Composite Materials

Design, Analysis & Applications

Dr. S. Kamran Afaq

 Composite Materials

OUTLINE
• Introduction Week-1

• Mechanical Behavior
Week-2,3
• Laminated Composite Materials

• Sandwich Structures Week-4

• Analysis and Design Week-5

• Manufacturing Processes
Week-6
• Applications
 Composite Materials

OUTLINE

Mechanical Behavior

• Unidirectional Composite (Revision)

• Off-Axis Stiffness/Compliance Matrix

• Off-Axis Engineering Constants

• Failure Criteria

• Laminate Theory

• Classical Laminate Theory

Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Revision Mechanical Behavior

Unidirectional Composite

 L , EL
Longitudinal

Transverse
T
 T , ET
L
T
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Revision Mechanical Behavior

Longitudinal
θ (Parallel to fibers)

Transverse
(Perpendicular to fibers)
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Revision Mechanical Behavior

Unidirectional Composite

Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness

L
 L , EL
T

 c   mVm   f V f

Ec  EL  E f V f  EmVm
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Revision Mechanical Behavior

Unidirectional Composite

Transverse Strength and Stiffness

L
T

 T , ET
1
Ec  ET 
Vf Vm

Ef Em

 mu
 TU 
S
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Revision Mechanical Behavior

Unidirectional Composite
Shear Stiffness and Poisson’s Ratios

G f Gm
GLT 
GmV f  G f Vm

 LT  V f  f  Vmm vLT : Relate σL to εT (Major)

 LT TL
 vTL : Relate σT to εL (Minor)
EL ET
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Revision Lamina Properties

Stress Tensor
σ33

σ31
σ32

 11  12  13 
σ13
 ij   21  22  23  σ23 σ11
 31  32  33  σ21 σ12
σ22

x3

x1
x2
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Revision Lamina Properties

Stress Tensor

 11  12  13   1  6  5 
 ij   21  22  23   ij   6  2  4 
 31  32  33   5  4  3 
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

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Revision Lamina Properties

Isotropic Properties Anisotropic Properties

Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Revision Lamina Properties

Orthotropic Properties

if load is applied in a specific direction, they behave as Isotropic

Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Revision Stress-Strain Relationships

Orthotropic Materials

Nine independent Material Constants

Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Revision Stress-Strain Relationships

Orthotropic Materials
For Plane Stress State 3  4  5  0

Compliance
Matrix

   S  
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Revision Stress-Strain Relationships

Orthotropic Materials For Plane Stress State

   S      Q 

Rigidity
Matrix

[Q] = [S]-1
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

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Revision Stress-Strain Relationships

Transformation Coordinates

1
y
θ

x
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Revision Stress-Strain Relationships

Transformation Coordinates

Stresses in 1-2 system

 12  T  x y

Transformation Matrix

 c2 s2 2cs 
T    s 2 c 2  2cs  y
1

 sc sc c 2  s 2 
  θ

c  cos  , s  sin 
2

x
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Revision Stress-Strain Relationships

Transformation Coordinates
Stress-Strain
 12  Q 12
 12  T  x y
So,
 x y  T 1  12
 x y  T 1 Q 12 1
 x y  T 1 QT  x y
y
θ
 x y  Q  x y
Where, 2
Q   T QT 
1

x
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Revision Stress-Strain Relationships

Transformation Coordinates

Q   T QT 
1

Similarly for Compliance Matrix

S   T S T 
1
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Mechanical Behavior

Q   T QT  1

Q11  Q11 cos 4   Q22 sin 4   2Q12  2Q66 sin 2  cos 2 


Q12  Q11  Q22  4Q66 sin 2  cos 2   Q12 cos 4   sin 4  
Q16  Q11  Q12  2Q66 sin  cos 3   Q12  Q22  2Q66 sin 3  cos 
Q22  Q11 sin 4   Q22 cos 4   2Q12  2Q66 sin 2  cos 2 
Q26  Q11  Q12  2Q66 sin 3  cos   Q12  Q22  2Q66 sin  cos 3 
Q66  Q11  Q22  2Q12  Q66 sin 2  cos 2   Q66 cos 4   sin 4   
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Mechanical Behavior

S   T S T 
1

S11  S11 cos 4   S 22 sin 4   2S12  S 66 sin 2  cos 2 


S12  S11  S 22  S 66 sin 2  cos 2   S12 cos 4   sin 4  
S16  2( S11  S12 )  S 66 sin  cos 3   2( S12  S 22 )  S 66 sin 3  cos 
S 22  S11 sin 4   S 22 cos 4   2S12  S 66 sin 2  cos 2 
S 26  2( S11  S12 )  S 66 sin 3  cos   2( S12  S 22 )  S 66 sin  cos 3 

S 66  22( S11  S 22  2 S12 )  S 66 sin 2  cos 2   S 66 cos 4   sin 4  
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Mechanical Behavior

Carbon/Epoxy
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

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Mechanical Behavior

Q12

Carbon/Epoxy
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Mechanical Behavior
Off-Axis Longitudinal Modulus
 x'  0,  i'  0

   S  
 x'  x'
  x   S11 S12 S16    x' 
    
  y    S 21 S 22 S 26    y' 
   S S 66   xy'  y
 xy   61 S 62 
2 1
θ
  x   S11 S12 S16   x'   x  S11 x' x
    
  y    S 21 S 22 S 26   0   y  S 21 x'
   S S 66   0 
 xy   61 S 62   xy  S 61 x'
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Mechanical Behavior
Off-Axis Longitudinal Modulus
 x  S11 x'
 y  S 21 x'
 xy  S 61 x'
 x'  x'
 x' 1
Ex  
 x S11
y
2 1
 S11 cos 4   S 22 sin 4   2S12  S66 sin 2  cos 2 
1
θ
Ex x

1 1 1   LT 1  2
 cos  
4
sin    2
4
  sin  cos 2 
E x EL ET  EL GLT 
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Mechanical Behavior
Off-Axis Poisson’s Ration

 xx   S11' S12' S16'   x' 

   ' '  
 yy    S 21 S 22
'
S 26   0 
   S ' S ' '  
 xy   61 62 S 66  0   x'  x'
 x  S11'  x'
S12'
y  S  '
21
'
x
y  ' x
S11
 xy  S 61
'
 x' y
'
2 1
S
 y   xy x  xy   12
'
θ
S
11 x

 LT  1 1  2 
 xy  Ex  
cos   sin  
4 4

1
 
 sin  cos  
2

 EL  EL ET GLT  
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Mechanical Behavior  y'
Off-Axis Transverse Modulus
 y'  0,  i'  0

  x   S11 S12 S16    x' 

    
  y    S 21 S 22 S 26    y' 
   S S 66   xy' 
 xy   61 S 62   y'
  x   S11 S12 S16   0  y
    '   y'
  y    S 21 S 22 S 26   y  1 2 1
Ey  
   S S 66   0   y S 22 θ
 xy   61 S 62  x

1 1 1  1  LT  2
 sin  
4
cos   
4
2   sin  cos 2 
E y EL ET  GLT ET 
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Mechanical Behavior
Off-Axis Shear Modulus Test  xy'
 xy'  0,  i'  0  xy'
  x   S11 S12 S16   0 
    
  y    S 21 S 22 S 26   0 
   S S 66   xy' 
 xy   61 S 62  y
2 1
'
1 θ
Gxy  
xy

 xy S66 x

1  2 2  LT 1  2 1
 2  4   sin  cos 2   (cos 4   sin 4  )
Gxy  EL ET EL GLT  GLT
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Mechanical Behavior

Ex Gxy

0° θ 90° 0° θ 90°

Variation of Ex and Gxy w.r.t.θ

Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

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Mechanical Behavior 7.0
Example
A Lamina has following characteristics;
3.5
E L  14 GPa
1.4
ET  3.5 GPa
GLT  4.2 GPa
 LT  0.4
TL  0.1
Find the stresses in L-T direction and y
the strain in x-y directions. T L
60°
x
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Mechanical Behavior
σy
Excersise
A Lamina has following characteristics;

EL  40 GPa , ET  10 GPa σx
σxy
GLT  4.5 GPa ,  LT  0.32

Lamina is subjected in its x-y plane to the following strain state:

 xx  1%  10 2
y
 yy  0.5%  5 10 3
T L
30°
 xy  2%  2 10 2 x

Find the stresses in L-T and x-y directions.

Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

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Mechanical Behavior
σy = 7 MPa
Assignment 4.1
A Glass fiber/Epoxy Lamina (Vf = 60%) having = 5 MPa
loading as shown; σx
σxy
Mechanical Properties of Glass fiber and
epoxy can be taken from Table 1.4 and Table = 3 MPa
3.3 of you Reference book.

1- Plot behavior of 1 and 6 w.r.t.  = 0 to 90⁰

y
2- Plot behavior of 1 and 2 w.r.t.  = 0 to 90⁰ T L

x
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