revised Part III will show, the path of their successors has been compassionately

smoothed. They will advance at the rate of from five to ten new words or charac ;

a,
stage ; they will be practised in very brief sentences before they come to the more
ambitious exercises; and they will find relief in the more convenient typographical

arrangement by which the Chinese and English texts are printed side by side.

Lastly, they will derive, I trust, considerable advantage from the English-Chinese
exercise that follows every exercise in Chinese-English, the Chinese text of which

is
given in the key, in Volume I.

Of this last I cannot boast that alone I did it. The idea was mine and 1

had begun to work it out; but my return to England in 1882, had I been physical!}
vi TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

and mentally equal to labour of the kind required, would have seriously postponed
the completion of my task, for I am one of those who have not persuaded myself

that I know the language as well as my native instructor, and I would not undertake

to put forth Chinese of my own composing without a competent referee by my

side. But I had the good fortune to possess some valuable English auxiliaries.
Mr. WALTER HILLIER, then Assistant Chinese Secretary, but now deservedly filling
the higher post of Chinese Secretary, carried back with him in 1883 the whole of

the new text, completed or uncompleted. I think that the English-Chinese Exer-

cises are entirely his work. There was also much to be done in the short sentences

in small type, intended to illustrate the new vocabulary, the shorter sections of which
have superseded the long column that so distressed the student of the old Forty
Exercises. All that was wanting Mr. HILLIER has supplied, and it is to his pro-

ficiency as a speaker, in which capacity no Englishman to my knowledge surpasses

him, that the removal of the reproach of sin against idiom may be chiefly ascribed.

Errors, no doubt, remain to be denounced ; but I am not without hope that this

Part of the Colloquial Series will be held to have been greatly improved.
I was also indebted to Mr. DONALD SPENCE for his assistance on the voyage

home in the completion of these short sentences, of which I had prepared little more

than a fourth part ;

but his contribution, from the circumstances of time and place,

was necessarily less significant than Mr. HILLIER'S. Mr. HILLIER, who is a high

authority upon the tones of the Peking dialect, has also carefully corrected the
tone-

marks of every word in the first seven Parts of the new edition.

Part IV the Ten Dialogues remains as it was, except that Mr. HILLIER,

as my plenipotentiary, has seen good to suppress the tenth dialogue,

a conversation

; i bout the construction of the language. He has substituted for it a dialogue of

his own composition. This, as it purports to take place between two friends at a
urant, is no doubt a more palatable subject than that of the dialogue suppressed,

;i^;iinsf. which more than one earnest beginner has been heard to protest as over-

trying to digestion.
Part V the Hundred Lessons is the old Part VI, for an account of which

the reader is referred to the old Preface. Mr. HILLIER has added the tone-marks
 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. VII

to the words explained in the notes, but has not, to the best of my belief, disturbed

the older translation.

Part VI the Graduate's Wooing is a redistribution of the matter of the old

Part V, with many amendments and additions. It has a history of its own, which

I had proposed to tell, in Chinese, in a brief preface to the text of the Part, but

which I find, from the proofs forwarded me, has been left out. I reproduce my trans-

lation of it here, in honour of the native scholar to whom the credit of re-arranging

the Chinese text is

primarily due. I say primarily due, for, with the aid of another

scholar, I added largely to the Chinese text.

"After some 20 odd years' desultory study of Chinese, written and spoken, the writer
(myself) had compiled and published two elementary works on the language the one being
a collection of words and phrases, the other a collection of official documents. It became

subsequently apparent that the want of all relation between the sentences given in two Parts
of the Colloquial Course would make reference troublesome, and to obviate the difficulty
which was being constantly brought before him, lie had been thinking of throwing them
together in a connected form, when, before effect could be given to his intention, Yi T/r-piN,
a scholar of Manchuria, of his own motion took the "Hsi Hsiang Clii," or Story of the Western

Wing, as a framework, and filled it up with the phrases of the Third and Fifth Parts of the
Course, stringing them together consecutively to the undoubted convenience of all future
students. The idea was most excellent, and the writer lias not been guiltless of presumption
in taking upon him, witli the help of some Chinese friends whose services he has enlisted, to-
abridge and modify certain passages in the story so constructed, arid to amplify others.
"
To the scholar Yu TZU-PIN belongs indisputably the exclusive credit of the original
conception. The merit of an improvement is not to be named in the same day with that of
an invention. The writer does hope, nevertheless, that, thanks to the great care bestowed
upon its revision by the native gentlemen who have taken part in it, the composition in its

present shape will for certain be found an assistance to the student of colloquial (.'hi
as spoken at Peking."

Thetranslation of the story of the Graduate's Wooing, or, more closely to

"
follow the Chinese title I selected for it, the Promise That Was Kept," is mine.
When completed it was laid before certain of our students then passing their two

years' novitiate in the Legation in 1881, in order that they might point out the
passages requiring explanation. The copious notes which satisfy this requirement

are one and all from the pen of Mr. HILLIER. As a story, I may observe, it

pretends to no merit whatever, though it

sufficiently represents the Chinese idea

of what a love-tale should be. It is little more than a mechanical contrivance,

viii TzCr ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

as its closing chapter explains, for the bringing of certain phrases together so as

to relieve the weariness of studying them detached. By an oversight, in the first

line the epoch assigned it is that of the T'ang dynasty, A.D. 600-900, at which

date treaties with the nations of the West were unknown, and foreign sportsmen
did not, as related in Chapter XXXVI, shoot deer in the neighbourhood of a

Chinese port.

There remain Parts VII and VIII. In the former the Tone Exercises I

think that I see here and there traces of Mr. HILLIER'S revising hand. The latter,

entitled the Parts of Speech, he has left almost untouched. I have not revised it.

To the best of my belief, its correctness, so far as it goes, has not been challenged.
But it does not go far enough by a great deal, and it had been my intention to

enlarge its limits considerably. It is difficult to teach Chinese grammar otherwise

than, so to speak, incidentally. One has to multiply precedents, and the Part in

question is, in my judgment, so framed as to furnish advantageous opportunity for

illustration. Whether it will ever be my privilege to realise the hope entertained

regarding its development, I am concerned to admit is now somewhat doubtful.

Failing myself, may some younger workman be found willing to build upon the
foundation I have laid, or, warned by its defects, to lay another.

I do not think it necessary to combat in detail all the differences of opinion

"
regarding the orthography of the Tzu ERH CHI."
The majority of Englishmen who
have used the Course, now nearly twenty years on its trial, and a fair proportion of

Americans, are in the main satisfied with it. Some experts in the organism of speech
would prefer in certain syllables a modification of my system, but the changes they
recommend appear to me to be on the side of complication rather than simplicity.
One or two writers of mark, from the pains bestowed upon the question and the
confidence with which they speak, might have been supposed to possess authority ;

but, in one case at least, my critic, I am justified in affirming, had positively no

ear for any language, his own included ; and the dialectic peculiarities of one or two
others of those who have judgment on the Syllabary have disinclined me to
sat in

put full faith in their appreciation of Sound or Tone. My Syllabary is not absolutely
unassailable, but, from debates upon the subject at which I have assisted, I doubt
 PKEFACE TO SECOND EDITION. IX

that any will ever be invented over the orthography of which there will not be the

same kind of fight that there has been over mine and the systems of sinologues
older than myself. The rendering of Chinese sounds their
by foreign alphabets

transliteration, as it is called is at the best but approximately successful. And

so I leave the case to the charity of the
rising generation, to assist whom in their

progress tzii erh chih yuan, from what is near to what is far off, the course was
devised.

On second thoughts, I shall allow myself a brief rejoinder to one or two of

the objections raised against the Syllabary's prescriptions. The late Dr. WII.UAMS
has emphatically protested against the disappearance of the 5th or re-entering tone.

As I explained in the " Hsin Ching Lu," or Book of Experiments, in which the first

edition of my Syllabary was published in 1859, the non-existence any longer of

this tone in the colloquial language of Peking was first brought to my notice by
YING LUNG-T'IEN, a fairly educated Pekingese and an admirable speaker, who of his

own motion had re-arranged a complete vocabulary for me, under the tone categories

practically in use. In his tables the whole of the 5th tone was merged in the 2nd,
and when a year later I took up my abode in Peking, I found that YING Lrxc-
T'IEN was right. I have heard a very competent judge pronounce his distribution

of the tones " invulnerable."

In the written language the 5th tone is, academically, recognised, and Dr.
WILLIAMS when compiling a dictionary did nothing but what was right in retaining
it. But he never could be made to understand that in reading aloud a lettered
Chinese will utter a word with a different tone from that which may distinguish it
when he is uttering it colloquially. The five-tone law is
especially binding on the

native, no matter what dialect he speaks, in Cantonese there are eight tones, in

Amoy, I believe, fifteen, the law, I say, is

especially binding on him in the verse

or verse prose, which is one of his proudest accomplishments. Even in English

poetry we have some experience of what we may be obliged to do by rhyme or other

metrical condition. A better instance of the accommodation arrived at between two

systems is supplied by the usage of the modern Greeks, whose pronunciation of a

language much less far removed from its ancient form than Italian from Latin i<

b
X TZtT ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIKS.

\\hrii they speak entirely under the sway of accent, but who would not be free

when imitating the Homeric line in ancient Greek to ignore the prosodiacal rights
of dactyl and spondee.

My scheme of orthography has been demurred to chiefly, I think, in three

particulars. Syllables which to my ear commence with a softy, such as I write j<in.

jo, jii, it appears to some of my friends should be written ran, TO, ru. I will not

deny that students with a very fine ear have voted for the latter system. I cannot

allow that they are right. It is noteworthy that in 1793, when LORD MACARTNEY
visited Peking, the sound which I endeavour to represent by a soft j appeared to
BARROW to be best represented by zh, the equivalent of the consonantal sound

Dining the last syllable of contusion. It is true that in the century we have
almost proof that various sounds, vowel and consonant, have changed ; but BARROW'S

transliteration is worth observing. I shall add that whenever I have tried to make
a Pekingese say after me ran, ro, ru, he has invariably pronounced the syllables /"//.

lo, lu. The tongue, in my belief, poises itself differently in the two efforts, in the

effort to bring out the soft./, and the effort to bring out r.

Two very good speakers contend that the syllable I write kuang is pronounced
more like hvong. I shall here quote BARROW against myself. According to my
system, I should write K'ang-hsi for the style of the second reign of this dynasty.
BARROW writes it Kaung-shee. This, again, is valuable as indicating the impression

of an uninitiated ear, and I shall admit that, although I have set down a as the a

in father, it does in many cases approach the sound awe. But I cannot represent

it by o as in long without infringing on the functions I have assigned that vowel

elsewhere. In Cantonese the word I write kuang is indisputably kivong.

Lastly, there is the sound crli, which has cost one of the two speakers above

referred to no small amount of dissertation. If he reads the e as the e in merry, he

is right ;
but my rule prescribes that it must be read as in merchant. I cannot write

urh, as Dr. MORRISON and others have written, because the vowel u is in my system
the Italian u, and the syllable in question would then have to be pronounced oorli.

And so I take leave of the discussion.

 PREFACE TO SKCOND EDITION. M

I must not close without an expression of sincere gratitude to SIR IIUI.KKI

HART, Inspector General of Customs in China, and indeed to the Customs Service
in general. By SIR ROBERT HART'S permission, the new edition has been printed
at the press of the Customs establishment at Shanghai, and without one farthing
of charge to myself. His Commissioner, Mi*. DREW, as the head of the Statistical

Department of the Customs Service, has supervised the impression, and to him mid
to Messrs. PALAMOUNTAIN and BRIGHT, members of his staff, as able as willing, for

their nursing care of the new production during the last two years, I am bound to

acknowledge a debt of obligation which it will be impossible for me to repay.

ATHENAEUM CLUB, LONDON,

4th July 1886.
 TZ& KKH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

"What Chinese is it that you want

to learn, sir?" asked the first sinologue of established
"
reputation that I consulted the language of the ancient classics, and the language
;
there is

of more modern books, and the language of official documents, and the epistolary language,
and the spoken language, of which there are numerous dialects now which Chinese is it that ;

you wish to begin with ?" The learned gentleman was one of a very small number who, at
the time the Treaty of Nanking was signed, monopolised the credit of an acquaintance with
the language, and, in the pride of this exceptional eminence, he was by no means averse to

mystification of the uninitiated. Still, without doubt, the question with which he began and

ended is the must be answered by anyone who aspires to learn Chinese, or professes
first that
to teach it ;
either mean by Chinese, divided as it is into written and spoken, and
what does
subdivided as the written and spoken languages are, the former by its variety of styles, the latter

by more dialectic differences than the most advanced scholar is as yet in a position to define.
The answer must depend upon the vocation of the inquirer. Is he a philologist pure
and simple, or a merchant who wishes for direct intercourse, orally or in writing, with his native
constituents, or a missionary whose object is the propagation of spiritual truth, or an official

interpreter whose an international agent, will continue, until such time as the Chinese
duties, as
become competent to interpret and translate for themselves, scarcely inferior to the duties of
the missionary in importance ?
The business of the writer with aspirants of the last-mentioned class. It is one of his
is

duties to direct the studies of the gentlemen destined to recruit the ranks of Her Majesty's
Consular Service in China and although the work now submitted to the public will not perhaps
:

be esteemed valueless by either the missionary or the merchant who may use it, its primary
object is to assist the Consular Student in grounding himself with the least possible loss of
time in the spoken government language of this country, and in the written government

language as it is read, either in books, or in official correspondence, or in documents in any

sense of a public character.
The work in two principal divisions, respectively denominated Colloquial and Docu-
is

mentary Series. The words Tzu EH CHI which recur in the title of both may be fairly
translated Progressive Course. To go far, says a Chinese classic,* we must start tzu erk, from
what is near. The two courses are clii, collections of matter, of which that distinguished by

* The "
Chung Yung," Rule of the Mean, or avoidance of extremes, the second of the Four Books known
as Confucian, the bible of Chinese morality, contains the following pa?.-

fl '-'"-
?ll
IMO iQ Ju 5
"' A
*5 P i
Qoi >1 '

!& i'' 3 '<% JB? i}i U te # is y'tia>i in iu 5

tao
? '''

"The way [in wisdom] of tlr

(model man) is as that of the traveller, who to go far must start from what is
near; or of him that climbs, who to go high must start from what is low." Whoever would be a proficient must
begin with what is elementary.
 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. Xlll

colloquial the other, being a collection of wen dden,

the prefix yii yen, words and phrases, is the ;

written papers, the documentary course. The first, that contained in the present volume, is
the only one of the t\vo that is legitimately denominated progressive. This docs lead the
scholar tzti erli, from what is near, to no inconsiderable distance in the spoken language, and
if he have the
patience thoroughly to master the text of it before venturing on the Documentary
Series, he will have so familiarised himself with the form and meaning of written words as
greatly to lessen his difficulties as a translator. Beyond this the Colloquial is not an introduction
to the Documentary Series, nor can any one of the 16 parts of the latter be said to be an
introduction to any other part the term Series, therefore, as applied to the volume of documents,
;

is in some sort a misnomer. But this is unimportant. That collection of papers fairly answers
the end proposed, which is to set before the student, in bold type and properly punctuated, a
number of specimens of Chinese documentary composition. Key or Commentary, now in A
course of preparation, will accompany the course, and may possibly be followed by a translation
of the whole of the papers contained in it.

Our immediate affair is the Colloquial Series, which occupies the volume before us. In
the Appendices are repeated all the words that have been met with in the Chinese text, in the
order in which they first occur. The Key forms an additional volume the Syllabary,* of which ;

more be said by-and-by, another; and the Writing Course, another.

will The student is

recommended to keep these four volumes separate.

The first Part of the Series is devoted to Pronunciation ;
the second, headed "The Radicals,"
to the construction of the written words ordinarily known as Chinese characters; the third,

fourth, fifth, and sixth, are exercises, some in one shape, some in another, in the oral language
of the metropolitan department, styled for brevity the Peking Dialect ;
the seventh is a set of
exercises designed to illustrate the influence of the tones upon the dialect in question; the
"
eighth and last, entitled a Chapter on the Parts of Speech," a talk in colloquial Chinese upon
is

certain, though by no means upon the whole, of those conditions that are the equivalents in
Chinese of such as we describe by the term grammatical. Something farther will be said

regarding this last Part elsewhere, which will explain to the reader the occasion of this
cautious periphrasis.

The order
of the Colloquial Series has been dictated by the following considerations.
The persons whose requirements it is the primary object of its compilation to satisfy arc, as I
have said above, Consular Students, to whom the knowledge of the written is not less indis-
pensable than that of the oral language. They have to learn not only to talk, but to translate
from and into written Chinese. Their foremost duty is beyond doubt application to the spoken
language not because there devolves upon the interpreter a heavier responsibility as a speaker
;

than as a translator; on the contrary, an error in the Hh-ni v/'^/</. may be unquestionably "t
the greater significance but because it is established by experience that while the difficulties
;

of the written language give way perceptibly before a sustained effort to surmount them, cvuii

comparative proficiency in speaking not to be achieved by adults of average aptitude unless

is

the dialect to be spoken is

specially and diligently laboured at while the
ear is fresh. On the
* The Second Edition of the will in the third volume.
Syllabary appuar
 xiv TZtJ ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

other hand, it has been admitted by some of the very few foreigners who have limited themselves
to the. acquisition of a dialect phonetically, and some of the best speakers have so limited
themselves, that the difficulties of the written language, when they did at last turn to it,

appeared doubly disheartening. Why this should be so, it is needless here to inquire; the
data on which either of the above conclusions is based are not abundant ;
but they suffice, in

my opinion, to justify the recommendation that while, for a given time, he accept improvement
in speaking as his chief obligation, the student should nevertheless allow himself to consider
no word or phrase added to his vocabulary, of the written form of which he is not assured.
He is not at all
engaged by this injunction to the study of Chinese composition, between the
idiom of which, no matter in which of its departments, and that of the colloquial language,
no matter in which of its dialects, there are notable diversities but he is called upon to examine ;

with his eyes the constitution of every word or phrase that he is committing to memory. This

conceded, that the eye is so far to assist the ear, it follows that his first step must be to acquaint
himself with the construction of written words. He cannot do this until he is familiar with
the Radicals, and accordingly a list of these, with translation, illustrations, and test tables, is

supplied him in Part II. These are the indices under which all words are classed by modern
Chinese lexicographers :
many of them
are themselves independent words used both in speech
and writing some are used in writing alone some are obsolete symbols but whether Avords
; ; ;

or symbols, they must of course be retained each by name or sound, and as every sound has to
be represented by a combination of the letters of foreign alphabets, a consideration of the

orthographic system employed to this end must of necessity precede the study of the Radicals,
and the system here employed is therefore assigned a place under the head of Pronunciation
in Part I.

The question of Pronunciation, it will there be seen, is divided into Sound, Tone, and
Rhythm. The two last are all-important, and have been farther treated of with some detail in
the prefatory pages of the Key to Part VII. The first, which should rather have been described
as Orthography, is of less consequence by much. No orthography that professes to reproduce
the syllabic sound of a Chinese dialect is at the best more than an approximation. Neither
vowels nor consonants, even when their defectiveness has been relieved by diacritic marks,
are equal to the whole duty imposed upon them. the learner, having made choice of a
Still,

dialect, would soon find himself embarrassed if he make way without any orthographic
tried to

system at all, and his confusion of both sounds and tones would certainly be augmented if,
while still in his apprenticeship, ho attempted the fabrication of a system, in preference to
adopt ing the work of an older hand. Students using the present work are of course left no
option as to dialect or orthographic system. The system it provides, except that, to include
certain occasional varieties, the number of syllables in it has been raised from 397 to 420, is
almost the same as that contained in the " Hsin Ching Lu," an elementary work published

by me in 1859. This system has been by no means universally approved, and although the

objections taken to it have come generally from those who had commenced their studies before
its
appearance, be to the advantage of any beginner who may use it that these objections
it will

should be declared and combated in limine. But before going farther into this question, it may
be as well to explain why the particular dialect here set before him has been selected.
 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. XV

Some standard was necessary. Scarcely any stranger can have heard the spoken language
of China mentioned without observing that one form of it is alluded to as the Mandarin Dialect.
This is the kuan hua ; properly translated, the oral language of Government. The word kuan,
an official, has been ouropeanised through the Portuguese as mandarin, and this term
has become, as Mr. EDKINS remarks,* too convenient an equivalent for kuan to be lightly
abandoned; but the word dialect is misleading, for the kuan hua is the colloquial medium not
only of the official and educated classes, but of nearly four-fifths of the people of the Empire.
In so vast an area, however, it follows that there must be a vast variety of dialects. Mr. EDKINS.
than whom no one has more diligently explored the laws and limits of these differences, divides
the kuan hua into three principal systems, the southern, the northern, and the western, of
which he makes Nanking, Peking, and Ch'eng-tu, the capital of the province of Szechwan.
respectively the standards. The Nanking mandarin, ho observes, is more widely understood
than that of Peking, although the latter is more fashionable but he admits that " the Peking
;

dialect must be studied by those who would speak the language of the Imperial Court, and
what is, when purified of its localisms, the accredited kuan hua of the Empire."
The opinion here cited but confirms a conclusion long since arrived at by myself, to wit,
that Pekingese is the dialect an official interpreter ought to leam. Since the establishment of
it has become next to
foreign legations with their corps of students at Peking, impossible that
any other should take precedence. When, in due time, the beginner's services arc required at
the Yamen of Foreign Affairs, he finds that the language he has been learning is that spoken
by the chief officers of the Imperial Government. Meanwhile, his teachers, servants, and nine-
tenths of the people ho comes in contact with, naturally speak nothing else. Lastly, whether
it be the fact or not that the peculiarities of Pekingese are, as it is
alleged, by degrees invading
all other dialects of the mandarin, the student may rest assured that if he speak Pt.-kii

well, he will have no understanding or being understood by any mandarin-speaking

difficulty in
native whose dialect not a flagrant divergence from the standard under which if, would be
is

enrolled by the geographer or the philologist. I have seen one

interpreter who was really a
proficient in Pekingese as intelligible at Hankow as in the capital I have known another, who ;

was reputed to speak a local dialect of mandarin with fluency, unable to communicate with any
mandarin but one whom circumstances had made familiar with the particular dialect he spoke.
This point, the selection of a dialect, decided, now some 20 years ago, the next step
the construction of an orthography. No one at the time had written on Pekingese, and the
orthographies professing to represent the southern mandarin those of Dr. MORRISON, compiler
of the first dictionary in Chinese and English, Dr. MnmirusT, and Dr. WEU.S WILLIA
were far from unassailable representatives of the native' system they professed to reproduce. To
the first, Mr. EDKINS goes deny claim to
so far as to be all
regarded as a mandarin orthography.
Mouitisn.N," says he, "in preparing his very useful syllabic dictionary, was not aware that the
'

sounds he followed were not mandarin at all, but an obsolete pronunciation." Dr. MEDHIT.ST.
with some modifications for the bettor, nearly copied Dr. M<>I:HIS<>N'S orthography: not. he
as being the best, but because it was the best known. Dr. AYn.i.iAMs. working. I believe, in

* " Mandarin
Grammar of the Chinese Colloquial Language, commonly culled the Dialeot,'' by the Rev. JOSEPH
EDKINS. Shanghai, 1864. 2nd Edition, page 7.
xvi xztr ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

concert with the lexicographer's accomplished son, Mr.
system of the Syllabic Dictionary, but only
so far as the
orthography, consequently, though more symmetrical, is,
last
JOHN ROBERT MORRISON, recast the
mode of spelling is concerned. The
in my opinion, hardly nearer

accuracy than the first.* The only sinologue of standing who spoke the Peking mandarin was
Mr. ROBERT THOM. By his advice that dialect had been studied, and with great success, by
Mr. THOMAS MEADOWS, and gentleman I was indebted not only for a right direction
to the latter

at starting, but for much assistance which there was at the time no one else within reach to
" "
afford. Desultory Notes appeared shortly
His after, and to the chapters in that work relating
to the language and administration of China, I am bound to acknowledge my obligations.
These Notes contain, I believe, the first published scheme of a Pekingese orthography, but

while admitting in general the justice of the author's appreciation of the characteristics of the
dialect, I did not as a rule subscribe to his method of representing those characteristics and ;

although it was in the main due to Mr. MEADOWS'S suggestions that

got upon the right track, I

I am not, on reflection, aware of having adopted anything from his system but the initial hs, of
which more hi the proper place.
My difficulty when I first tried to form a list of syllables was this, that no native work
contained a syllabic system at all to be relied on. If you want to speak Cantonese as it is

spoken in Canton, you can buy a vocabulary that will keep you perfectly straight so far as
sound is concerned. The Chinese have a rude expedient which it is an abuse of terms to call
by which a native who is more or less lettered can divine the sound of a new written
spelling,
word once he has found it. The written word p'ao, for instance, tells him the initial sound of
a certain word ;
the written word t'ien, final and amalgamation of p'ao
below p'ao, supplies the ;

and t'ien gives p'ien. him The Canton vocabulary

divided into chapters according to the
is

tones, and the initials being arranged after a predetermined order, and the terminals, also in
a fixed order, under every initial, the word sought is looked for under its terminal. The process
of course involves some preliminary acquaintance with the Chinese written language. Other
dialects besides Cantonese have similar standard vocabularies there are some for various shades :

of the mandarin there are also phrase books with elaborate orthographic systems for
;
instructing
outsiders, at all events Cantonese, inmandarin pronunciation but the latter I found to possess, ;

almost all, two serious defects, the mandarin they attempted to reproduce was both in idiom
and sound an antiquated dialect, and the initial and final sounds combined in them to effect
an imitation of the mandarin syllable, still presenting themselves to the provincial student as
unmutilated syllables of the dialect he had been accustomed to speak, neither
adequately
informed the eye nor confirmed the ear.
It was not 1855, when had been making and re-making orthographies for some
till I

eight years, that a native author brought out a fair appi-oximation to a Peking sound table.
This was published at Canton but my teacher, YING LUNG-T'IEN, had already of his own motion
;

* I should be
sorry were it to appear that I spoke without sufficient respect for the labours of Dr. MORRISON.
It is impossible, as MEADOWS has remarked, not to feel a sort of gratitude to one who
Mr. has so abridged the toil of
the student. Dr. WELLS WILLIAMS, the most industrious of sinologues, lias nearly ready for the press a
dictionary,
which, as it will be an improvement upon his very useful work published some 10 years ago, will be a notable addition
to the materials for an education in Chinese.
 PREFACE TO I'IKST EDITION. xvil

compiled for me an
index of words, which, after reducing the syllables to alphabetic <n
"
eventually appended to the Hsin Ching Lu" as the Peking Syllabary. His base was an old
edition of the "Wu Fang Yuan Yin," Sounds in the general Language of the Kmpiiv according
to their Rhymes, a vocabulary with a most limited exegesis, but comprising some 10,000
authorised characters, that is, written words, arranged in five tone divisions (see Part I,

page the words in each division being classed with reference to 12 initials and 20 thuds
6),
in a prescribed order. Having struck out of this all words that he thought unavailable for
colloquial purposes, he re-classed the remainder, retaining the primitive initials and fin;r
indices of syllabic categories, but changing either the sound or tone, or both, of a large number
of words, and entirely suppressing the 5th or re-entering tone. His judgments both on sound
and tone I have found, during the seven years his table has been on trial, to rally
held correct. His measure of the number of words that should suffice a speaker has proved
somewhat restricted, and this is remarkable, for his own stock of phraseology was as copi.
it was elegant. He died in 1861, and to supply what was defective in his list, an independent
selection has since been made for me by other native assistants, from a much larger vocabulary
than that which he had dissected. The revised collection being then incorporated in the original
Syllabary, a fresh copy of this and its Appendix was carefully prepared for the press under
the superintendence of Mr. CHARLES BISMARCK, Chinese Secretary of the Prussian Legation,
a scholar of much promise, whether as a speaker or translator. The new Appendix is
entirely
the work of his hand.
The value of the Syllabary, practically, is this. The eye and the ear, it will be borne hi
mind, are so to work together that no word is to be considered in the student's possession until

he shall have assured himself of its written form. The written form, or character (see Part II,

page 3),1 consists of the Radical, which vaguely indicates the sense of the word
two parts :
;

the Phonetic, which vaguely indicates its sound. When his teacher uses a word unknown to the
student, the latter, by referring to the Syllabary (and after a very short acquaintance with the

orthography his ear will guide him to the right syllable), will find under that syllable not only
the word he seeks in its proper tone class, and printed in its authorised form, but grouped
as near as may be on the same lino with it all words of the same sound which have also the
same phonetic. His comparison of these, his observations of the difference between their
radicals and the difference or identity of their tones, will do much to impress the word sought,
with all its incidents form, sound, and tone upon the memory. In the absence of Li
his recollection of the characters he ought to know, in general strength.
again, he will find
and, particularly, his knowledge of the tones confirmed, by reference to the Syllabary, while
the distinction between sounds and tones common to the same words is taught or recalled
to him by the Appendix.
The method of spelling resorted to hi this work, I have said above, has been more or !

attacked. Accuracy being impossible, I have inclined to the combinations that seemed to me
to reproduce most simply the syllabic sounds without indifference to the thec

tone scale; and for the sake both of printer and student, I have always, where 1 could, cmpl

alphabetic symbols in preference to diacritic marks. Thus the i as in .-7</'yi is shortened in

Neither nor clih will be

shih, by the h which succeeds it, instead of being written t. clu
xviii TZU tUH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

pronounced correctly without the information that must accompany any orthographic system,
but it appears to mo that the alphabetic method has the advantage of simplicity. The vowel w
in the various diphthongs in which it figures is preferred to w, because, as the Tone Exercises
in Part VII will under some tones, on the u, under others, on the
show, the emphasis falls,

vowel or vowels coming after it. The syllable yu, under some tones, reads like yo in yore, but
it is elsewhere incontestably yu, and we want yo as a distinct sound for the syllable yo as in

yonder. So with iu in the syllables liu, miu, niu. These, under some tones, are nearly leyeu,
mcyeu, neyeu, but under the 2nd tone the student will find that he requires, if I may call
it so, the more monosyllabic sound of liu. For like reasons I prefer ui to uei. The sound
which is, to my in murrain, Mr. EDKINS writes
ear, er in perch, or ur ; I have preferred erh. n
The initial j is intended to approach the sound of s in fusion, z in brazier, the French j in

jaune. If the organs exercised in the pronunciation of this consonant be closely watched, it
will no doubt appear that it is preceded by something like r or er ; but not so markedly as to

call for special indication. Aspeaker softening the j as in French will be as surely understood
when he says ju jo as if he strives to utter a modification of ru ro ; indeed, with greater
if he makes Lastly, there the initial which some complain
certainty than this latter effort. is hs,

is liable to confusion with

sh. The
aspirate precedes the sibilant if the first i in hissing be ;

dropped, you retain very exactly the Chinese syllable hsing. Rules cannot go far in such
matters. The ear must advise itself by practice.*
On the sounds which I write ssti, tzti, and tz'ti, it is scarcely necessary to discourse. The
vowels in these syllables defy a European alphabet more obstinately than any we have to deal
with. Dr. MORRISON'S sze was changed by Dr. WILLIAMS to sz'. I used this for many years,

but a tendency I noticed in some speakers to pronounce the syllable sizz, determined me to
restore the vowel. Mr. EDKINS writes si, which is neither better nor worse than ssti, or, as it

* This initial hs, as the Sound Table will show, is only met with before the vowel sounds of the Italian i or the
French u, and the syllables beginning with it have a history of their own which claims a passing remark. Many of the
words now pronounced hsi were some years ago hi, many others si; similarly, words now pronounced hsu were some of
them /i and some su. In very modern mandarin vocabularies these syllabic distinctions are preserved. The fusion
of them is variously accounted for. While the Peking Syllabary was undergoing revision, I was urged by my friend
Mr. EDKINS to admit into my orthography some change that might serve as an index of the original sound in the case
of words differing as above, and had the work been of a lexicographic character, I would have adopted the suggestion.

Nothing could be easier than to mark all words that have been HI, as H I, and all that have been SI, as "SI ; so with
S

nd sit; and to the philologist this recognition of pedigree might be of a certain value; but the syllable to be
learned by the student of the colloquial language in this dialect, whether he express it by hsi, hsu, or otherwise, is still
a sound common to all the words classed under it by the native speakers who compiled the syllabaries. The change
would have involved a double tabular arrangement under all the syllables concerned, and it is to be doubted whether
the beginner would not have been rather confused than advantaged by having what is now become, practically, but one

ry of sound, subdivided into two. If I live to publish a vocabulary (not of Pekingese, but of mandarin in

general), for which I have been for some years collecting materials, the peculiarity will not be left unnoticed.
The initial eh is common before all the vowels, but wherever it precedes the above vowel sounds, i or il, it has

been, and in other dialects still is, either k or ts. Thus Iciang and tsiang are now both pronounced by a Pekingese,
c.hiang ; kin and tsin have both become chin. With some speakers the articulation will sometimes vacillate between
ch and in these sounds, but the ch as a rule
ts predominates, and you never hear the /; hard. It is an instance of the
caprice of these dialectic peculiarities that in the adjoining department of Tientsin, ch is ts even before a; the word
ch'a, tea, is ts'a. At Shanghai, it is something like dzu ; at Foochow, fa; at Ainoy t'i (our tea) ; and at Canton,
again ch'a.
 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. XIX

read in the old Syllabary, azU. The vowel that I or # is supposed to stand for does not exist
in our system, and, represent it by what letter we will, some diacritic mark is indispensable.
For practical purposes the beginner, having at his side of course a native instructor, no
orthography, however scientific, will teach him to pronounce without one, will find, I believe,
the illustrations that accompany the orthography in Part I, with the farther observations prefixed
to the Key of Part VII, amply sufficient to regulate his ear. Until some more ambiti'Hi.s

dictionary than any as yet published by a foreigner, overbears the distinctions taken by existing
controversialists, controversy on the subject of syllabification will continue. The notes attached
to the different parts of this course will enable the beginner to dispense almost entirely wit.h
a dictionary, and I would advise him, for the time being, to take what they tell him upon trust,
and until he shall have reached a point considerably beyond their limits, to refrain from
theorising in the matter either of sense or of sound.
The notice on the third page of the Key will enable anyone to proceed with Part III who
has fairly worked up the Test Tables in Part II, and then onward to the end of Part VI. The
principle of instruction in all these, especially in Part III, is, to a certain extent, that which
the methods of AHN and OLLENDORFF have popularised in Europe. To a certain extent only. All

specimens of these methods that I have examined, it is true, at once introduce the pupil to a
certain stock of words and sentences but the order of their lessons is regulated by that of
;

the divisions of ordinary European grammars. They begin with the Article, decline the Noun,

conjugate the Verb, and so on. I shall have to refer again to the absence of inflexional
mechanism in Chinese, and the consequent impossibility of legislating as in other tongues for
its etymology. Suffice it here to say, that preliminary investigation of etymological laws aids
us than perhaps in any language the sooner we plunge into phraseology the better.
less in this ;

The Forty Exercises of Part III were prepared two years ago, at first with 50 characters in
the vocabulary column placed on the right of each. A gentleman of above average proficiency
hi certain European languages, whom chance made the corpus vile of the experiment, re-
monstrated against the magnitude of this task as excessive for a tyro. The vocabulary was
accordingly reduced, and after four revisions, the Exercises were left as they now are. The
progress of the Consular Students who have used them in manuscript is fair
guarantee of their
utility as elementary lessons.

The Ten Dialogues of Part IV, which come next, were dictated by me to a remarkably
good teacher of the spoken language, who of course corrected
my idiom as he took them down.
The matter of most of them is trivial enough, but they give the interpreter some idea of a

very troublesome portion of his duties, namely, the cross-examination of an unwilling wi-
lt was Avith this object that they were composed.
The Dialogues by the Eighteen Sections,* the term section being chosen
are followed
for no reason but to distinguish the divisions of this Part V from those of the foregoing parts

and of the next succeeding one. The phrases contained in each of its 18 pages are a p<->
of a larger collection written out years ago by YING LUNG-T'IEN. I printed the ( 'hinese text

of this, with a few additions of my own, in 1860. Finding them in some favour with those

*
Incorporated in Part VI, SecondsEdition.
XX TZtJ ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

who have used them, I have retained all my own

contributions to the original stock, or
but
such phrases in the latter as are explained in other parts of this work, and now republish
them as a sort of continuation of Part III. The contents of that Part are in Chinese styled
)'/;, detached phrases; those of the fifth Part are Hsu San
Yu, a supplement to those
phrases. The intermediate Dialogues are Wen Ta Chang, question and answer chapters, and
the papers which follow in Part VI are Tan Lun P'ien, or chapters of chat, for distinction's
saki entitled The Hundred Lessons. These last are nearly the whole of a native work compiled
some two centuries since to teach the Manchus Chinese, and the Chinese Manchu, a copy
of which was brought southward in 1851 by the Abbe" Hue. Its phraseology, which was here
and there too bookish, having been thoroughly revised by YING LUNG-T'IEN, I printed it with
what is now reduced to the Hsu San Yu; but it has since been carefully retouched more than
once by competent natives.
The Sections and Lessons of the two Parts possess the advantage of being the
last

spontaneous composition of native speakers.

As such they are of course more incontestably
idiomatic than the Exercises and Dialogues of Parts III and IV.
The words Lien Hsi Yen Shan P'ing Tse Pien, which form the Chinese title of Part VII,
will translate freely as Exercises in the Tone System of Peking, and the prefecture in which
it stands. Of the Exercises themselves it is unnecessary to say much more than that, from the

very commencement, the student will do well to have a portion of them read over and over
again to him daily by his teacher, whom he should try to follow viva voce. This will be to
many a very irksome operation, and the Exercises are all translated in order that the learner
may be spared the dulness of attending to the sound of words in complete ignorance of their
sense ;
but their chief end is to drill him thoroughly in the nature and law of the tones, and

although, he retain their meanings, he will find a large share of these a useful addition to
if

his vocabulary, he should be more anxious to acquire from them a just notion of the rules
and practice of accentuation, which they are intended to illustrate. His command of speech
will be every day receiving accessions from the earlier portions of the Series, on which he will

naturally bestow the greater share of his attention. The Key to this Part will inform him
of the plan of these Tone Exercises, which are in the order of the syllables alphabetically

arrayed in the Sound Table appended to Part I.

He is at the same time specially invited
to observe the principle on which the Chinese
notes appended to the characters that act as syllabic indices in this Part are constructed.
The fotf, written words of the Chinese language, as observed in Part I, are some thousands,
while the y'm, sounds, by which the tzti are called, are but a few hundreds, in number. Many
of the tzfij never be met with in the oral language, but whether the student be engaged on
will

oral language or the written, his instructor will be constantly making reference, by its yin,
1
tin.

to such or such a tzu; and inasmuch as, under many of the sounds, a number of tzu are known

not only by one yin, syllabic sound, but often by tho same shdng, intonation, of that sound, the
confusion between the tz& alluded to and other homophonous fr/7., unless the written form
of the first be before the hearer's
eye, may be imagined. The difficulty is fairly met by the
Chinese practice of recalling the dissyllabic or polysyllabic combination in which tho 1:n spoken
of most commonly plays a part. Just as in English, if it be necessary to particularise whether
 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION'. XXI

by a certain sound we mean vtright, write, right, or rile, we make our meaning clear by a
context that shows whether the syllabic uttered is that in shipwright, to write letters, r't'jlil.
and left, or rite of baptism, so ;i Chinese will explain that the ai he is speaking of is tin- ai in
ai-ch'iu, to implore, in ch'en-ai, dust, hi kao ai, tall and short, or in ai-hri, to love; but
homophony being in his language as much the rule as in ours it is tin: exception, ho is
vry
constantly obliged to fall back on this expedient.
The moral of this digression is that when studying Chinese, oral or written, the student
should always endeavour to connect a newly discovered monosyllabic with its best known
associate if his teacher be worth anything he will always be ready with this when called upon
; ;

and then, never forgetting that in a large majority of instances the tztf, no matter with what
others they may combine, preserve their capability of employment as independent monosyllables
or in distinct alliances, he will find the difficulties presented by the acquisition of a primA facie

monosyllabic language considerably diminished. The dialogue which closes the Supplement
of Part VIII is an illustration of the difficulty in
question, and the expedient proposed
t"

remove it.

And now to come to the eighth and last Part of this Series. After what has been said
above on the subject of grammatical analysis, the introduction of a chapter purporting to treat
of the Parts of Speech in Chinese may be thought an inconsistency. The reader is requ<
to bear inmind that the chapter is not, and does not assume to be, a grammar. It is no more
than the result of an experiment which there has not been time to elaborate, of an attempt to
set before the student some of the chief contrasts and analogies in the grammatical conditions
of inflected English and uninflected Chinese.
The foreign linguist tells us that Grammar, as the Science of Words, is divisible into
Etymology and Syntax, and that etymology again subdivides itself into the laws of Inflexion
and of Derivation. The Chinese language yields but a qualified submission to this decree. In
the sense of derivation its etymology has something in common with that of other tongues ;

in the sense of inflexion it has no etymology.

As to derivation, the pedigree of all single words in Chinese is to a certain point
accessible, for the single words have, with rare exceptions, each one its
representative in the
written language, and these representative forms, called with some confusion Chinese characters,
are invariably made up of two elements known to foreign sinologues as the Hadical and the
Phonetic. The radical indicates the category of sense, the phonetic the category of s<
to which any word belongs. Neither radical nor phonetic, it is true, is in all cases such an
index of sense or sound as to ensure prompt recognition of either; for although there has
never been in Chinese that fusion of parts that has so obliterated the primitive feutur
other languages, the monosyllabic sound has been in many instances modified in the coin

time, and both radicals and phonetics, but especially the latter, there is reason to believe, have
on occasion been corruptly exchanged. Still, the native dictionaries supply us with ii;
;

fairly satisfying as regards the hereditary descent of some thousands of the si

stantly met with. In what we may call polysyllabic combinations, the work is
ap]
because each syllable is a word in its original integrity, and we infer

that explaining the separate parts we can explain the whole. Hit I it is far from being ;>
XX ii TZ& ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

evident how, its ancient or its more modern signification considered,

the word claiming attention
has come to play the part it does as the confederate of the word or words to which we now
see it allied. The sense in which the compound is used, both colloquially and in writing, is

text of the classical work in which it first

frequently to be arrived at only by referring to the
appears, or of the historian or other later writer who has applied the classical quotation after
a fashion of his own; and interpretation of the polysyllabic compound by, as it Avere, a sub-
translation of its component parts will often be as utterly misleading as an explanation of
tlir epithet Shakesperian based on the hypothesis
that the words shake and spear contain the

secret of its meaning.

It is essential, therefore, that while examining each member of a compound apart, for

without this examination the single word will not be retained in his memory, the student
should be on the watch against temptation too eagerly to adopt what may seem the self-evident
conclusion deducible from his analysis. This caution is not wholly valueless with reference to

any of the polysyllabic languages, where it is but seldom that the compound
retains its parts

so unmodified as to force upon us the recollection of their independent significations but it is ;

doubly necessary in Chinese because, from the relation of the spoken

and written languages,
no one syllable of a compound ever presents itself in any other form than what belongs to
it when it is employed as an independent monosyllable. Experience of the danger to which
a vicious process of etymological investigation exposes the translator must be my excuse for

occupying so much space with the subject.

As to the other branch of etymology, namely, inflexion, it cannot, I repeat, be allowed
to have a place in Chinese grammar at all; and the versatility, if it be lawful to call it so,
of the Chinese word, the capacity common to so many words (especially to those that we are
wont to call nouns and verbs), for grammatical services so widely differing, is such that any

attempt to divide the language authoritatively into the categories known to us

as Parts of Speech

would be futile. Still, our parts of speech must of course have their equivalents in Chinese,
whether we are able to categorise them as parts of speech or not; nor could Chinese be a
language unless it possessed within itself the means of producing most of the results effected
in all other tongues bydoes not break off portions of its words or incorporate in
inflexion. It

them fragments of words, extant or obsolete, for the purpose of indicating the conditions we
describe by the terms Case, Number, Mood, Tense, Voice, or the like; but it achieves nearly
as much as these modifications can effect by a syntactic disposition of words, all extant, and
almost all universally retaining their power to employ themselves integrally and independently
elsewhere.

Now, purposes there are various treatises on mandarin grammar which

for speculative

may be perused with profit by the more advanced student in particular, those by M. BAZIN
and Mr. EDKIXS; but I have no faith in these, or in any grammar that I have examined,
as helps, in the beginning, towards acquisition of the spoken language. It occurred to me,

nevertheless, shortly after I my hand to the elementary course now published, that
had put
if this \voiv accompanied by a collection of examples that should give some notion, as I have
said ab >ve, of the contrasts and analogies of the two languages, it might avail to remove some
of the stumbling-blocks common to beginners in either, without committing them to the
 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. XXIII

bondage of rules fashioned too strictly after our European pattern and taking the simplest
;

school grammar I could find, I went through its etymology with the able teacher before

mentioned, translating the examples to him vivd voce, and expounding to the best of my ability
the rules and definitions these examples were intended to illustrate. Our embarrassment was
a grammatical nomenclature, for as China does not as yet possess the science of grammar,
she is of course very ill found in its terminology and the reader will see to what straits the
;

would-be grammarian is reduced in describing, for instance, the Case of the noun. The teacher,
thus inoculated, suggested sundry amplifications and curtailments as we read on, and the text

finally approved being submitted to another learned native, he pronounced it to l>o a Y> n Ya,
Li Liio, or Summary Laws of Phraseology, by which somewhat pretentious designation it
of the
"
is Tzu ERH CHI." The experiment was pursued so desultorily,
accordingly distinguished in the
and the Chapter on the Parts of Speech, as I prefer to call it, is so crude and incomplete
a production, that I am scarcely willing to expose it to the criticism of the majority, who,

notwithstanding the modesty of this title, can scarce fail to be as little pleased with it as its
author. To the beginner, for all that, and it is for the beginner that the colloquial course is

intended, its text and notes will prove of a certain value not the least this, that its matter and
;

method will together provide both his Chinese teacher and himself with a means of adding
largely to the kind of information which the chapter does not profess more than partially
to supply. The Memorandum before mentioned will show how I think he will best turn its
contents to account.
The whole Colloquial Series has been either written or re-written in the last two years,
and it has been printed, with the Documentary Series, at Shanghai in the last few months. The
fact that five presses, scarce any of them accustomed or adapted to the execution of printing on
a grand scale, have been employed at the same time upon the volumes now issued, must be my ,

excuse for the long list of errata appended to some of them. The errors noticed would have
been more numerous but for the friendly offices of Messrs. MOWAT and JAMIESOX, Consular
Assistants stationed at Shanghai. The former gentleman bids fair to become an authority upon
the tone system. I am indebted to him for calling my attention to a grave oversight in tho
construction of the 3rd Tone Exercises in Part VII, and it is to his accuracy and diligence that
the present correctness of the Key to that Part is mainly to be ascribed.
If I do not wind up, as is the wont of diffident Avriters, with a depreciation of the merits
of my work, it is not because I am blind to its imperfections. Still, these admitted, a campaign

extending over about a quarter of a century encourages me to believe that the Series will bo
of no small assistance to the interpretorial wants which it is more particularly designed t>>
relieve. The collection of elementary matter it contains will put any student of ordinary
aptitude and application in possession of a very respectable acquaintance with tho
oral languago

in one twelvemonth from the day he arrives at Peking. The course is far from exhaustive,
but the speaker who can pass in it will find himself in a position of whic'h he need not be
ashamed. Let him give it a fair chance for at least his first 18 months, and above all let
him abstain during that period from exploration of any shorter path to perfection that he

may imagine he has discovered; from all original attempts at systcmatisation. There is much
about the written language to lure a novice from what he may not unnaturally regard as the
xxiv TZtr ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

less serious, because it

appears the less formidable, undertaking. A mau with a quick ear may
fancy that, working at written texts with a native instructor, the verbal explanations of the
latter will bring him the habit of speech without any special consecration of his powers to
its acquirement, and his progress in reading is so much more evident, and as such so flattering

may easily persuade himself to prefer the labour that seems to promise
to his self-love, that he
the more immediate remuneration of his pains. There can be no greater error. If he yield
to the temptation, if he neglect the spoken language for the written during his novitiate, he
will repent his mistake throughout the whole of his career. Even when his acquaintance with
the colloquial course before him shall have satisfied a competent examiner, he must not by

any means look upon the oral language as a thing that will now take care of itself. All that
the course professes to give him is a respectable foundation. To fit himself for the higher
duties of his calling, he must considerably enlarge his range. For this purpose he can draw
on no better source than popular fictions of the country. The dialogue and descriptions, under
proper guidance, will enrich his vocabulary, and he will gather from both a knowledge of
Chinese thought and character, which, restricted as difference of habits makes our intercourse
with this people, is nowhere else more pleasantly or usefully supplied. In Chinese, of all

languages, an economy of tune to consult a good translation and the student

it is ; may safely
" "
trust to Sir JOHN DAVIS'S version of The Fortunate Union," or to those of Les deux
" "
Cousines and
Les jeunes Filles lettrdes," recently published by M. STANISLAS JULIEN, the

greatest of living sinologues. But, translated or untranslated, the novel should be read with
a native sufficiently learned to explain the allusions in it, and to guard his pupil against too

ready adoption of its phrases as colloquial. A fair proportion of them, of course, are colloquial,
but deeply as the vulgar tongue of China is rooted in her literature, there is much in such works
as we are speaking of that is far too classical for everyday use, and the random employment
of quasi-Johnsonian phraseology would be to a native hearer as astounding as Sir WALTER
SCOTT'S visitors are stated to have thought his resuscitation of FROISSART. This rock avoided,
the future interpreter should remember that improvement hi its form is scarcely less a duty
than augmentation of his vocabulary.

It is in no spirit of academical purism that I make this observation. It is justified by

the peculiar circumstances which render the relations of the foreign and Chinese official so far
from satisfactory. The latter, rising from the educated class, which is in reality the governing
is a man
class of this Empire, thoroughly conversant with the philosophy, history, law, and
polite literature of his own country, and there is nothing that more confirms him in the stubborn
immobility which so baffles the foreign agent than his conviction that it is impossible for

that barbarian to rise to the level of Chinese education. The discussion of affairs may often
be conducted, I grant, in Chinese little better than the French of ARTHUR PENDENNIS, without
any perceptible prejudice to the interests immediately at stake; but I hold that the foreign
is
responsible for something more than a mere hand-to-mouth despatch of his daily
business. It is essential to the interests of China and of foreign nations alike that the
governing
class should be brought, to amend its erroneous estimate of foreign men and foreign things.
His opportunities of influencing it are not numerous, but with the exception of the f<>,
agent, there is no one who possesses any opportunity of influencing the governing class at all.
 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. XXV

Beginning as late as most of us begin, it would be hardly possible, were it desirable, that wo
should traverse the enormous field in which a lettered Chinese is so at homo, but it is by no
means an extravagant ambition that our speech should become sufficiently polished to disabuse
the learned man of his belief that we are incapable of cultivation and it lies, I say, almost
;

exclusively with the foreign official to commence the removal I had hoped
of this impression.
to bring out this year a short
history of China, which might have served to introduce tho
student interpreter to that higher style of language to which I conceive it incumbent upon
him to strive to advance; but this, with some other enterprises projected on his behalf, must
wait. Pending their maturity, I commend to his patient attention the humbler phraseology
of this elementary course.

SHANGHAI, i6th May 1867.

XX vi TZtT fiRH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SEKIES.

CONTENTS.
PAGE.

MEMORANDUM FOR THE GUIDANCE OF THE STUDENT xxvii

PART I. PRONUNCIATION:

Sound or Orthography 3

Tone 7

Rhythm 9

Sound Table 10

PART II. THE RADICALS:

Explanatory Remarks 20

General Table 22

Modifications 30

Test Table I 31

Test Table II 32

Test Table III 33

Exercises in the Colloquial Radicals 35,34

Key to the Exercises in the Colloquial Radicals 36

PART III. San Yii CJiang, THE FORTY EXERCISES (Chinese Text) 45

PART IV. Wen Ta Chang, THE TEN DIALOGUES (Chinese Text) 156-127

PARTY. Tan Lun P'ien, THE HUNDRED LESSONS (Chinese Text) 230-157

PART VI. Ckien Yo Ckuan, THE GRADUATE'S WOOING, or THE STORY OF A

PROMISE THAT WAS KEPT (Chinese Text) 284-231

PART VII. Lien Hsi Ten Shan P'ing Tse Pien, THE TONE EXERCISES (Chinese Text) 285

PART VIII. Yen Yii, Li Liio, THE PARTS OF SPEECH (Chinese Text) 350-314

ERRATA 351
 MEMORANDUM FOR GUIDANCE OF .STI'hKNT.

MEMORANDUM FOR THE GUIDANCE OF

THE STUDENT.

1. The Tables of Errata will be found at

page 351 of Volume I and page 521 of Volume
II, and the student's first care should be to amend the text throughout.
2. Having secured a teacher, he should have the Sound Table given on page 10 read
over to him, carefully noting the value of the vowels and consonants employed in the

orthography, as explained on pages 3-7.

3. nothing to prevent him at the same time studying the Radicals. He will find
There is

on page 20 sufficient information as to the course he is to pursue with these.

4. To retain them he should write them out, and, to avoid a false direction, he had better

copy them as he finds them in the Writing Exercises (Volume III), of which they form the
first part. His teacher will show him how they must be traced, and while he forms his hand by
the practice, the interval that he devotes to it will relieve both eye and ear.

5. As soon as he is
fairly familiar with the Tables and Exercises on pages 31-43, he will

proceed to Part III.

6. From the moment he has read Part I, he should, for at least an hour a day, have read
to him a portion of the Tone Exercises in Part VII. He will see that Volume II supplies him
with a full translation of these; but, as Ihave observed in the Preface, he need not at first
regard the Tone Exercises as a contribution to his vocabulary. In the orthography there given,
the tone of every syllable is marked in the manner explained in Part I, page 8 these tone marks ;

will assist his ear, and he must patiently repeat what his teacher will read aloud to him, till
the latter pronounces his intonation correct. When he comes to Part III, he should not only
watch his teacher's intonation of the single words, combined words, and short sentences, but
he should continually invite his criticism as well as that of other teachers. His attention is
at the same time particularly called to the observations on page 421 of Volume II, regarding
the rhythm of short sentences or other polysyllabic combinations. Until he has finished Part
III, he need not trouble himself with the Syllabary (in Volume III), but thenceforth it should be

frequently consulted, and the difference in breathing should be as carefully noted as that in
tone. See remarks on page 7 of Part I.
7. I should recommend that the English version
of Part VIII be read through as soon

as the student is ready to go on with Part III. The translation which accomj 's in

Volume II and the Notes will tell him almost all he can require to know about the Exercises

in this Part; but he will soon begin to apply what lie learns from these in conversation with

his teacher, and the text of Part VIII (Volume II), especially from page 486 to the end, will
often stand him in the stead of a vocabulary. More careful examination of the Chinese text
of Part VIII may be deferred until he has accomplished the Ten Dialogues. He will then
find himself able to read all the short dialogues illustrative of the verb, adverb, etc.
XXviii TZfr ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

8. As to general directions. I have insisted much in the Preface to the First Edition

upon the danger of being seduced from the spoken by the attractions of the written language.
The student must equally guard against a temptation to abandon the more fatiguing for the
easier parts of the Colloquial Series. A
man of average aptitude and power of work should be
able to puss in the Forty Exercises in a few months. He will then know by sight the written
forms of some 1,200 words, the Radicals included. There are not 300 new words in Part IV
the Ten Dialogues, and he will fly through these consequently in a few days; but I should

urge him to read them some eight or ten times before he goes farther. Part
V the Hundred
Lessons contains several dialogues, and these, and of course, similarly, the dialogues of
Part IV, will be best turned to account by having them read aloud by two teachers. As
the student goes through either of these Parts with notes and translation, he should engage
one of his colleagues to combine with him in this viva voce exercise. The value of listening
is scarcely enough appreciated in any language. The learner is generally too anxious to
begin to talk. Part VI the Graduate's Wooing no remark that does not apply
calls for

to the two foregoing.

Finally, let the more eager beware of over-zeal at starting, and let all, as far as in them
lies, have fixed hours for the different sections of their work. They are proposing to themselves,

primarily, the acquisition of the oral language, and, subsidiarily, such acquiantance with its
written forms as will enable them to recognise those they have met in reading, and to reproduce
them in writing. For the time being the last object is of the less consequence. The more
important is the first ;
but if the student is to use this course, the first is scarcely separable from
the second. The relative quickness of the eye and ear is so different in different persons that
proportions of work to be assigned to either must be left to the individual. He should early
decide which it is incumbent on him to use the more learning by his teacher's repetition of
the text, if his ear is slow ; re-perusing the text, if he finds that the characters slip from his
memory. Under any circumstances, let him as soon as possible lay down a rule for the division
of his time so much for reading, so much for writing, so much for exercise of the ear, whether

listening or conversing and for some months to come let him be slow to disturb his rule.
;

There is no language of which the acquirement is so forwarded by method as the Chinese, be

the memory quick or slow.
 PART 1.

PRONUNCIATION
 PART I.

PRONUNCIATION.

IN order to correctness of pronunciation in Chinese, three conditions must be

1. I

there must be accuracy of Sound, of Tone, and of Rhythm.

Of these three conditions, accuracy of sound, as considered with reference to the ex]
sion of it, syllabically or alphabetically, is the least important. We run less chance of being
misunderstood if we we preserve the
say Ian for nan, for instance, provided that correct tone,
than if we were to say nan- when we should have said nan 1 .

Still, we must have a distinct idea of (lie syllable we are tu pronounce, and as Chinese

furnishes, in comparision with our alphabets, nothing but the most imperfect aid to the end
in view, are forced to supply the deficiency by combinations of our own alphabetic symbols,
we
sometimes at the rate of their prescriptive values, .sometimes reinforcing them by diacritic
marks, or arbitrarily constraining them to do a duty for which there is little
precedent.

2. Sound. The values assigned to the letters of the alphabet employed in the spelling

of the syllables given below are here considered independently of tone; but the syllable has
been spelt generally in the form that appeared to approach nearest to an adequate represen-
tation of the spoken xi>i/',nl, and at the same time to admit, without change of the letters

composing it, of an application to it of the inflections proper to a change of to'n<:

Vowels ami Diphthongal Sounil*.

a. The a in father ; when pronounced singly, in particular after words terminating in vowel-
sounds, slightly nasalised, as though preceded by 'ng.
d. Nearly our sound aye, but better represented by the Italian ai, in hid, avndi.
ao. The Italian a<> in Aosta, Aorno ; but not unfrequently inclining to li-oo, the Italian uu in
cawfa.
e. In eh, en, as in yet, lens.
ei.
Nearly ey in grey, whey, but with greater distinctness of the vowels, as in the Italia i.

. Nearest approached in English by the vowel-sound in ca.rth, in jn re//, or in any word where
e is followed by r, and a consonant not /; as in /<'//. Singly, or as an initial, it has the
nasal prefix 'ng stronger than the syllable <i.

2i. The foregoing e followed enclitically by y. Strike out the n from the won! . and
you have the syllable mei. If the syllable m'i exist at all (which some Chinese, who
nui, dispute), the
r is most ;

pronounce it i i
apparent in n< i.
erh. The urr, in burr, purr,
i. As a single syllable, or as a final the vowel-sound in case, tree ; in // shortened as
in cli tcL; chin, thing.
 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIIX

With tho vowels distinct ; not _//</,

hut as in t.lic Italian piazza, Maria.
In sonic syllables

iiinating in /</. inn;/, loo, the in is in certain tones almost ea or eyuh. This is oftener
observable where the initial is I, in, or 11; but even with these tho usage is
capricious.
ini. The in'/ in tlie Italian vecchiaja.

The vowels as in and no, with tho terminal peculiarity of the latter.
in This sound is
also modified by the tone.

ie. With the vowels distinct, as in the Italian siesta, nicnte. The i is modified, as in the case
of in, under similar circumstances; that is, in certain tones ?Y inclines to become e'e, or

-'/, oftenmaking lien, nien almost leyen, ncyen.

io. Shorter than the Italian io ; more nearly the French in in jtioctus.

iu. As a final, nearly eeyew or eeoo, at all times longer than our eu'. Thus ckiu is not chew,
but rather chyew, and the tone may make the vowel sounds even more distinct. In
the syllables liu, niu, the i is affected as in ia, ie ; they become almost Icyeic, neyew.
In chiung, hsiung (the only syllables ending in consonants into which I have introduced
iu), it must be admitted that in most instances, though not in all, the iumj is rather
than ceyoong, the o representing o in
..'"</ roll,

o. Something between the vowel-sound in awe, paw and that in roll, toll. When single, it

commences with a slight consonantal sound, part nasal and guttural, which the 'ng

inadequately expresses, and is inflected at the close as if an a or /< were appended

to it. The tones seriously modify this syllable. As a final the power of the vowel
remains the same, with the same terminal inflection, and not altogether divested of the
guttural peculiarity which it is not within the compass of our alphabet to reproduce.
Let the reader, as an experiment, try to pronounce Io as law, prolonging the aw in
his throat.
oil: In reality eo ; the vowel-sounds in burrow when all the consonants are withdrawn; hi

English, nearest the ou in round, loud.

n. \\'hen uttered alone, as it is at times for y-u, or when a final, nearest the vowel-sound hi
the French eut,tu. In un it is not so long as in tlie French unc ; but nearer tin

in the German Mii;u-]ir;t.

Ha. Occurs only in the final -nan, which in some tones is iien ; the u as above, but the a much
flatter than in the final an nearer the an in au/ic. ;

'/i.e. The u as above, the e as in eh; the vowel-sounds in the French tu es represent this
combination perfectly.
A disputed sound, used, if at all, interchangeably with io in certain syllables.
u. When single (as at times instead of mi), and when a final, the <><> in ioo ; in un and ung
it is shorter, as in the Italian punto, lungo. In the latter final it vacillates between
ung and oncj, being nasalised at the close so as to produce a sound between the French
In-ill/ and longue.

ii.ii. As we pronounce it in Juan; nearly ooa, which in many instances contracts to wa. In
the finals uan, uang it is also sometimes 6a or oa, as the tones may rule.
As in the Italian the above sound ua, with the i in ai appended to
guai ; it; the u subject
to the same changes as in ua.
 I'AUT I. I'KOM'NriATlHV

uei. The u as in uu, uai, often in value w ; the el as in ei final; the vowel-sounds in tin-

jouer answer fairly to uei.

UK. The u as inua ; the i as explained before. It is found only in tin; tinal uen, which .sounds
as if written u-tin, frequently wen or ivun. It is in many cases difficult to distinguish
udn from im ; for instance, kun from fcwen.
wi. The u as above, followed enclitically by i, as if oo-y ; the vowel-sounds in screwy; more
enclitic than in the French Louis or the Italian lui. some tones uei
It is in

uo. The u as above; the o as in lone; the Italian uo mfuori; often ",, u)l d, at times, nearly ',.

u. Between the i in lit and the u in shut; only found with die initials , te, /s', which it

follows from the throat, almost as if the speaker were guilty of a slight eructation. \V.

have no vowel-sound that fairly represents it.

Consonantal SOUK < I*.

ch. Before any of the above finals except /'//, simply as in chair, chip ; before /'//, it is softened
to dj ; chik being in many cases pronounced i/ji/i.
ch'. A. strong breathing intervening between the initial ch and the vowel -sound, but without
reduplicating the latter. Drop the first vowel in chii.hd, or the italicised letters in r/ittch-
harm, and the ch-ha remaining will give a fair idea of the syllable cfi'n. This may
be obtained if we
contrast the smooth syllable cJia with tcha, the breathing becoming

apparent in the greater effort needed to utter the latter syllable. The ch' does sometimes
soften like the unaspirated ch before ih, but much more rarely.

/. As in farm.

h. As the ch in the Scotch loch ; the ch of the Welch and Gaelic.

Iis. A slight aspirate preceding and modifying the sibilant, which is, however, the stronger
of the two consonants. To pronounce lis'rmj let the reader try to drop the first, i in
hissing. He will exaggerate both the aspirate and the sibilant, but. the experiment
will give him a clear idea of the process. The aspiration is effected by closing tin-
middle of the tongue upon the back of the palate before the tip of the tongue is r;i'
for the sibilation. It differs from sh, although this difference is less observable before tin-

diphthongs ia, if.

Most nearly the French j in jaune; our s in fusion, or z in brazier, are the nearest
j.

imitation of which our alphabet admits. Some foreigners read j as r, but this I hold
to be entirely wrong.
k. As c in car, /.: in kiny ; but when following other sounds, often softened to g in go.
In the word Ico, for instance, the Numerative proper to many nouns, when this is preceded

by na, that, or che, this, the h is softened, the two syllables being pronounced almost

n'lyo, chego.
k'. The aspirate as in ch'. Drop the italicised letters in /.-('ck-haiv/ and you will have /,'" ; in

fcick-hcr, and you have /:V.

I. As in English.

m. As in English.
6 T/U EK11 (HI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

7i. As in English.

n</. A consonantal sound of partly nasal and partly guttural influence upon the vowels it

precedes. To produce ngu, take the italicised consonants in the French mon </<dant ;

for 'ixjx't. in mox (/(fHlard; for nyo, in (/osier.son never so evident in a syllable
It is

pronounrcd by itself as when following another syllable that terminates in a vo\vel

or in n.

p. As in English.
p'. The aspirate as in {//', k'. Observe the manner in which an Irishman pronounces ^arty,
parliament ;
or drop the italicised letters in stop-hard, and you will retain p'.
s. As in English.

sh. As in English.
ss. 8s& is the only syllable in which this initial is found. The object of employing ss is to
fix attention on the peculiar vowel sound it, which, as stated above, it is so hard to

reproduce.
/. As in English.
V. As in /,:', p', etc. Observe an Irishman's pronunciation of t in terror, torment ;
or drop
the italics in /at-ha/W, and you have fa.
ts. As in jetsam, catsup ; after another word, often softened to ds in gladsome,
ts'. The aspirate intervening as in ch and other initials. Let the reader drop the italicised

letters in bets-lb&rd, and he will retain ts'a.

tz. Is employed to mark the peculiarity of the final it, but is hardly of greater power than ts.

tat. Like ts' above. This and the preceding initial are, like ss, only used before the u.
As in English, but very faint before u, if indeed it exist at all.

I/.
As in English, but very faint before ?' or il.

In the final no I have followed the Manchu spelling, against MORRISON and WILLIAMS,
who write aou, <iu. is the approximate sound in certain tones.
This, as I have admitted,
The fh, used
final only in yeh, may seem unnecessarily separated from ieh. In my
opinion the consonant y is
sufficiently plain to authorise it, and the tone-inflection is not less

practicable in the syllable //<// than in i<Ji. So with the final %.

In the tinal K some confusion with o is unavoidable. I have endeavoured to guide
myself by the Manchu, but find that although native teachers consign them to different

finals, it is next to impossible in many words to say whether e (or nge), </, ,,u", t< or :
,

o, cho, jo, ko, lo, mo, to, be the correct orthography. The same is true with the aspirated ch,
k, t; but I think that after the aspirate, in general, the o prevails, also that while none of
these syllables, sometimes sounded as ending in is
exempt from the changes to o, there .,

are many in <> which never change to It will be found that some natives incline more
<''.

to the one and some more to the other.

The final ei is of doubtful existence even in nei, which certainly ends in a sound
somewhat different from the terminal of lei, mei. These have taken the place of lui, mui, the
old orthography of the Mandarin as spoken in the South.
The finals en and eng were originally substituted for un and ung in syllables beginning
with /, m, p, after the latest native works published at Canton to teach the Cantonese to talk
 I'AKT I. I'KUMM IATIHN 7

Mandarin, and the modification has boon found to be fully authorised by the I'., The
Manchu orthography of last century \tasfung, mung, but always /
pdn
The u in iung, ung, and in ua, uai and other combinations, in which it figures both
as o and w, has been retained nevertheless as the vowel most certainly to be recognised in
the simplest form of the sound, and as the most convenient for exhibiting the variation of
the tone without change of syllable, to which end, moreover, it was expedient to avoid i

the initials hvj, kw.

Breathings.

The aspirate which intervenes between the initials i-k, /:, />, 1, fn t tz, and the v.wds
following them, is indicated, as will have been seen above, by an inverted comma in preference
to an h, lest the English reader,
following his own laws of spelling, should be led to pronounce
ph as in triumph, th as in month, and so on, which would be a serious error. The full
recognition of the aspirate's value is of the last importance; the /-><> themselves are not of
more. A speaker who says kan when ho ought to say 1,-lm n might as well speak of London for
London.

3. Tone. There no subject on which it is more important to

is write, and none on
which it is harder to avoid repeating what has been said by others.

The ideas are capable of expression in writing in some thousands of

of a Chinese
characters that may be used singly or in combination with each other. The sound of each
of these is such that without much violence to fact we call it a monosyllable. The Chinese
term this monosyllable //in. In no dialect known to us does the number of tin ed a
few hundreds; hence great confusion to the ear, and distress to the memory when it would
distinguish between sounds, characters, or ideas which it can only recall by an alphabetic
denomination common to many. Under the ///'// or sound in MmimsnN's
hictionary there-
/'

are 1,165 characters, differing in form and meaning. Of this ///// there are. ho\\e\er, subordinate

divisions, the .*//''/(//, which we, translate tones, keys in which the voice i* pitched, and by
which a variety of distinctions is effected, so delicate as to be retained only after long and
anxious watching by the foreign ear, but so essential an acquisition that, until by practice
his intonation be accurate, the foreign speaker is in hourly danger of making very laughable
mistakes. A good deal that he says will no doubt be understood, but, whether he tin.
or not on the matter, until his speech be toni.f/li/ correct, no missionary or interpreter need

imagine himself secure of being intelligible.

The term tone has been so long accepted as the equivalent of the rhino. >//'//;/
that

it may be hardly worth while attempting to disturb the usage. It might be notwithstanding

rendered with greater propriety nutr, in a musical sense, although n<> musical instrument to

my knowledge is capable of exhibiting more than an approximation to the .-/<'/./. l>r. ll.\<
in his folio on the Elementary Characters of the Chinese Language < iSoi ). has tried to give an
idea of the sheng as musical notes. The attempt has been repeated, I believe, more recently
by the late Dr. DYEK, the celebrated sinologue.
8 TZtJ ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

number
of the slung differs in different dialects.
Tlit- Books recognise five. In the
Poking dialrct there are now four: ist, the shang-p'vny, or upper-even tone; 2nd, the l*!u-
or lower-even tone; 3rd, the sltang, or ascending tone; 4th, the ch'u, receding or
;'/'.'/.

di
'] larting tone.
the upper-even, it may be enough to observe, the vowel-sound, whether
In the ist tone,

the word be pronounced quickly or slowly, proceeds without elevation or depression. One of
our sinologues has not incorrectly styled it the affirmative tone.

In the 2nd tone, the lower-even, the voice is jerked, much as when in English we utter
words expressive of doubt and astonishment.
In the 3rd tone, the ascending, the sound becomes nearly as abrupt, but more resembling
what with us would indicate indignation and denial.
In the 4th tone, the receding, the vowel-sound is
prolonged, as it were, regretfully.

The still recognised in studying the written language

ju, or entering, an abrupt tone
is now
that is to say,
committing Chinese
in books to memory ignored in the practice of the
spoken language of Peking; in this most of the words or characters ranged under it in the
vocabularies having been transferred to the 2nd tone. But the ju shrng is not extinct in
some other dialects.

It is simplest, as Mr. MEADOWS

suggests, to distinguish the four tones of Pekingese by
numbers. I write the sheng of the syllable pa, accordingly, as follows :

1 2 3 4
pa , pa , pet , pa .

The sounds of the syllables repeated in the above order form a sort of a chime, which
can only be learned by the ear, but which it is not difficult to learn. When he has caught
it the student should never hear a new phrase without taking it to pieces and satisfying
himself and his teacher, word by word, of the proper tone or note of each. So long as his
teacher declines to pass his notation as correct, so long should he carefully repeat the word
or words disputed.* When absent from the teacher he will be able to fortify his ear by
recurrence to the Syllabary.

There is some danger of misleading a student who has not caught the chime, and once
hi; lias lie will dispense with all illustration. We will hazard but one parallel, for better or
for worse. Let A, B, C, D be four persons engaged in conversation, and a question be put

by B regarding the fate of someone known to them all. In the four lines below I have

supposed A to assert his death in the ist tone; B to express his apprehension that he has

* To
give an instance of the scrapes into which inaccuracy in the tones may betray the speaker, a gentleman
who really .-.peaks the language well was asking, in 1858, where yen 1 the salt for the supply of Peking, was obtained, and
,

"Id first, to his astonishment, that it was all imported by foreigners; objecting to this, and explaining that he
fresh .-alt, MT the salt consumed in daily food, he was yet more astonished to hear that it was ;/<-, brought from

the inland province of Honan; nor was it until after some minutes' cross-examination that the Chinese addressed,
detecting his error and correctly intoning the syllable, replied, "from the salines of the province of course." The
foreigner had been intoning yen", the sound for, amongst others, the word salt, as though it were ;'/</'', the sound for,
amongst others, the word smoke; and the Chinese had believed the first question to refer to opium, commonly called
smoke, and the second, in which some qualifications had been added, to refer to native tobacco.
 I'AKT I. ritOM'M lATIuN. !

been killed, in the 2nd; C to scout this suspicion, in the jrd ; and 1) to confirm it
sorrowfully,
in the 4th.

1. t<huii>/-i>'iii</, A. Dead.

2. haia-p'i'inj, I'.. Kill I '

3. slum;/, C. No !

4. <//.'/;, [. Yes!
Now in this short dialogue, or Knglish speakers would ordinarily so pitch
tetralogue,
the voice as to make
the whole a tolerable approximation to tin- chime the student, h;

acquire; but the analogy would entirely mislead him were he not to qualify it by remembering
that in the four words instanced the voice rises and falls
according to the emotion of the
speaker, whereas the pitch of pa 3 pa or any other syllables, is independent of any such
,
1

motive. The tone of the syllable has as little relation to its sense as the note allotted to
any word in most of our songs has to its meaning. The distinction next to be. observed is

this, that while there nothing is to prevent the same \\ord

being allotted in different songs
to any note in the scale, it is only by exception that in Chinese speech the place <>f a word
in the tone-scale is ever exchanged for another. So p'u, to fear, is alwa\s /<('; <///'</<!. to teach.
is at times chi(t<>
1
,
at times eliiau*; for with a new meaning a word will clu:
sometimes even its sound.
As the student has been told above, however, the correct application of the tones will

only come to him by the practice of the ear, and in order to discipline his ear a set of Tone
Exercises has been prepared in another Part of this Colloquial Series. his attention

is earnestly recommended.

4. Rhythm. What tone is to the Individual sound, rhythm is to the sentence. Like
tone, can only be acquired from a native. The student must take careful note of the pi
it

place of the emphasis. He must not be surprised to find the rhythm in apparent antagonism
to the tone in some cases, especially when an adjective or adverb is formed by reduplication
of a word, with the enclitic particle ti
appended, as in eung-sung-ti, //>
teacher will refuse to recognise
any difference between the tones of the two /i.siY/-, although to
our ear the accent of the second differs widely from that, of the first in some of i

polysyllabic combinations on the one and in some on the other syllable.

5. And now for the sake of securing an accurate idea of the
pronunciation
of each

syllable, let the student carefully follow a Pekingese through the Sound Table which occupies
the next pages.
10 TZD Klill (HI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

SOUND TABLE,
Or List of Xi/Hnhli'* <.lixf!i,(/in.licd as belomjiinj to the 1st, 2nd, Srd, ami

4th Tone Classc*.

NOTE. The following sounds, a, ai, an, ang, ao, e, en, eny, o, ou, are as often
vm, and so on. .sVe the remarks on the subject on page 6, under the
pronounced
initial ng.

1 4

21. cheng IE IF
i. a, "a
'''
22. ch'eng
2. iilj
ill

rfc
-an 23. chi PI IB
3. an,
24. ch'i
4. ang, ""ang
25. chia
5. ao, "'an
26. ch'ia

27. ch'iai

6. cha 28. chiang

7. ch'a X 29. ch'iang

8. chai 30. chiao

9. ch'ai 3 1 . ch'iao

10. chan 32. chieh Po

11. ch'an 33. ch'ieh fa

1 2. chang 34. chien

1
3. ch'ang 35. ch'ien

14. chao 36. chih

fit * *
15. ch'ao 37. ch'ih

1 6. che 38. chin

17. ch'e *t 39. ch'in

1 8. chei 40. ching

19. chen 41. ch'ing

20. ch'en 42. chio

 TAUT i. sorxit TAI;I,I:. 11

43- ch'io
72. chiii
123
44. cldu ch'ui
73.

45. ch'iu >

74. chun
46. chiung cli'un
75.

47. ch'iung 76. ch in i-

48. cho ch'un-

77.

49. ch'o
7S. ch'uo

50. chou

51. ch'ou
79-
52. chii
SO. .'!!,

53- ch'ii
8 1. (!!-
54. chiian
82. rrl i

55. ch'iian

56. chtieh

83- fa
57. ch'iieh

chun 84. fan

58.

85. fan-
59. ch'iin

60. chiio
86. fei
'9E2 H
87. ton
61. ch'Lio

SS.
62. chu 1t feng Ml
89. fo
63. ch'u

90. fou
64. chua
91. fu
65. ch'u a ;*

66. chuai

67. ch'uai 92. liu

68. chuan 93. hai

69. ch'uan 94. han

i-ri

70. chuang M-{- 95- "'ing tr

71. ch'uang 96. lino
12 T/r KIIII CHI. COLLOQUIAL SKRIES.

126. hsiio
234
97- he, hoi

98. hen

99- heng
127. i, yi
100. ho

101. hou

1 02. hu
128. jan
103. hua tt 129. jang
104. huai
1
30. jao
105. huan
131- je
106. huang HE Wit
132. jen A &
107. huei, hui
133- ,F"K
1 08. huen, him
'34- jili H
109. hung
'35- jo
1 10. huo ill
1
36. jou
in. hsi

112. hsia
137- JU A A
138. jnan
1 1
3. hsiang
139- jui
114. hsia<>
m 140. jtm
115. hsieh
141. jung
1 16. hsien

i
17. hsin

1 1 8. hsing 142. ka nl a
u

119. hsio 143. k'a

1 20. hsin 144. kai

121. hsiung 145. k'ai

1 22. hsii ^ 146. kan

123. hsuan,hsuen[lj|[ 147. k'an

1 24. hsiich 148. kang

hs'un
125. 149. k'ang *c tt
 1'AKT I. HSOUND TAKLK. 13

150. kao
1

^|j
2

178. kiln
1234
151. k'ao | k'uo

ke, k'e; see ko, k'<>.

152. kei 1 80. la

153. k'ei 3$ 181. lai

154. ken $| P| 182. Ian

155. k'en 183. long

156. keng J2 184. Ian

157. k'eng Jcft iS 5 . le

158. ko, ke ^ $ 1 86. Iri. Iri

1
59. k'o, k'e T5f ~p] 187. Idng

1 60. kou }!p| ^ 1 88. li

161. k'ou ftjk P 189. lia ...

ffi ...

162. ku f^f *p * 190.

=

163. k'u jg 191. litto

164. kua ;Kt 192. lieh

99
165. k'ua ^ 193- lien a*
1 66. kuai 3^ 194. lin

167. k'uai 195. ling

1 68. ku.in ^ 196. lio

169. k'uan j=[ 197. liu

lo
170. kuang ^fe 198.

171. k'uang |g ^ 199. lou

172. kuei 2CXD. to

ffi
k'uei 2OI.
173. | ^ i
lii.in

1
74. kuen, kun 202. liioli

175. k'uen, k'un jr^J 203. liin

176. kung X 2O4. lUo

177. k'ung ^ 205. hi

14 T/r i';i;ii cm. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

206. limn
1 2

nei
123
232.

207. lun 233- nen

208. lung 234. neng

235- ni

236.
209. nia
237- mao
210. mai
238. nieh
211. man
239- nion tt
212. mang tt
240. nin
213. mao % 241. ning
214. mei m 242. nio
215.
243- niu
2l6. mcng
244. no
217. mi Tie
245. nou
218. miao
246. nii
219. mieli
247- niieh
220. mien
248. niio
221. min
249. nu
222. ming
250. nuan
223. mill
251. nun
224. mo
252. nung
225. mou
226. mu n *
'"so
253. o,

254. ou, "von

227. na

228. nai
if
229. nan 255. pa A -fflj

230. nang 256. p'a &

231. nii'p
ifei 257. pai &
 I'AKT I. Mil'NIi T A :l.K
I 15

258. p'ai
1 2

i" 1
1234
259. pun * 2SS. p'U II
.

260. p'an

261. paiii;

262. p'ani;- sa
289.

263. paci 290. sai

264. p'ao n is 291. sail

265. pei 292. sang

266. p'ci BE sad
293.

267. pen * 294.

268. p'en 295. si-n

269. ponjf 296. srng

270. pvnu ft 297. Si I

271. pi 298. SOU

272. p'i tt 299. su

273. piao 300. suan

274. p'ian 301. sni

275. pieh 302. sun

276. p'irh 303-

277. pien g 304-

278. p'ion 305. shai

279. slian
pin 306. Ui
280. 307. slian
p'in

281. pin.n' 308. shan

282. 309. shr>

p'iiiL;'

283. po tt m
gpr
310.

284. p'o *fc 311. s],,.]l;

shih I
285. pou* 312. 1^

286. 313. sli.ui

p'on

only.
 I:I;H cm. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

si HI
3 4

342. tieh
1234
314.

sin in 343- t'ieh

315.

316. shuni 344. tien

sliuan 345. t'ien

317.

318. shuang 346. ting

319. shui 347. t'ing

320. shun 348. tin

321. shuo Ift 349. to

322. ssu 350. t'o

351. tou 4
ta *r 352. t'ou

324- fa 353- tu

325- tai 354- t'u

326. t'ai 355. tuan

327- tan 356. t'uan

328. fan 357- tui

329. 358. t'ui

tang

330. fang 359. tun

33- tao 360. fun

332. t'ao 361. tung

333- te 362. t'ung

334- t'e 363. tsa

335- tei 364. ts'a

336- 365. tsai

337- feng 366. ts'ai

333. ti 367. tsan

339- fi 368. ts'an

tiao
340. 13 369. tsang

34'- H 370. ts'ang

 I'AIIT I. SOl'M) TAKI.r.. 17

tsao w;t
1235
F? t*
4

371. 396. TZi Xt >fc

372. ts'ao 397. wai

373- tse 398. wan 7C

ts'e
374. 399. wang
375. tsei 400. wci

376. tsen 401. \\rii

377. ts'en 402. weng

378. tseng 403. wo

379. ts'eng 404. wu

380. tso

381. ts'o
405. ya T
382. tsou
406. yai

383. ts'ou
407. yang *
384. tsu
408. yao
385. ts'u Yi'll
409.

386. tsuan
410. yen
387. ts'uan
411. yi

388. tsui
412. yin 51 Bl
389. ts'ui
w 4 1
3. ying

390. tsun 414. yo

391. ts'un
415. yu
392. tsung 416. yiian

393. ts'ung 417. yiiuh

394. tzu ~T~ -f 418. yiin

395- tz'tt
$ jtfc ~K 419- yu

u ;
see wu. 420. yim
 PART II.

THE RADICALS.
20 T/f- ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

PART II.

THE RADICALS.

6. We now come to the written character, which the student must for the time be
pleased to accept as made up of two parts, its Radical, and that part which is not its Radical.
The latter part various sinologues have for fairly sufficient reasons agreed to term its Phonetic.
In a large majority of words the phonetic indicates the sounds, that is to a certain extent.

The radical, with a like limitation, indicates the category of the sense.
The radicals are 214 in number. Some of them are subject to modifications which
entirely change their figure. The following General Table shows them arranged in 17 classes,
according to the number of pencil strokes in each radical ;
that is, the radicals of one stroke
in the first class, those of two in the second, and so on. Many radicals in the latter classes

will be seen to be made up of radicals of fewer strokes, c.y., 109, 180, 209.
Before each radical is a number marking its place in the general series, the name of the

character so numbered, and its tone ;

after the character, its meaning, and then a number of
characters, never exceeding three, which have been selected as illustrating the part that the
radical after which they stand generally plays in the composition of characters, whether in its
full or its modified form. The radicals that undergo modification are marked with an asterisk (*),
and their modified forms are collected at the end of the General Table. This list of modified
forms should be consulted as the radicals are being accpuired.
The character, it has been said above, consists of its radical and its phonetic. Let
the student turn to Radical 3 and he will see in the character given to illustrate part in
its

the composition that the radical chu, a point, stands on the top of it. The remainder, three
horizontal strokes and a vertical one, are its phonetic. Let him turn to the I2th Radical,
pa, eight, and he will see that it is placed under the phonetic in the characters given as
examples. In the examples opposite the 64th Radical, shou, the hand, the radical stands in
the example, in full form, on the left of the phonetic in the second, in modified form,
first ;

also on the left in the third, in full form, underneath the phonetic.
;

To look out a character in the dictionaries arranged according to radicals, it is essential,

of course, in the first place to decide correctly under what radical it is classed. This point
assured, and the knowledge necessary to this end is sooner attained by practice than might
be supposed, the number of strokes in the phonetic must be accurately counted, because in
the dictionaries in question the characters under each radical are subdivided into classes,

according to the number of strokes in the phonetic. The counting of these, even where they
are numerous, will not be found so formidable a task once the student becomes familiar with
the radicals, for he will observe that the phonetic is either resolvable into other radical
characters, or, in some instances, is simply a single radical character added to the radical;
 I'AKT II. Till: KAI.K AI.S. -J |

and once ho knows, as he soon will, the place of any radical in the General Tabl. ,
ho will
recall the number of strokes composing it without the trouble of counting them.
Take the third example opposite the 851)1 Radical, shui, water. The radical itself is
the abbreviated form of shui: the phonetic resolves itself into lour radicals; the centre of
the upper part is the 1 491)1, of seven strokes; tin's is flanked on both sides by the 1201)1, of
six strokes; and below is the 59th, of three strokes; making in all In the
twenty-two strokes.
second example of the 29th Radical, the phonetic is simply the 1281)1 Radical; in the second
example of the 75th Radical, the phonetic is that same radical repeated. The rule regarding
the composition of the phonetic is not strictly universal, but by the 'Dinner it
may be accepted I

as very generally obtaining.

To assist the student in acquiring a working knowledge of the radicals, three
tables are subjoined.
The first contains all the characters chosen to illustrate the use of the radicals in the
General Table, arranged in order of the number of their strokes collectively. When the student
shall have examined the first 30, or 20, or even 10, of the radicals in the General Table, let him

run down the right-hand column of the Test Table, and try to identify the radicals of the
characters therein placed, turning to the General Table for assistance whenever his memory fails
him. This will speedily acquaint him with the radicals and the part they most commonly pla_\ .

The second Test Table contains all the radicals redistributed in ci of subji

according to the meaning of each. Some are in consequence repeated. At the top of the

right-hand column, for instance, we have the 72nd, as the sun, followed by the 73rd, the moon;
then the 72nd again, as day, followed by the 36th, as night. It is hoped that this will at

the same time aid and exercise the memory but it will not be of as great service to him as
;

the following table, the third.

The third table exhibits the radicals in three classes, distinguished for brevity's sake
as colloquial, classical, and obsolete. The
colloquial are those which represent words used,

many of them frequent!}', in conversation; the classical, those not met with in conversation
but found in books and writing; the obsolete, those which, although the dictionaries allot
them a signification, are no longer employed except as radical indices. The colloquial r;n'

are 142 in number, the classical 25, the obsolete 47.

The student is recommended, when he shall have examined the General Tub!. ntly
to have formed a definite idea of the nature and functions of the radical characters arra,

in it, to betake himself to the Exercises hi the Colloquial Radicals which immediately follow
this third Test Table. In these he will find a number of short combinations of words, all of

them, with the exception of one or two, which are separately explained, radical oh
If he will keep to th. till he
arranged more or less in categories of subjects.
r.

knows every character in them, he will be master of 138 of the 214 radicals, and lie will
:

easy victory over the remaining 76.

The explanations set opposite the radicals in the General Table might often be-
expanded
or modified, but will be found for the present sufficient.
22 TXf KKIl HI. COLLOQUIAL SKI! IKS.

GENERAL TABLE.
1 Stroke.

1.
n't
1 -*
one; unity. -U ^
2. kun 3 a stroke connecting the top with the bottom. ff
|

3. c///'
:

> a point ;
a period.

4. /j'
e/t
s
) a line running obliquely to the left. yV p
5. yi
lt 7 a character in the time cycle of China; also used as yi, one. 7L fy
6. cte/t 2 J
a hooked end. ~J Ifl

2 Strokes.

7. M 4
H two. 5 JF
8. t'ou* -** above. ^ fjj(

9. y,i'~ \* man. -4- %.

10. ,/'
;
*(
-
Jl,
man. y ^
11. jit
34
^ in, into ;
to enter. ^ -^
12. pa
1
'
2
A ei g nt -
^ ^
13. chiung
3
|~J
border waste-land. ^ ^
14. mi 4 *~* to cover over. ^
1
5. piny
1
j(
an icicle. ^ ^
1 6. chi 13 Ai a stool. HJ 3^
3
17. k'(in I | able to contain. |5j [HJ

18. /f/o
'

7J* a knife; a sword. ^ ^|j

19. /'
4
^| strength. fjjff ^
20. y(o
'
'J to wrap round. Aj ^
21. ^ a spoon or scoop ;
a weapon. ^ J^b

22. fung
1
L a chest.
Q ^
3
23. /tsi "C able to contain or conceal. [7C

24. .s// /'//.- "i ten.

-^p ^ji

25. ]>n.
'

]* to divine. jtj -jx"

2 * a
26. c/<.i<7t P joint. -fj JjJ
4
27. /(aw / a ledge that shelters. jfg j^
 I'AKT II. -Till) KAI.II'Al.s

28. ssti
1
; mou 8 J^ private; seltisli.
^
29- yu* ^ again. R[ Jff A
3 Strokes.

30. /;'w,
: '

p themoutli. pT ^ d|
31. we?'
2
p able to enclose.
[fi] 0ij Mjj

32. fit* J^ eartJi.

^ J3[ *&

33. di i/t'
1

-^ a scholar. H ^fe ^
A
chih' to step onwards.
34. fa ^fc

35. <s'(M
'

^ 'to
step slowly. ^|
1 -
/tsi
36. ^7 evening. f> ^? ^5
37- '"'
^ great. ^C ^ ^
38. mi 3
|jf a female.
jjfy jff jfy

39. te-it
3
-^-
a son. ^L -^ ^
40. nwew 2 *"" roof of a cave. ^ ^ |^
41. is'tMi
4
yj'
an inch.
^
jf^ ^j-

42. hsi/iii-
yjN little.
^ ^
43. wany
'

^* bent, as an ailing leg. ^

44. shih 1
J~* a corpse. ^
/\. j&
4
45. c/t'e"
|Jj sprouting; vegetation. 1^
46. shan l
[If a hill.
^ <pj$

47. ch'uan 1
{(&* streams. ^
^|-j

48. kung
1
T labour. ^ ^ ^t
3
49. c/w g, self.

50. cAm l
ffl
a napkin ;
head gear. ^fj fpfe %jt

51. /,:?>
l
"f
1

a shield; to concern. ^ 4|i ^

52. //""' ^ small. ] $fc

53. _///
-

J** roof of a house. ^ jj J.'.j

54. 2/"' ^- continued motion. $i ^

55. kini'j- ^f" the hands folded, as in salutation. ^
24 T/f ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

56. yl
4
-^ to shoot with the bow.

57. l-ii/iirj
l
^ a bow (arcus).

58. .
3.* pointed like a pig's head.
l
59. ahan streaky, like hair.
4
60. ck'ih ^ to step short.

4 Strokes.

6 1. hsin 1
;&* heart; mind.

62. hi !
a lance a spear.
^) ;

hu* a house door.

63. ^p
skou 3 the hand.
64. ^-*
cA ill
l
"4r a prop to issue money.
65. ;

1 * to
66. p'u tap lightly.
_tr
1%
| stripes or streaks ornament,
(
literature unit of Chinese;
as opposed to plainness
;

copper cash currency.

;

}
^
68. tou 3
2\~
Chinese measure = about 20 chin. (See 69.)
, .
l r~ ( Chinese pound = about i Ib.
English ; usually spoken )
/^
IT \ of as a catty ;
chin also an axe. j

70. fang
1
-fa square. ^
* not.
71 . wu ~
-jr- rvC

72. jili- the sun; the day. ^

l *
73. yiieh to speak. J5
74. yiieJt,
4
^ the moon. ^f

75. mu 4
^ wood; trees. ^J

76. ch'ien *
^ to owe ;
to be deficient. ^
''

77. cJi Hi. to stop (neuter). TF.

jj^

78. /"/'
;

^* decayed bones of a murdered man ;

bad. ^
79. shu l & a quarter-staff. ^
80. mi 24 ffi iwu, do not! ^
3
81. pi J;|j
to compare ; lay side by side.

82. mno 3 ^. hair, fur. ^

83. c/t'i
4
^ vapour. ^
 PART II. Till: IJADI- 25

4
sltili
84. family; one's house from past time till now.
:;
*// /' /
85. water.

86. ]<!,'' fire.

3
87. chao

88. f,<
'

"
father.
m
89. r crosswise.

go. <
the Radical 91 reversed.

91. p'ien*
-
'-

'
a slab of wood ;
a slice or piece.
m
92. yn the back teeth.

93. niu 2 -*'

oxen; kine.

94. eh'ilan* :* the

5 Strokes.

~ 2
95. yuan j black ;
originally hsiiari but not so read now.
,

4
96. yu 3i* precious stones.

97. lua '

}J[ the gourd.

tiles.
98. ft
99. kan l
4J-
sweet.

100.
'
fc to live to produce.
^Jn'ufj ;

101. to use.
yung* ffl

102. t'i< fields ;

arable land.
.

|JJ

103. / the bale or piece of cloth, silk, etc.

p'i*

104. m 14
jf*~ disease.

14 7t back to back.
105. po
1 l
1 06.
"~
white.
pai' ; po []
-
107. p'i ^^ skins; bark.

1 08. min a Jill covered dishes

log. mu 4
g the eye.

no. mou ~
jh a long lance.

3
in. shih ^f- arrows.
26 T/.r Kim CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

-
112. aJi ik ^O stone.

"3- el/'!,-; shih* TIT spiritual power ;

revelation.

114. ftj
the print of a fox's foot.

115. 7^ any kind of grain.

116. ^ a cave in the side of a hill.

117- li ^JL to stand up or still.

6 Strokes.

118. c/m 2 ^J* the bamboo.

119. 7^ rice uncooked.

mi 4 ; spun by the worm.

1
1 20. ss^ J& raw silk as

121. fou
3
^ earthenware.

3
122. luang P5* a fishing net.
-
123- 2/an# ^1 sheep.

s feathers.
124. yu ^3 ffl

125. too 3
^ old. %
126. eWt 2 flp and ;
but yet. fit

127. Zei
8
^ the plough.
m
128. !Ef the ear.

129. yii
*
^ a pencil.

4 4
130. jou ; ju 051* flesh; meat.

131. ch'en
2
U minister ;
servant of the sovereign.

tsti* self; from.

132. [=|

133- 31 to come or to go ;
arrive at.

chiu* a stone mortar.

134- jj

2 the tongue.
135- she ^"
136. ch'uan - ^fl
at issue ;
in error.

137- -ft ships; boats.

138. ken 4 Ji^ limitation ;

also character in the time cycle.

1 s
139- si' ; s/tai i%t colour.
 PART II. Till; I;\|,ICAI.S.
27

140. ta'ao*
pi ants
.

jj/lf* herbs
1-C -=p. ?}
the tiger's streaks.
J[g
^ &. a*
142. c/itMiflr*; /mi* & reptiles bavin- fe

143- blood.
/^e/t^Aswe/i^Jj
144-
A^-fcMtf'ff /^,arow,asofbui!d,ngs;
14S -
yil * clothes -

*
to cover;
146. .y< commonly mistaken for 1
jHj* |
is, strictly speaking, not, a radical.
jflf (7m ;, west, which )

|
^
jaf

7 Strokes.

147- c/mw< ^ |
to perceive, \vith the
tne sign of
eye, nose, car, or mind
passive or reflective verbs
: sometimes )

c/wo 23
j
148. ; clda,, horns a corner
""ft ;

149.

'5. leu 13 1> a valley.

4
1 Si- tow beans a
jg ; sacrificial bowl of wood.

152. s/w/t 3
^ the pig.

s
IS3- chai*; ti 3r reptiles without feet.

4
'54- fei the tortoise his shell
J| ; ; hence, precious.

155- cA'^i 34
^ flesh colour.

156. feo% 3
^ to walk or run.

r
S7. few 2
^ the foot ;
enough.
1 58. .s^ 1

% the body.

159. ch'e 1
; chu 1 TJS vehicles; sedans.

1 60. Asm 1
bitter.
^.
161. c/i-'eTi
2
g* f the
(
5th horary period of the ChiB
also a character in the time
cycle.
-
,,,
9 A . M .

-j

(
.

ty
162. ck'o*
^* moving and pausing. ^ .^
4
!63- 2/i ^,* any centre of population. an +
'
the I0 th linrar .V l"' rill<1
164. w s
ffi| ' > l
7 PJtJ also a character)
3
( m
.
n
the tune cycle.
y vQ g
165. jpieTi
4
^|
^ (
t(>
l)art
(ts'ai
3
and
),
distin - llisl1
colour.
: not t" h c confused with
^ )

I
-_,
iff
3 m.f ^ hamlet of 25 families; the Chinese ineasinv -about
166. ^i
^| one-third of an English mile.
)

|
S r
f
-

mi
^T
28 TZf' ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

8 Strokes.

1
1 67. chin " the metals ; gold.

3 ** to
168. ckang ;ch'a /?,'/- grow ; long, length.

169. men* j
a gate ;
a door.

170. fu*; fou* L* a mound of earth.

ffi

171. li*; tal* ;

to reach to ;
to arrive at.

1
172. chid : short-tailed birds.

s
173. 7/ii rain.
|

1
174. ch'ing ^ sky-blue.
1
175. /ei ".
negative; wrong.

176. mien* | the face ;

the outside.

9 Strokes.

2
177. Ice ; ko 2 ]!}![
a hide stripped of hair ;
to strip the hide ;
to flay.

178. wei* J? tanned hide.

179. chiu s
MM leeks.

1 80. yin
1
^ sound.

1 8 1. yeh
4
^ the head ;
leaf or page of a book.
182. feng
1
^ wind.

183. fei
l
^ to fly,
as birds.

184. shih 2 -^ to eat.

185. s/tou 3 the head.

"j^f

1 86. hsiang
1
% fragrance.

10 Strokes.

187. ma 3 the horse.

1 88. A;w
3
the bones. i it
'
1 89. hio high.

190. i>!-it>
1

shaggy. m
 PART II. Till; KAMI A I.-.

1
191. tou* j ^ to tight; to emulate.

fa bowl of porcelain:
sacrificial luxiiriaii H.U;
192. ch'ang* .sjj
& [ contentment. !

193. fco
2
; Zi
4
^ a sacrificial vase on crooked feet.
I
3
1
94. kuei spirits of the dead.
J^

11 Strokes.

2
195. yit "6? fish.
ffn

196. niao s ^ birds.

3
197. fot
[^ natural salts.

4
198. Zu the deer species.
J^
199. mai* ; mo 4
"^ wheat.

200. ma 2 jjj, heni]i.

12 Strokes.

2
20 1. huang |j^ yellow ;
clay colour.

202. sfat 3
^ millet.

203. /tei
13
; A M black.

4
204. chih Hj embroidery.

13 Strokes.

s
205. meng ; min- of the frog or toad kind ;
to exert oneself.

3
206. ting ^r a two-eared tripod used in sacrifice.

207. ku 3 j|
the drum, etc.

208. shu s {, the rat kind.

14 Strokes.

209. i>i
"-

Jj|.
the nose.

210. ch'i- ^ aiTanged in order.

15 Strokes.

s front teeth.
211. ch'ih ffi
30 TZl" ERH CHI. -COLLOQUIAL SERIES.
r

16 Strokes.

212. Iwng'* |H tin' dragon tribe.

J[| ^
1
213. kuei Hj t lie tortoise, turtle, etc.
%JH

17 Strokes.

4
214. yo ^fl" flutes, pipes, etc.

characters in the foregoing table marked with an asterisk (*) are, some generally,
The
some always, modified when employed as radicals of other characters. In the following
are given the modifications recognised in the great Chinese lexicon of K'ANG Hsi. There
are a few others allowed in manuscript, which will be acquired without great difficulty.

A 4 * *
7} o * *
P B ^ ^r
% * TC 5 3>
Jll 15r A-A-
<

^. 3b A ^ nq F3
'li> t 1^1 ft

^3
<|ft

If ^ -ff

; ^C Itn S
 PART II. TIIK RADICAL-. 31

KADK'AL TEST TAMU-: I.

ii fe
* ft A
(HI T
W ^
t ^ ifc

iP
V
1 -t
*
I ft *t * w
fr

M'J IE

Jtt

m E -a
32 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

RADICAL TEST TABLE II.

35 fc 21 P| 1

I A a
18 r
r
31 15

# r A m
ffi

n ^
12

32 28 W 10 6

^ M 22 A
77 P )l
fc

25
19 It
33

* A 7

t Ul
26 16 ;n
T
XI .
20
29

xE 13 11

34 4 23

ft U n ffl n
t 17 X
4 8

U 14

27
30 24 t
rRj
 I'AKT II. Till: l:.\I)l( Al.s.

RADICAL TEST TAHLK III.

3. OBSOLETE. 2. CLASSICAL. i. < 'OLI.<M,IIAL.

* I

A
fc xE A
r j 4 A
& Jf A
Tlf )l 7?
ft n H

s.
u
P
c It
u
P MJ
r
p

Ig Uj

x
a
r rti

H
^ *
^
:34 T/.O Kllll rill. COLLOQUIAL SKRIES.

6 M 2
A
A, Jll
.
34
II.
: -=fe
;. re OJ

35, ^fc
5
JL ih lij
20
P 24

&, OJ
4 - ;n

P
ffij /3 ih '

HB
.22 8
e
111,

ft L. E
^5* I

X,
_.

n
11
-
|
A'
-77
3 26
as

I ^k P ^v
24

t
|i
& 7
At
x\ "H"
J
FS
bhl> P, K
'

L
n
9
M
f~=*
Ail "> T-i-,^
^1

R" P 9.

-. + 26
^ I2

A 3
ML 10. Bl~
^,
14. I M,,
14

. k ^ -h
4
0]
3

Ui
2
14
ft ^ "
"0 EB ^r
W
k

,
4 - 5
.

a
6
12.
'
-
0, Ji,
_ 5
 I'AI.T II. TIIK

EXERCISES IN TIIK COLLogUAL IIADK'ALS.

fi T n" m* -r 33
^-'
8
ffl
5
Jl" IT' H I!

i.

^' 3 3. H 12
& 3
^ 4
>fe
34
;fc'
9
ffl
6
^* 23 P' A A
s 4 1 8
. ^ ^i ^, ^\ ;
C1\ /*, S", i,
JPI'
4
"^ i.' 3
^c 4 j
ij)
5
i^
35
si
20
>
7
-^-
24
p" ^t
l(
l"j'

/h' 5 ib ^ 6
fc(j3
6
^"21 ^ cS

^.25 pI2 ^rl/

m 8 -
^. 6 -
A, #, ^ x. p, , A, P,

L, A. :, B, P,

2.
It,
A
jt, ^ ^<,

>r, u ^ ^ 25
x,
19 4
ffl ^
A.
77
vUl. X, -jp, A,
27 3
^7 A' JJ
3 '

. -X, ^T t . P,
ft, A" w .19 ^
, X, 3. Ji,

ft, ^9 X'5 A '

A^.
T^
^
^ fc
t~jif
FT*
i i-

A.
I |!|

n.
1

ft, ^ 5
A 8
- #30 ^.6 ^.,
23
77 R, %, *ij*, x ^;, ]j t

^ 3I
* 3 - 2 '

A '3

_ 6
A ^.
A 32

x,
36 TZtT ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISES IN THE COLLOQUIAL RADICALS. KEY.

1.

3
1. jen- shih*, a person from such or such a place ; 9. fu* tzu father and son.
,

e.g.,
What is he ? He is a Canton jen2 10. lao 3 tzii 3 a father. Proper name of an ancient
,

shih*. philosopher.
2. men 2 shih*, husband and wife's family name. 11. pei* tzu3 Chinese for bei
, tse, a Manchu title

The phrase is used to or of a married of nobility.

woman. Who are her husband's family 1 2. ch'en2 tzu 3 public servants. ,

2
(men ), and who her own (shih?) ?
2
1 3. ta* ch'dn ,
minister of state ;
also the designa-

jen k'ou men and women; males and females

2 3
3. ,
tion of certain particular officials of high
in a family. rank.

4. hu* k'ou3 families; lit., doors and mouths;

, 14. shih* tzu3 a hard student, ;
a reading man.

used in speaking of the population of a 15. pai

2
i
l
to4 shih*, common designation of the
street, village, town. goddess Kuan-yin.
5. tzti* chi 3 , self, oneself. 1 6. wen2 shih*, a learned scholar.
3
6. tzu3 nil 3 sons and daughters.
, 17. iven 2 jen 2 (stronger than shih* tzu ); a scholar.

7. nil3 tzu3 a daughter. ,

1 8. kuei 3 tzu 3 devil only so used when applied
, ;

8. nu3 jen2 ,
a wife. to foreigners.

2.
2
1. jen shen a man's person.
1
,
1 1. k'ou 3 ch'ih 3 ,
mouth and teeth ;
used specially
2. chi 3 shen 1 one's own as of , ; affairs, property, with reference to the pronunciation, ac-
etc. curate or inaccurate, of the dental sounds.
2 1
3. jen hsin the heart or mind. ,
See also below, 9, 24.

4. hsin 1 kou3 the breast lit., heart's mouth.

, ;
1 2. k'ou 3 yin1 ,
mouth sounds ; pronunciation.
5. shou3 tsu2 hand and foot (not , literally, but 13. mu* li*, strength of sight.
figuratively); of the relationship of brothers. 1 4. ku3 jou*, bone and flesh (not literally, but
mu*, the sight and hearing, when spoken
3 of intimate relationship.
6. e*r/i
figuratively) ;

of as quick or not fig., a police detective

; ; 15. shih 1 shou s a corpse , ; Lit., corpse and head.
a spy, whether officially employed
or 16. ku3 hsiieh 3 , bone and blood fig., of intimate
;

otherwise. relationship.
1
7. fang mien* ta* erh 3 ,
with square face and 17, hsueli? hsin 1 blood, heart; the quality of a
,

large ears; characteristics of manly beauty ; staunch friend, faithful, adherent.

at the same time, signs of a distinguished 1 8. Jiei
1
hsin 1 black heart , ;
the opposite of hsiieh3
1
career. hsin .

1
sheng hsin hsiieh*, whole life's heart
J 1
8. v/"' fli,'
Hi?, a tooth; the teeth. 19, yi*
2
9. mi'ir ya the upper
,
front teeth. blood said of long-sustained application
;

3 2
10. k'ou she ,
altercation ; lit., mouth and tongue. to a good purpose.
 l'\i;T II. THE RADICALS.

20. ch'ik* hsiri1 ,

red heart; said of ministerial 4
27. chien mien*, to see the face ;
to have a
fidelity. '.il interview.
4 2
21. erh Jen persons of one
yi
1
hsin 1 ,
two 28. mien* </</</,', to see with one's own eyes;
mind; agreement; a union conducive to certain!;. I'ully
a tiling.
success. simultaneously; lit., one and the
1 1
i, H'/i
29. yi i
,

2 3
22. pi tzu ,
the nose. same face; used of two acts done at the
23. ku3 shift 1 , a skeleton ; lit., bone and corpse. sumo time the same agent.
liy
1 4 3
24. shov? hsin the palm of the hand
, ; lit, hand's 30. mien tzu ,
the outer face or outside, as
heart. opposed to the lining or inside, of clothes;

25. shou3 mien*, inside of hand and fingers; ap- applied also to the surface of affairs.
plied figuratively to affairs that are easy 31. mien4 ahenrj
1
,
a face such as one has not
to understand. before; lit., face raw or new; but used
26. mien* mu 4
,
the face ; lit., face and eyes. disapprovingly.

3.

ju men to enter the doors; used figuratively

4 2 4
1. , 13. t
l:"v.'ii/j
l
,
in building, of the more skilled
of commencing a study. There is another labour; employed.
phrase for entering a door literally. 14. hsiao 3 1
kung of the less skilled labour, hod- ,

2. kan 1 chih 1 the stems and branches, sc. of the

, men, etc.
1 2
cyclic system by which time is reckoned 15. kung jgn , house servants; also farm la-

in China. bourers.
4
3. chih 1 yung , expenditure. ; lit, what is issued 16. jen- l,-i'i,;j
l
I in,' >///'/,-, expense of living: //'/.,

and used. labour and subsistence.

4 4 1
4. yung li to exert oneself; use strength.
, 17. ni'i''
ktmg needlework ,
: lit . women's \\ork.
2 2
5. yung jdn to employ people with discrimi-
,
18. shiiu'- handiwork, specially th.<.-

nation. tailors, joiners, carvers, c

4 2
to apply oneself; use the mind. shui 3 boatman.
6. yung hsin , 19. sh/i r;

7. tsv? yung*, enough to use ;

most commonly 20. /('.' x//(vi
;i
,
drummer.
of revenue or income. 21. /((o
:;

xlnnr, old hand :

experienced.
8. yung* kung
1
,
of application ;
to use labour. 22. ,
bred and born; lit., born and

9. ch'ang
2
kung
1
,
long labour ;
service on long
4
as to service de- 23. li i'lti/i'. to conn' to a standstill.
engagement, opposed
1

scribed as i/ii<'li* kung

1
.
(See ro.) 24. t:?' /*'. able to ^'fand alone

10. kuiiij
1
service by the month. reason of r <>r abi!
yi'i.el* ,

11. wa 3
mil* kung
1
,
the service employed on 25. /<.-/';)'/ - on ('/.-/. whether
building ; lit, labour of tile and wood, sc. moving or still, out "1' <l.>..r< ,,] -u
home);
of tiler and carpenter. used also of an affair : will it LTO on ,,r :

12. t'u
3
mu* kung labour employed on earth and 1
,
26. /< ;i a

wood, sc. in laying foundations. public office.

 T/r KKII CHI. COLLOQUIAL SEIilKS.

2
27. /*.'//;/' //-i/.
'/(;/'.
tin' 1'urning of incense in 35. shili? yen ,
to eat words ;
break faith.
3 1
temples by officials. There is another 36. pi fang for instance by comparison also
, ; ;

term for the same sacrifice when per- used substantively as a parallel case.
formed by the people. 37. /tsiuo
3
Asm 1
,
careful ;
beware !

l 2 1
28. <'</'
hxing ,
the tall sticks of incense. 38. ch'i hsin ,
unanimous.
1
29. heiang p'iffn*,
slices of fragrance ;
of scented 39. cftien* chancf; to grow ; q.d. to feel, or be t he
tea. subject of growth used of animals or ;

30. kan 1 hsin 1 , willing ; lit., with pleasant heart. vegetables of man, morally or physically. ;

3
31. ting li*, strong, as a sacrificial tripod; com- Chien* ch'ang 2 used of eminence of a ,

plimentarily used to a person on whose ]

articular quality or attainment ;
it is

superior influence the speaker relies. hardly colloquial.

2 4
32. jen li produced by men's ability
, lit., ; 40. chien* hsiao 3 view small , ;
of a niggardly

strength, as
opposed, spontaneous to disposition.
1
growth ;
used mostly of flowers, etc. 41. hsin kao 1 of lofty aims; noble ambition.
,

2
33. yi* ch'i , all at the same time or together. 1
42. kao chien*, far-seeing, as in politics, family
3 2
34. pi ch'i ,
to equalise the length or height of affairs, etc. Complimentarily, another
s
cords, poles, etc. :
pi , laying side by side ; person's opinion ; lit., [your] lofty view or
2
ch'i , to make even. idea.

4.

1. to 4 Asiao3 large ,
and small; hence, size. 8. kao1 ta\ tall ; lofty.
1
3
2. tzti pi* fit* kao
1
,
the son taller than the 9. shen 1 kao 1 li* ta*, tah of stature and of great
father. strength.
3 3 3 1 4
3. /,* loo tzw hsiao the father old, the son , 10. yu* kao yu* to ,
both tall (or high) and
young used where the father is very old
;
large.
muo-, when a man is
2 3 4
to have so young a son. 11. jen lao yu yvrl /7/
1
'
; 1

4. lac3 hsiao9 old and young. ,

old he is also said to be eWi 4 mao 2 two- ,

1
5. Jisin tatf, of evil disposition. haired, sc. to have hair white and black.
3 2
6. tai jn , villains, such as thieves, murderers. 06s. Colloquially, y<i.ch
l
is only used, as here,
7. ksiao jSn the man morally small, as opposed
3 z
,
in proverbs, quotations, etc.

to the chiin 1 tzti? (2J -?), the man morally

and intellectually perfect.

5.

1
1. shou? chin 1 a handkerchief. , 3. p'i- i clothes,
of fur, or lined with fur.

2. v//<
:;

(', ruin clothes ;

a waterproof dress. 4. nu3 i
1
,
women's apparel.
 I'AKT ii. Tin: I:.\IIII-AI>.

6.

1. chou1 chil
1
,
(politely) junk or cart, land or <J.
It XI I I I:

water carriage. 10. <

!
r/i> /</'/'
;

,
ill- to in < 'liinese
2. ch'e
1
ma 3
,
carts and horses. premises after passing the to,
4
m*W, chief
3. erh* ma? ch'e
1
,
a cart with two horses; <'//<' entrance gate.
ma 3
chu1 ,
a name for the water tobacco 1 1. rw'ri- k'ou :

\ gateway, doorway.
pipe, more commonly spoken of as shu/P 12. 'n- 'it nf a sliop :

ij.,1.
its i\

1
yen tai\ way
4. ch'e
1
meVi2
the porte cochere ; entrance by
,
13. t'u
3
men- t'u? liu
4
,
mud building's, as in vil-
which carts, etc., are admitted. lages, |
IODI- suburbs; ///., doorways and
1
shufi ch'e water-cart. rl
!i.
5. ,
window-spa
6. hsiao 3 ch'e 1 tzu 3 the small or single- wheeled , 14. ch'e
1
ku*, carters in general; not used in

cart or wheelbarrow. Peking of one man.

7. men2 hu*, entrance gate or gates of a house. 15. tsou 3 ma3 ta* n large gate of a house
8. to 4 me%2 the greater gate; specially, an
, court through which there is room for
entrance gate. horses to ride.

7.

1. too 1 tzti?, a knife. 6. yi

l
li* kung
1
,
a bow
that requires power equal

2. kan1 ko 1
,
shield and spear ; fig., for Avar.
to I
catty weight to draw it; the bow
easiest drawn.
3 2
3. s/7t s/ti/t ,
the arrow and the stone ; archery
7. shili- //' l.-in'i/
]

bow of 10 catty p.
. a
and slinging.
stiil'est bow an archer
really thu
kung
1
shih 3 bow and arrow
4. , ;
archery. though there an- bows nominally
to draw,

5. kung
1
,
too 1 shih 3 bow, sword,
, ,
and stone. 6 catty power.
of 1

Military graduates have to prove their

Obs. 8. nin- c/iinii"- kung1 cow-horn bow. All ,
I

strength by drawing the bow, e ith the are stiti'ened with cow horn or iron
T(l, und raising the stone.
latter, however, being for show.

8.

1. hsi 1kua1 water melon; ///., Western melon.

,
6. ho- .-/ iiid millet uncut.

huarifj- kua cucumber lit., yellow melon.

1 -
2. , ; 7. millet.

3. lisiang
1
kua 1
the melon generally eaten as ,
8. 't: rice and wheat cu? say
fruit ; lit., scented melon. corn or grain.

4. kua 1 p'tf,
rind of any gourd. 9. '///"/' t:~i\ wl;-

5. Icuti,
1
tz'fi?, seeds of any gourd.
10. to 4 mai 1
,
barl
40 T/C KRH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SDKIKS.

1
1 1. /<*/(/.>" ,,1'ii , wheat. 22. lu* jou*, venison.
4
12. tuu i-li!(u>'\ a bean-pod; lit., bean-horn. 23. 2/'
1

/"'".'/' ./""'',
il
lump or hunch (h7., square)
4 2
13. huany' tou ,
the bean commonly eaten. of meat.
1 4
14. hei ton
1

,
black pu' 24. i/i e/'M/.' */"'/<</ iiiti-
jou\ i
catty of fresh
3
15. hsiao ma- /:/~ cuinin. :;

,
(or raw) beef.

1 6. (//,- t -.<!?, bamboo tree. 25. Zo m/ 8 ;!

,
old rice ;
rice that has been some
3
17. c/mi hucmg*, leeks; lit., leeks yellow. time in store.
4 4
18. jott p'ien , slices of meat ; y/'/V,*
1
hove a sub- 26. ptii:'
nii
:

'-. nc\v (lit., white) rice; also rice of

;;

stantive. better quality than tin- ///'//(/- -// t /' .

(See
4 1 4 4
19. yuny too p'ien jou , using knife slice meat; 29.)
3
to slice meat with a knife ; p'ien
4
here 27. hsiao
3
mi 3 tzii ,
oats.
3 4 3
a verb. 28. Zao I/ft ii ,
Indian corn of a certain age.
niu2 jou4 huang mi
a z
20. ,
beef. 29. ,
a coarse rice not brought up to ;

4
21. yany- jou , mutton. Peking.

9.

1. nia- yang-, sheep and cattle. 16. chin* I/a-, gold fish.

2. niu* ma3 cattle and horses. , 17. yil- tz& 3

,
fish eggs ; spawn.
2 2
pi mu*
3
3. yv? ch'ung ,
msects that fish eat; larvse of 1 8. yil , pair-fish, supposed to be in-

gnats, etc. separable fig., ;

of the married state.

4. fs'ao 3 ch'ung", plants and insects, q.d. shih 2 shou 3 yil 2 a kind of scisena; commonly
botany 19. ,

and entomology; also any insects found called the h uang- h

yil yellow-flower i/.a
l 2
,

yellow marked or spotted fish.

in grass or plants. fish,
3
5. ya- ck'uny-, teeth insects. The Chinese be- 20. tsou ma?, a horse that ambles along quietly ;

lieve toothache to be their work. such a horse as Chinese officials prefer

2
6. ch'ung- ya a , tooth, or teeth, suffering from to ride.
insects ;
aching. 21. lao
3
mas ,
an old horse.
7. mao mao 2 2
ch'ung
2
, hairy insect ; caterpillar. 22. hsiao 3 Ch'uan1 ma?, a Szechwan pony.
yu mao
3 2
8. , camlet ;
also feathers and hair ; 23. chu2 ma3 horse made of bamboo. ,

plumage of a bird. 24. k'ou 3 ch'ih 3 mouth's teeth sc. a horse's, ; teeth,

yang mao wool.

2 2
g. ,
by which his age is known.
10. p'i
2
mao 2 ,
hair of fur; also fig. of maladies 25. ch'in,(j
]
ni u- i'. grey cow, white horse ;

not serious; q.d. affecting the surface only. used literally; but also figuratively, of
11. mao- nii 3 , spinster; a girl whose hair is still marriages of which the conditions are
unparted on the forehead applied rather ;
astrologically objectionable.
mo?, ox of clay, horse of wood
to young girls not of nubile 3
years. 26. t'u nin- in n} ;

12. fei
1
mao3 , birds ; lit, flying birds. jig., of stupid people.
kao 1 fei k'ou3 ma 3 a horse from
1
13. ,
Hying high. 27. hsi
1
,
the western
4
14. to lu 4 the red deer
, ; lit., great deer. frontier ; lit., western mouths, sc. frontier
2
15. lu 4 c/n'o deer's horn.
,
passes.
 I'AIIT II. TIIK ItAIMt AI.S.

3
28. lung- chao dragon's claws , ;
as in embroidery, 34. //swnj/
1
niu1 /
ia leather, c. sc< i

painting, etc. cow-hide.

29. lung* men-, the dragon's gate, through which 35. lacP hu3 a , rat, sc. an old rat.

candidates for degrees enter the examina- 36. lutiao* 1'1,','n,,'- tnf mie's nwn son), a little

tion hall. dog.

1
30. tout lung- chou contending dragon boats; , 37. cli'H" log, as in 36.
the boats in which men race at the fete 1 1
38. chin kuei a small kind of land , tort.
s
of the fifth moon. 39. kueV pu ,
divination ; lit., that prm-ti^-d with
2 3
31. huany- yang tzti, ,
a kind of antelope. rel'en !: marks on a ti ack.
1 2 2 2
32. hsiao* shari yang ,
a goat's kid. 40. ch'any ch'uny ,
a scrj)ei>t : /-'/.. tl,,-

2
33. yang* p'i ,
a sheepskin. lie.

10.

3 3 1
1. chin 1 , mu*, shutf, /mo ,
t'u , metal, wood, 14. feng s/mr, air and water; the influence
water, fire, earth ;
the five elements of suprrstitioiisly attributed to certain as-

the Chinese system. pects of buildings, localities, etc.

1 2
2. t'ien
2
t'u3 lands , ;
fields.
1
5. feng yen words borne on the wind rumour. , ;

ta* t'ien-, the autumn which are many 16. y<i'iiif '/-
.y ram's horn wind; a l
,
3. crops,
and of large value whirlwind: name t^iven to a child's con-
as compared with
those of spring. vulsions.
1

4. kua t'ien
1 2
lands growing gourds, melons, ,
17. hsiang fru;/' .-// /'//.-'
/,r, fragrance blown 10 //'.
3 1
etc.
1 8. t'u yin , sounds of the locality; a local
2 2 3 dialect.
5. yi* t'ien ho shu ,
a field all rice or millet ;

19. shui 3 yin 1 water sounds; fit., the murmur ,

a well-filled field.
of flowing water; Jig., affection of one's
6. shan1 shui3 scenery; lit., hills and water; ,

proper accent caused by residence away

also, the water on the hills torrents. ;
from home, q.d. by drinking the water
3
7. shan 1 ch'uari1 , ,
ts'ao , mu*, scenery; landscape; of tin- strange place.
lit., hills, streams, herbage (or plants), and 1 1
20. is/taw yin ,
sounds in hills ;
an echo.
trees. Shan1 ch'uan 1
,
the water system
21. shui 3
se
4
tint of
, water; its pleasant tin
of a country. in spring or autumn; used also of tin-

8. hsi 1 shan 1 the hills to the west. of a handsome woman.

,
complexion
9. shan 1 ku3 ,
hill and valley; valleys in the 22. yi* se
4
,
of uniform colour.
hills. t rain.
23. avy
10. ku3 k'ou3 a , gorge, narrow pass ; lit., valley's 24. <///'.
'

.-re is a want of rain.

mouth. 25. yn-^/,1':, rain water; also the name of one

11. hsi
1
the western region; western coun-
1 of the .24 periods into which the Chinese
fang ,

often, specially, Thibet, the land of divided.

r is
try;
Buddha. 26. .--hill-
jili* once in 10 days; pre- ".tin

12.
1
high wind; a gale.
ceded by another sentence, wind once in
teVen.ff ,

1 hsi 1 feng
1
west wind. five days weather to ple.t-e t'.mii ;
3. ,

6
 42 T/r Kill] CHI. COLLOQUIAL SKKIKS.

27. tv.'' *// a 1

{-.,"": an artificial mound in a 32. chin 1

kua1
a ivd gourd not eatable; one of ,

slum hill or mound

1
garden, etc.; fit* a the insignia borne un a
pole at funerals
,

of earth, as from one of and at certain state ceremonii is.

distinguished
rock. kua,1
33. );/"'
papaya, liltllKi.MAN In the , (
'.
).
:
28. kuitiiij- t'L' \
clay. Ninth a scented melon, not eaten, but
1 s
29. kci t'u ,
black loam: specially of the dirty used in medicine.
soil of Peking. ;
an edible lichen.
34. mu,* erli\ a tre< s ear ;

3
30. laud' huo devil fire, will-o'-the-wisp. , mu 4
tzti
3
a hollow wooden vessel on
35. yu- ,

31. chin 1 ku3 gong; lit., metal and drum;

,
fig., which the Buddhist when
priest taps
sounds of war; the gong properly gives
chanting or begging.
the signal to retire, the drum to ad-
vance.

11.

2 4
1.
ch'ang* yi ts'un i inch long. , sion is no more to be taken literally than
4 " "
2.
pa? ts'un* erh 8 inches 2 [tenths]. , half a dozen with us.
1 3
3. pa tou* measures of pulse.
tou* tzii , 8 11. y!
1

f<nty
l
,
a whole neighbourhood.
The addition of tzti? to other nouns is 1 2.
2 4 1
yi ts'un* chien fang to be an inch square. ,

common. The verb chien4 is here reflective.

2
4. shilt, chin 1 mi3 , 10 catties of rice. 13. tou3 fang 1 literally, bushel-square; the square
,

1 3
5. yi erh* p'i ,
one or two bales of cloth, dra- or oblong space left often in the trellis-

pery, etc. work of a Chinese window, to admit the

1
6. yi erh* yeh*, one or two leaves of a book. light ;
said to derive its name from the
1 3
7. pa shik- 82 li=BomQ 27 miles.
I'i'h
1
li , size, not the form, of the space so re-
1 4 2
8. fei chil/}' yi jen not only one person. ,
served.
4 2
yi wen only one cash short.
1 3 1
9. cli'tli-'' ck'ien
, 14. jih* yung* tou chin daily expend a measure ,

1 2
10. pa k'ov?
jen eight persons; q.d. such or of gold expenditure of a wealthy man. ;

such a family consisting of. The expres- C'f. our pot of money.

12.

4
1.
jili jik*, every day. a high-flown phrase applied to the beau-

every month.
1

2. yiir/i ties ( if
;/i""'li\ spring.
4
3. yi* jilt* yi- chien to see or visit once every , 7. AM"' i-hi-'n- <-/iih
l
;i u?, from about 8 A.M. to

day. about 5 P.M. The Chinese day and night

4. sftan 1 kao 1 yiifji* li*u>-\ mountains lofty,
are divided into 12 two-hourly periods.
moon small ;
the moon rising behind lofty The ch'eir is the fourth before midnight;

mountains; phrase used of the picturesque <//i

:

'-,
tin; third from noon.
4
effect of such a scene. 8. jih i-.r,'\ a day.
4
5. yiii-li ,V, moonlight; rather used of a moon 9. ch'dnif
1
f/i ilt
4
jih
4
,
of days lengthening after
"Id and bright. the winter solstice.
1
6. yi'"/! //*;', moonlit nigli; :
part of rather
 I'.\I;T ii. TIIK RADICALS. 43

13.

V,
1

1. ch'iny ,
hucmg*, //<''
ch'ih', pj*,(or. in Peking, 5. rli'lli' bright scarlet, sin-h 1 d on

IH>'. A</'); sky-blue or deep-i;n-eii, yellow, tempi'' <!s<>

ruddy, as a

blood-rod, white, black. complexion. In tin- latter sense ii is

pr<i-
1 2
2. ch'ing pai blue-white ,
pale blue. llolllleed ill I 'el; ing <//'/'//' *//.
%ei* pai* (so pronounced in A"' yellow and
1

3. Peking colloquial), 6. liii'ni'j' >'///' ,

yet, black; said
black and white, as of a chessboard's nf the countenance in certain sickness.
squares; also used when speaking of intense 7. /</' ''. tin! colour of Ax/'uii//', Chinese
stupidity that cannot tell white from black. incense sticks, which we ('all
joss-sticks; a
1
4. ch'ing huang-, green and yellow. Unripe pale yellow d HI silks, cloth, etc.

grain is said not to have reached lin- 8. y/n'/i iiioiiii-white( jmlc bluc)colour.
age when these colours
mingle. The 9. ijii.
1

>''', colour of jade; much tlio same as

4
phrase is also applied to a sickly coun- //</-' /HI!- HJ .

3
tenance. IO. nil ''"'', lust after women.

14.

1. huo3 shih 2 a ,
flint. perial affirmations or predictions.
I

3
rejecting what
1
2. shan tzti
1
shift , a rockery ;
the stones used with negatives in is said

to make one. to you by another, as not, infallible.

3. skill? chiu* tzW, a stone mortar. What you say. or he says, is not mouth

4. shift? mdn2
a gate or doorway of stone; ,
of gold,

passage through a rockery; rock pass 9. iva 3 foil"; ,

el/! \ ;</''', tile, earthenware, gold,
between hills. jade (or jewels). The first two are better
5. shilt? jen-, human figure of stone. to buy than the last ;
thrift is better than
6. shih 2
ma 3
,
stone horse. profusion.
7. pai- yil
4
,
white jade. 10. nw :i
'in-ii-n
1

,
tile face = th' a house.

8. chin 1 k'ov? yil* yen-, mouth of gold words of 11. VM' I'-'"
i''
1
. a bit of tile.

jade; such as the Emperor speaks: Im-

 PART III.

THE FORTY EXERCISES.

(CHINESE TEXT.)
46 T/U KRH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SKIMKS.

I'.XERCISE I.

8
W-f- I
.
A.

+ - -
W o o

= A
A. = ^ A. 1B $Ko

A ^
10 A

W ^L JL
=
It
-b W ^ a:

11

* 5
P Po H
y\o

12

4 I
o ffij I

4 -f- 4
-f-
Tjo ^I ra A. 3L

13 ~&
H ii
xu M
fs>
a& *t
W -35-
Q
A A
A * -
 in. TIII: i-oirrv i:\Ki<n 17

KXKKCISK I. KKY.

-h
- 0J -k
A, W + -I-

A -k ft
4 4 /r If
s 7je 4 A W * A. -

8
A A -o W -. *
P - 1i
- A A -h
^ A ^ *. A + = +

A
4 ft.

-i-

10
*
A LU W Mo ^f
-
-t:,
\

M. J ffi. J -fc I
48 T/.l ERH fill. (il. KOQUIAL S Kit IKS.

KXKIM'ISK II.

1 ffl
J ft, J^ ffl 100 ^
2
j^mwftftwm
m ii M ^ ft f ft 10, 3
* an ..
an

^ ^ ^ T. W ft A fll
M 10
f@ A
Ac A
To T 3R m. 7 it i A W W
.A m . To ^

10
IS $?, it ^

ja
11

A ^ T
> & at

12

-in'
T
13
P
A, A
-t A m id s ft.
P
 PART III. THE FORTY K\ i:i;t iMls. 49

EXERCISE II. KEY.

n
ft

s
"*o --^ o
BS.

8
4 21 t, m

Ul ig

ft, ja. ^ tt

=
^ i
H. XS.

10

5fo :y xa R 3^

A $J ft ^f JnL SP' ft 5?P'

11
A
JRfltA^TOAoWA.
it I* ^"fh |t 3** Ji K jffit I

Jt, 7 ^o =
50 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQCIAI, SKKIKs.

EXERCISE III.

8
95 A
- m A
SB ii )i A fl

A
9 A
A
To H T 11 3fc

^^
XIV TJ A
~7 */

^10 ^ ft
*
^- is
-t
ft 7- < i
= ^ SB
11

fe A I. A
T 6 SB If

12 A ^ t^ SB'
-^
BH
7[-jV
/ ,
1

ft 31 PH 3f c
--
7. ft 7 T ^ A
-*i- I /J-
ft if
Jg SB* IE
13

iff ft
 111. -TIII: I.'DKTY KXKIICI 51

EXERCISE III. KEY.

5 1

JS. flL rtfc T To IHJ O

9R M

A
ft

A.
JIB J o

SB ft ft It

J +
7 -Lo

ft w m ft A ft
A M ^ ft
XV *>
52 TZtT ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE IV.

9
ft.o ft ft, * * SB
to n ft ft n.
to tfe

* * to.

7 o o
tf J # 7 11
5fc T - W
10 "
n E m *.
tt * SB' Wo SB

m 7 A
11
ft ft SB
ft tt ft
it
SB m to

12
7
7 7 ^ ^
T.

13
* 1 ft.
8
11
EG
 I'AHT III. THE FOKTY KXKIU 1
53

EXERCISE IV. KKV.

ft ^
m ft. ft, ft. L/C

ft
J* ft
It i^ T

[ Jt

7 lift
54 TZtl ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SEKIES.

EXERCISE V.

4
.

ft H
t, 4 ffc

^ & *n

ft ft ft 31 ^, ^ r Ife

P #? P $ era

)t ifr
WL ^
^m Tj

W W IB

ci. B|J SP
IB
3
^ ^
^.^^ *KI
1
.r*- ^
m n
_^u t~in
 PART JIT. THE FORTY K\ Ki:c|si:s. 55

EXERCISE V. KKY.

a * IE. m
&
7
'$: 8 ft IE
is

m
& *
W tfc. .

^
ii ^ 16 JB
tt

.$,

Jig

m
# * tfc
56 'IV. r KKll CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE VI.

5
T, ^ n ^
% T T
T t ft ^.
^ W. * W
A
m ft

A
tB

ft
-ifc

ft

T, iB ft ^
ft ^ m. T

7
S IP IB IB T B
 PART III. THE FORTY EXERCISES. 57

EXERCISE VI. KEY.

7, 7* T.
, ji

J
HI
=. 3
T -v It* EF"
1=1 M J ff
$l =K o ft~
w
/
Ji
fcfc
s
-rt\
I / I I
-jr
"T" ^ %
~r"o C
f^ o tR lEfc 3^ P W -^

ff Ho t
^
.

Si ^T
IK. 3*. a

$ m ^
J O llffl >a ^-
58 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE VII.

8 ^ e 7;

JE

Jt
ft

S IE
46

10 ^ an #. u

i m &m to
ffl ifc t m m% in

11

ft &

T Mo M **

ft *, -ft
 PART III. THE FORTY K\ KIM 'ISES. 59

EXERCISE VII. KEY.

7,

7 A # ? A ft

i 7

. JE B c

a a a
3

& ^ ft, A
ft a m ft

7jfA^W jfcct
119
ftrt
By

ft H ft &
A,
fP ffi ft IP ^ 77 &
60 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE VIII.

**, IR -y-

o JuLo

a - t

T T ^ *
10 II T.
T

T. * A
$J *
11
vi W

TI i
~f
J
TJ
T,
12 i. SB A it

T itfc J

IB T
 PART III. THE FORTY KX i:ii( ISES. 61

EXERCISE VIII. KEY.

ft. ft * & It
ft * * iR ffc

A
-i IB &A 7 ft

8
. A -? ft < 10 19

- ft Jfl flu 7
ft 8 ift

A 5:

T,

9
* tt & tt 9
M it ^ ft, SB'
7. 7

ft
10

ft
ft & 7,

+
62 TZtJ ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE IX.

$* it J! fi.

tt it * tt

J W ^ T

8
^ ^ * & 4
IE, ^ ^ fi ^

fa A to 7 & & t.
 PART III. THE FORTY EXERCISES. 63

EXERCISE IX. KEY.

9
ft *. T IJ ^ M# \

10
a
31
11

= m .> id

12

^ *, ft T D
M 4 SR ft ft

if . . * &^ ja in 7.

13

T.

14

f-t
x.
ff.

15

X Iff 8

T.
64 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE X.

IE K *.
fr fflfl)

ft ^

tt' X ff* A.
ft
'

41. T (Ml
ft * i^ it

*, T n, iu 1@

m
IE
5e T _t
^ PI, ^.
10
T T ^

ft
- JL -
 I'AUT III. THE FORTY K\ KKrlSBS. 65

EXERCISE X. KEY.

it
T m
~y
c
"rVfe

* #
-

ft n m
fI t
^
Xi

tr
ft us
- w A

* & -7-

KB A. m ft m
WE 7C

a i^ a

ff
66 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XL

6
ft T ffl

& ft n

2
i
fir
ft & -
Inn.

tt'

^T
7u
8

oHj
^-^
SSI'
SFIL
BR
AH
H ^ -
m,

4=f 4t*
1 J fjffi 7.
*!
ftt A
10

7 7, * H
g ^ /cfc

i -
"*^ i?*

7
 I -ART III. THE FOIST V IA i:i;i [SES.

EXERCISE XL KEY.

3
7, It

-3-
>T Bra

T $ 4 ffl

^c A ^c
T

7 ii *,

6
7,

, A f^ fel
T 1 m ffi %.
i& 7, WL
ft ^*
Sb 7 fr,
68 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XII.

A
I. i 5E ft*

^o ^f ^

7. &*

8
-t II H \ SB to
to
- To i is
o
lTTT7

a; *
jg/t .

i T ft

r ft -*

W
m
~w~?

tto * ft
J>KJ

%
9 LLl HH
DP PJ
Ji Wo
IR
if o G too

flfc
10
vf
-
^ ft

T,

11 to
 PART III. THK KHKTY KX KKrlSKS. 69

EXERCISE XII. KKV.

10 i

515 tt
2

9 * ft. 9 Jk * *
& tt, TO m m * + 3
ft 15
ft

12
tt ft,
4B *
7 & J: ft
ft
13

aa.

& ft

14

To it

15
8
ft, J& ft tl, IK S tt Ift

10 T

16
70 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XIII.

ws

it
:
?
7 ^ A
w f:
n 7 3

8 tt
A
A

A ffi A

ft ff
 PART III. THE FORTY i:\KKt I^IX 71

EXERCISE XIII. KEY.

6
aP) x
*,

fto ft,

ft ft

10
^ * ft a* 7
To ^ ^ ft M. ffi

^C ft ia. ^ T>
72 TZfT ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XIV.

5
a 7
4-
m

Jr at

* A
at 7

ft

Ji tt
:
f
ffl ^, S
8
A
ft

ft W,
 I'AIIT III. TIIK FORTY 73

EXERCISE XIV. KKY.

* $P ; iH M tH

# # IB

tt
^ m n
ft J&
5K, ft tS

ff iT Pg

10
74 TZtJ ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XV.

5
T jl
=

ifi:

tt
T 3B -t to to. H
* li
A T

fife M H &
ffir, "4 jfift A
^
7
SI SS a SB'

*
}g n fft

A A

nil
 PART III. THE FORTY KXKHCI8E8. 75

EXERCISE XV. KEY.

6
Xfc
dc. 3f
u| ^ J, & tfj & IS

ft

L ;t fi) Iff

* *.

PH> ^ ift, it
fir

T ^
- T
^
J:

4 A
4
76 TZD ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XVI.

7, 1H.

7, m e
A, JI P
s

A
ft R ft * P

R . R
8

*. S JS
SK tB
ft ^
gc n 5S ft
w *,

^ M
7 P
'

ft ft
ft Jt. H lift

ft

ft
T, #B' 7
T, # f?
T T
R P
 PART HI. THE FORTY i:.\i:i;( lsi;s. 77

EXERCISE XVI. KKV.

ft ft to n ?
'

*K A &
3i ^ SP m jg

P tr 7, *
IB * ft

it * a
^ * T, ^
ft 4 * * *r
'

=&
- * T
.

fll SB

A
a A fi e ^
10
9R Hi
- flj

ft

ft B, tR SB 35
^ * ft IBS ft
$ ^
& & ft ft ft
ft m *
& -?> tt P. e &
. K ft
78 ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XVII.

6
fe
A w
Jt fltffg

* ^
. T ft'

A Hr. To 10 "4

2
A,

It

8
^1 T, S, i A
ioii^
it as A m A
_t

flT
ffi

IB A
10

& 'W -fe

tt
 PART III. THE FORTY K\ ClirislX 79

EXERCISE XVII. Ki:V.

7
id

8 A
IE

IE,,

tt *
ffi

10
ifc 4
ft a A, ft % ft

cffr
Wl 19 =
7t xs,

tr m %&

6
T -ifc f ft
^ T^ ft
ft #.
* * us
80 T/A- ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXEIiCISE XVIII.

6
f^ "^X
I
.T} f Mp
7} ft xtj
rj J
*ig?
-^- 'Vp
^^
T ii m so is
fc
- *f Jfc fl ffl tr ^ + wt, ft
tfe ffl M fil ff 7 A A

T *r 4 JS ft
ft T A *&.
h
_L

tr
w
8
77

m ft ft, m A

IN

ffl S IN -tfc

T, W. V: M ic V ffl

m ^ flr ^ ft. ^ *
^ fSJ fj{ ife *&
T =t S. ^ ^ ffl A
 PART III. THE FORTY i:.\ i;i:< ISE8. 81

EXERCISE XVIII. KEY.

_L to
t t
m

tt ^ la M
to n, ii ^J>
T,
T> JW a, T H @ Jl
i&
m. ft- a ft ft T.

to
8

A
^r M
m T XE
7. JfiL ^ ft. 5

^ 7, ft

Si a
A A ( R

f I

t * SI

tr to w M A
'& Ht ^, ^u ft
11
82 TZO ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XIX.

T Ji. , it ;

JS ft
HJ

T
8
A
ft. Ji. tr

ffi

7 A ,

41

fifr

B.

ft #> * fa

10

l JS
, JE W.

A
 PART III. THK FORTY i;\ i;i;i ISE8. 83

EXERCISE XIX. KEY.

8
,

, Ji

9 . A 14

SB @, BS
*

10

H f*
^ 7. $ W $
IE fF J ^ &, M ffl
tr
^ f^ T ^ -y- ^

A w % & tr

& # US m & *w w
A W> - ^ fa flf. ^t ^
6
12
i&'
j ja IE

T.
* *, *. &
13 *r
o J Tvffc -^J 3<,
84 TZtJ ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XX.

7
A
A ft

8
IB 06. A - * W
Jig /^^ ^r^

JK, *
ft 7 . ffi T ft A

-y A
3 ^fc.

ft P,

10
* *
ft
tt

A >r
ft ft
HA f/v f^ J f<
iVf
ft ^
33P ~^
>r w
-I&&

.*
^, ^
^[b
m
Jg& ^k
HE
AA
fly

ft
I'ART III. THE FORTY EXERCISES. 85

EXERCISE XX. KKV.

6
ffi

*
A

A,

T,
tfe II

A
m
86 T/f ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL >i;i;ii:s.

EXERCISE XXI.

6
ft 06, T-
* i * a
. ^ SF
-~
x 7 H %

i A . iR S
pf a W
t, m ti, M
*r I

8
M.
y , A,

T tr T n , as
*r
- T
A T T ft,

*r
^,

T - A

T M T
Ji . *,
 I'\I:T irr. THE FORT v K\I:I:< i
87

EXERCISE XXI. KEY.

T. J* 16 *
ft w JE* M n & T)
ft w 7. a ft *
m
^ ft 7, ffi *
I .'. .'.'. tif 4/>- "V
Tfl ft /S Ki J ,

& H* T f ft ffl

T m ^ ^ A ^ IS 31
- -flft A ^F $F 5E, (Ej M, IS $

tft

T. i&
In 7 - M
A lei

n. 7
ft 7,
'

A
A, ^,
m M'
^ ft
*. ffl ft
*D Jl, *6 M
m n ,. ft

, *^^ i^
n ft A 'flu
II
1
'I
B*
I i
in
^-i- 'Pii
IR>

T W, ft, B
ft S
%

ifa it
88 TZtJ ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXII.

js, tt,
- ft A
H le A A
A 5
A

8 Jt $1 M' 8t T. tt
tj& ^ * w * ff
W.

Pg.

10

7
 PART III. THE FOKTV KMIIIM 89

EXERCISE XXII. KEY.

JB ft * -ft
>fr f& T> 1L
^ * tl ffi

IP ft it

IB]

* & ft

9 m e T
7u J
m
W ^L
*M)

ft ft
$\

To *r

10

ttL IS] 1^

12
90 TZfr ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXIII.

6
ft P m

2
7Jo A
li
A eiB

t,
{ij M A

T
it,

ffl

M .* K tt tt
*, Ift ft
* H 7 -7- ft
 I'AliT 111. THE FORTY K\ i;i;< lsi;s. 91

EXERCISE XXIII. KKY.

5
7*

ft
7 7 ft ft
M ft ft
I
- $L
[ijlj

ft ft 1 A
m.
*||;|l A K

T, 7ot ^, JfB
-fir
2
= TJ * * - -
*- ,

is
a.

fi, M mi

6 a 7
T ^c
7.- 4
^ ft
/iu BH'l

T ft w m *
* ft I'M
/.

7, 7,

A
ft &m m
 TZtl ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXIV.

6
IE m n

IE 8 ^ ft
fll ft T,
A

m
$ B
r-^i -4.

wt

B * J ffl

T ft
8 B
T

j& #fl 4 us
W B

iff IB, ^ + A Wt 215

^ B$
T
10
IE
- ft
ft
Wo
7 K ft
F, B
^ 4 iE
fi ifc

T.
 PABT III. THE FOKTY IA llln ISES. 93

EXERCISE XXIV. KEY.

5
(ft fl ft
* A #B
A 2

ffi

6
ft ^ T
B 7, #
"5"
~3r

it^ Ji
a t

E w m m
_V^- . I'- n :

n ^ ^ B

A ^ T,
T, T, ^ ^ ^ T A
T T S
T
A

a T T,A8

r.a T w, ft
94 TZtT ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXV.

ft m . m.m. A A
ft
-
%m *r %
it *r ^ $
H & # =!

A
8

A
t A W, ift

A ^ IB)

A
it

10
IR
ft
A ft
A,
11

ft ft A fig "4 P
?,w Ji w m
A m tt ^ ^ , ffl

ffl
 PART III. THE FORTY EXERCISES. 95

EXERCISE XXV. KEY.

3B W ffl it A * IS ft LI "ZT -^ ^T>, ^T vu

7 # #. a B a * m Ift xE
7,
T SB PS & a. ^ w ia

>/L SB

fi
7 A
- ft *r
SB

^ ft T>
Jfc
- ff
7
7,
n ji
96 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXVI.

5!, 7 7

A,

i3
*
X.

IE
~$t BJL *& 3$ W

A
10
~T* dU A A.
r-_ -T^ ^ t ffl

^S J o ^IC !E:

^ ^ ^ ^ m '

A A 7 ffi

PI IR
 TART ill. THE FORTY EXERCISES. 97

EXERCISE XXVI. KEY.

*& 8fe. T T Hi.

ft tt-lt ^ * , tt
ft Hk ft it /I
fli & m * P
9
IB 4P fft IP T rm

A. Ji A -
ip ft
JL ft.
ft
ft ft,
il 7 To J&
SI t,
ft

ip
jg. lu ^ *r
^ a T, f8i 10
ft HI W ft MH
A
ft ft ft
rfii

J i
'k

a ft
13
98 TZtJ EBH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXVII.

T
-tfe A #
. ft B5 T
, m is A

Jr J!
if H A
W JW
*

ft A A^
T *. if A tt a tl

]^t

IS.

j A
ft*

A
W

m
m
10
 I'ART III. THE FORTY i:\ UifUSEB. 99

EXERCISE XXVII. KEY.

Jl A A A X fl tt
H IV ^ A H A'

jRi 0. A ft II. V m
m ^ ^ 4 n e m. fl
6

g A
A 2

-tfc *F k ^F A,
T> tf A *
7, l

A
A
8
^ A n
fft P& *, ^ i@ ft
*, * H -t A -

Wt

ft tt & ft >. A II
16 A, T> @ #
* ^ 'if &A # W
100 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXVIII.

^ & ft> ft, ft ft &

ft. && 3 H H 7, ft 2

ft

To fa
M Ife S: #
- ss
ft % l@ $9 _t. ft
7D W> ^
& ^8 ^ , fl- at E
51
T,
T
- IE 5

7,
fl. E, k E i
10
: A A ft

ft.
# =1 ft,
 PART III. THE FORTY i:.\Kl;clSi:s. 101

EXERCISE XXVIII. KEY.

T. BE 10 If
7,
ft "4 IK

ia

SB
1
* A fft 5^

8 m IK
^A
^n 7
o .

m JM

9
X 7o ij&
7 Si ^i Si,
^ ^ ^
* ft W

10

tt- ff.
^ f T, *
102 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXIX.

6
ff )i
7 -
it

"4
2
tiL SB

*
8
T
T
To
SB i A
7 g m
7 n

9
A

I 7 . m -, SB & a
>E\
10

5
J M
iti >-^
*s
id J /iv

T
 I'AIIT III. THE FORTY KX KltrisKS. 103

EXERCISE XXIX. KKV.

ft, ft ft It $ A * it
ft \ ^ m & ft
. *r 3B g, ft $ ^ ft 4* HI

*. * ; flc A
7 IK, ^
It
3
f BS JE II ft
10
A XLi

an. ^ a,

*n^ m ^ ^ tfy na
11 ^
/g* ^ rat je *|i ^
H ft. 7 *
ffl Wo &
5

12

^ ^ ^ _L P }2

, T

13

* ft. JK
ffi ft
tr Ife m. 7, ft
104 TZO ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXX.

6
77 JS,

IR Ui

XT
8

tL M
9
Hi SB 9fc

10 T ft M
SB Hi

A M
SI K
11

A ft tf . \ \ \ JS

H
1 Pi ... _*
,

flff
 TAUT III. THE FORTY K.\ Kin I.SE8. 105

EXERCISE XXX. KEY.

3
,
M ffl; ft %>
m
m i yu.

;, ft

te & ft
A
ft Mb
$J
A
A ib
- I W III -
#, Mb
A ft A ttj' Mb

^ iK
7
ft A B
it
IE A, 11

A, S 7 ^, ^

*r
& & n ft &

M ^fc _t ^K ifc

14
106 TZ& ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXXI.

7,
Jl ffi & %
$ 7, m
I ft
- 4 * SI *r
*&, IT ja 7

3fc ft 7
7, tt I* ^
7. A 7
ft
m n
9 m> ^
al v& flo tit

n<l<

10

i m J
F
tt{ ftft

A, m. *
 PART III. TilE FOKTY KM 107

EXERCISE XXXI. KEY.

3
'

N *
'

B $ ft ft
*]*&. -t
.
J* fl ft IT ft 10 #B
IB * Ifc A .5 a
ft s? f- ^
# #. ft ft
A A

ft
- *

A *. J?H ^ ft
f e ife A, iE
^ IE
iR SB

ft A * Mr A *M

itS 7C.

T
108 TZO ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXXII.

>. ft It H H
* jfe ffl

,A
W fT A

tr

ffi P ft
W ^ , A

& & f$
Bl ,

IE

10

A g W
T.tt A ^r HI ^ it T
& 7
A
 PART III. THE FORTY EX I
109

KXKIM'ISE XXXII. KKV

5

ft S5 fi2

H .18 ^
* ft ^ ^' ft
H m ft III A

A T
T ft, / A ft H, A
*E
P, m
SB ^ T O A
2
B ft
_t ft *l W
ft,
19 B$ ft ^ m &
*
ft,
Ji ft, jj ^ A 7,
8

t IR In

;& T^ o

Kfc ft

II "4 ^ A ^ fi: IW
* ft i^
Mb
-*IL ^?
_7L,
110 T/0 KllH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SKKIKS.

EXERCISE XXXIII.

7
It
Ifc -& P

& Ht a &
8
#*.ft. IRftHiltiSr
T.

ft
W & %i ft ft ^ A
ft ft ft ic, ^ ft 3* &
= ft

& $t ft o ffc ^ ft
^ ^ ^ ^ M a ^
o
ft
^*^f tlCTk ^TJ J i ^^^

^s
>(*i'*
+
__ -

m
- A

015 & ft W
iB< ,^
X2.

ff
Mo S 1^5 ft TO
10
fr 4
IB
L, Si
 I'AKT III.- Till' rOHTV KXIKrlSES. Ill

EXERCISE XXXIII. KEY.

4
w - *
n $L fa
m m , m JSK -
T H ^
^ ft H ?E
- tt, H
5 * A __W
#? ifr B BE, W xV
-y. .

A is +

T #t
At, |f- ^^G*
iR A A HE ia TIL

A t
A B

6 5L H

ft A

"4 Z
M
->>.

^ 7 ^
^a ft & I. K
'
*
63
7u
I6K
lluj
~f
J A
t. ft
~ tu-
112 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXXIV.

m m
Jft:

& a A

8 ft
;# ffl *
 I'AKT III. TI1K FORTS KXKItCI.SKS. 113

EXERCISE XXXIV. KEY.

m
*& & m
3fi * Jt * ii m 7 - A

7, ^ A W, I^J, I
I 1 IA
rt4 A
s\

5 I
I*J

an m ^ ^ J

n> M 7 m *' m

|EJ

. A
15
114 TZtJ ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXXV.

m K m
Wt 6$, IE

8 ft-

m
A tti

A
10
iff t?

a*
5

m ;
^,

US

ifa -tfc
 I'AKT III. THE FORTY K\ i
115

EXERCISE XXXV. KEY.

m M a it
$J 7 JE
A ffi

ft 7, A ^ 5i A ^
m
w
It * tt
T
m
Jl,

Ji ^5 A ft
A "F ifc 1"
ft * f

& *r A, ^ ffl

SB TJ iJBl
3N
TI i

7,
116 TZU EKH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXXVI.

7 ffi /It

A
X J

it

A, ft in

H / n

8
'

Mr ft ft A,

A, tr
 PART III. THE FORTY i:\ l.i: ISE8. 117

EXERCISE XXXVI. KEY.

A a 7
To-
ft

A
6 ffl

* ft * ^
T = If
A

* 7,
Jl M -tf- ^-t
>i
7 ^ 94

7
fe 7, 7
7.
L[ *.-
A B9 A,
piT
'
^
tf

fif
118 T/.l ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXXVII.

* ft IB A. ft * 38 ft tit tt

ft,
- ft
-
0filjlRi
i# ft, &

- X. fi IB'

ft tT W ft M > 'nr
A SB
II IE ff
A % Pi A ft $K &> ^
^ i i3> Ji I.

A,
t,
A

T 7. Ife IE S: ft.
 I'AKT III. TIIK K01.TY I'.X Klti ISKS. 110

EXERCISE XXXVII. KKY.

ft 1ft

A,
ttlft
lEj it
* ft
TjX y /JU
ft *r *.
ft A tr'

A
pf ^ To to -ft

"4 H IS *
A -^ ft @ JS
-

ffi

ft A
ff t.
S = ^i
sw ot
*r W & flfc
120 TZfr ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXXVIII.

* 7 7
* -i $s
MV .

ft * A

Y tt.

^ in ft

ft fx
w
n

5
 PART III. THE FORTY EXERCISES. 121

EXERCISE XXXVIII. KEY.

ft
n 7.
T. ft A '

T T

fir

w ra s *.
A

9
tf

10

Ift ft ft *t * It *
1$, (Hh tfi & % IfJ ;H
^r 'W w fio 4 ^ 7
ft
16
122 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

EXERCISE XXXIX.

6
-t:

ft
.
T,
-
m :

.ft ft
;
m *
IE ? A

> ft

s
T
8

II If <
I, A W
i m it
$ m

ft ft >>

m T A
 PART III. THE FORTY EXERCISES. 123

EXERCISE XXXLX. KEY.

n *r ,

it it
e JBS

A
- ft

ff

-ffc T, A

*. W
ft $

it A H
8

IE >J>

ffl ^ IE
- fir m
124 TZO ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

KXKRCISE XL.

It ft &
$t 6t <*
Bia^
# T a .

SB 19
7, * 3* *t,

T (ML If Jl
ft n S fit
A
* Jt S *

8
M *
ft If SB
A 3 # fitf 15 n T 7
if f^ ^ T T fit

^ ^ HI
 PART III. THE FORTY EXERCISES. 125

EXERCISE XL. KEY.

T
I, ft ft. ft

ft & T *,

m
 PART IV. THE TKN DIALOGUES. 127

Ji
ft,

ft fF
7, W *,
[Bj B^ m *
T,

M 18 15
22 7,

25 m l

pi
jfif 16

BPJ

it fit
l
.
Sttl,
HR nW 19 ft'
T, * 4 14
H
T, 23

26

m 21

A.

*r
27 9
A 17
k A 20

-fi
128 TZO ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

tt
a
* m
7, ft 7,

m to 7 IE 8

to ^ to t 7 A
$, ffi m 7
A 7, SB
1

Jffi is,
Ml T A
to t

13 11

. M' m & ^ *5
ft %?
yt BK
T]\* J P O ll\ o
/_^J* ^^*

Aii
Iffi, B. 5* m
51$ 9 r ffi

7 I
ft A
& to
"-+
-W A
m ^fc 7
^
ft,
W ^' SI SI
14 7 m 7 BIB,

J3E

o 7* o

m R 5l

12 10

P
JK. 5F.
 PART IV. THE TEN DIALOGUES. 129

I
l in
I",
$s 7
xa I, ft
pn
1EL W A;/r
IP 53
to

ifc 55
to 8 #1 A
^
tt
fr *

56
fe
si o
?JR
WH
H
Mi
H.
*E
m
I i
ft il
57

*
ffirt "7
nr! J
a*
M SB

54

*,

17
130 TZO ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

A a J! ft 7,
7, W, Hr $i _h $t
ft
31

I fc
7^^ 37 -h X ie:

A ^ m a ra ^
48 46 42
- + 39 0P
ft m ^ ^ ~ 33
41

$l $1 _t SS
45 4
T,

n j*t c

51 IS 43 38

7 C

i*
IS, ^
>A

m 49 ^
47 40 iot\ ""T"

xE
^ 30
36

a 44 34
T
Bl 50 7

fc A
52 A /^
n>&
Tt
-^>
i(il\

. ^ 3E @
 PART IV. THE TEN DIALOGUES.

23 12 6 1

ft W
1
A Ji ft ft
ft SB
18
16 g ^ BR
- !- Hfc
fe 20 xE nB ivF ft
ft IfR

27 22
ft ft 14 10
ffl A
ft
ft fc ft %
H
25 ft
-fHh .1

j^r
<
4r
ffff *
28 -fc A ft, T c

17

ft 11

A :
o Mt,
9 ft

ft 26 24 19 13
^ ft m
15 ft
21 ffl 5
X^ sra

ft ifc
x^.
132 TZU ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SEEIES.

a ff 78

*a. m
8ft 85 u II I 015 015

n i&, ft ^
& m n
-^j *^f
72
jKt'f I *^iry
74

-& 1t 77 pf

IflJ ifc

87 # 80
f?
T. 86
76

^ 79
83 ^ 75
05
*r J >

81 ff.

ffl '^
* K ff *,
* *ft 015 73

84 H k
E
A
^e. Jt
39 SI
ft* &
 PART IV. THE TEN DIALOGUES. 133

^ 65 ^ $f in' %> in'

a ji
H CO
H -i>C
:W? 63

^ $j 64 in
,
57
fcj ^t ^>
5i <^ JE?

4 ffif ft 55
68
59 ^ ?RT

66
f.
JUL
I"7V
IX* o
ttlfiJ
"I'll
<
T ft
7
70 69
**. a ft
in ^ ft eo
1
Si fl

* 56 H
* iR fPl

m m - ff
^ ja 62 + T o

M ft

it! 67

71 61

7 &
134 Tztr ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

- tt KB

ft g( HH ^ SI ft

J. tt ft, ft, iS
XM
* 45 iR W
yJLr
S
t=t

fit 51 ^ it H 1@ f!5'

ft Ji )So ft ^ i0
52 JK 41
A, tft

A 49 43 & 39

ft IB 42

ft ft 35

4P ft SB
ffl 36

SB
-
JS it, SB

^ M 48 44
(ft ?(f a 4& 1% SB'

54 9R
a 3 In 40 if 61

. ft
Jtt 38
H ilj 47 3?

^ 50 7

A
A^ *S. /a
rt
Nf,
Jil
xfc
ft,
*
 PART IV. THE TEN DIALOGUES. 135

ft m ft ^r ft

ft ta 16

33 "4
T,
Ira, 28

I
ft,

n
30 ft *r
26 m ft ^ T i

it m fc ft ffil 19

*ili fto iSt ft,

25 ; 22 p
ft is f, w, ft 7 3B' ft
# if ft m
L 29 7
1 7

9B
& A
Ji 27 ft H
34 JS" ^ ft
32 + 1*. ft
66
B*J
?
xU
31 A T c

^ 20
ft
24

ft
136 TZfr ERH CHI. COLLOQUIAL SERIES.

&J, 3fe BE
-v
PET
T"
-T*
T
TV

M ffl x 9

ttj A ^ 3? R, ^
V-
98

m m
tt> 96
,

10 *. ff *r

f- T
/
IE
'
O -^* t

SB
11 8

tr
fcP PJS 5^1 JP1

1 la iB
^ 100 |$ ft
14
*r

K. 7,

13 1, ft JS. &
15 ^ ^, 99 ^
: 4- ^ :
?
1^ ^ PjSc 1 & 81
K tt
 PART IV. THE TEN DIALOG I KS. 137

76 ft 72

83
94 65
SIS 1^ -fc ft
ft A 74 gg
ft IR

92 68
1& Ji ft
'*
o '63
T
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THE TEN DIALOGUES,

(CHINESE TEXT.)
 PART V. THE HUNDRED LKSSON8. 157

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 PART V. THE HUNDRED LESSONS. 183

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 PART V.

THE HUNDRED LESSONS.

(CHINESE TEXT.)
[CHAP. XL.] PART VT. THE GRADUATES WOOINCJ. 231

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THE GRADUATE'S WOOING

OR

THE STORY OF A PROMISE THAT

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(CHINESE TEXT.)
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THE TONE EXERCISES

(CHINESE TEXT.)

37
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 PART VIII.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

(CHINESE TEXT.)
 ERRATA.

PART
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