Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Leonard Zongo
Providing adequate resources to all students in college is pivotal for their success in
college because the daily stresses of college live can be daunting for many students. One
particular student population in the non-traditional students group definitely needs help because
they have to raise their children on top of handling academic related work. According to a 2014
study from the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, 26 percent, or 4.8 million of college
student population are students who are raising one or more children while taking classes.
Despite this staggering number of students with kids on college campuses, affordable on-campus
childcare services are practically inexistent or hard to find (White, 2014). As a Graduate
Community Director and working in Housing and Residential Services, I had a firsthand
experience with these groups of students and the struggles that they go through on a daily basis
are real. Though the complex that I oversee is designed to accommodate the needs of non-
traditional students such as student parents, there are no real systems and procedures in place that
allow the staff to address their needs or direct them to proper support services on campus or in
the local community. According to Creswell (2015) “When researchers conduct a study, they
proceed through a distinct set of steps” (p.7). This research will follow the basic guidelines for
conducting research that Creswell provided in his book and all precautions will be taken so that
the integrity of the research is not impacted by any failure to comply with the IRB regulations in
Given the fact that previous research concluded that appropriately assisting student
parents can have positive outcomes on their offspring, this quantitative and qualitative research
will focus mainly of the types of support services that are available on the targeted study sites
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 3
and their impact of student success. Additionally, student parents living on the selected
university campuses will provide their perspectives on the type of support they believe would
have the most positive impact on their college journey. The study will identify how much
support universities should provide to student parents in order to alleviate their daily struggles
between attending college and raising a dependent. With student parents constituting 26 percent
of the U.S. undergraduate student population, the research will be extremely beneficial for two
types of audiences. The first beneficiaries of the finding of the research will be student parents
as this information will better inform their decision making process when applying for college.
The findings will allow them to take a certain number of factors into consideration prior to
selecting a particular four-year institution to attend upon graduating from high school. The
second beneficiaries for this research will be four year public institutions. The findings will
allow those institutions to maximize their effort in regards to providing adequate resources to
better support this particular group of students whose number is significantly high. The support
systems that could be put in place are day care centers, parenting skills services, scholarships for
student parents or a private/public partnership with local day care centers to accommodate
Qualitative study question: What can universities do to better assist student parents?
Quantitative study question: Does student parents’ retention and graduation rate increase
“A mixed methods research design is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and “mixing”
both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study or a series of studies to understand a
research problem (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2011). Using a mixed methods research will allow
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 4
the research team to have a comprehensive understanding of the impact that student parent
support systems can have on student success and their overall perception of the institution. The
quantitative part of the study will provide an opportunity to establish a relationship between
student parent support systems and their graduation rates. The qualitative part of the study will
determine whether student parents chose institutions on the basis of the support systems that a
university has in place. The quantitative study by itself may generate a positive correlation
between student parent support systems and student success. The result however may not
explain why there is a relationship between these two sets of variables. That is why a qualitative
study that describes student parents’ feelings and perceptions in regards to the amount of support
systems in each institution will help the research team to better understand the data collected.
For example, if the result of the quantitative student study shows a positive correlation between
student parent support systems and their graduation rates, and the qualitative study reveals a
stronger tendency for student parents to choose institutions with high amount of support systems,
then the research problem will be better understood. The mixed method study will not only
provide factual information such a statistics and numbers, but it will also explore the stories
related to the issue from those who are mainly affected such as students with dependents.
In the quantitative part of the study, the research team will use a correlation statistical test
to describe and measure the degree of relationship between student parent support systems and
graduation rates. The variables in the study will not be manipulated; they will rather be utilized
to establish an association among the variables involved in the research. According to Creswell
(2015) “a correlation is a statistical test used to determine the tendency or pattern for two (or
more) variables or two sets of data to vary consistently” (p.339). In this study, the main interest
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 5
is to determine whether we can predict student parents’ graduation rates based on the type of
Literature Review
Impact Children’s Educational Outcomes?” which was published by David Monaghan, a senior
researcher at the Wisconsin HOPE Lab tackled the notion of supporting student parents. The
article focused particularly on student parents who constitute 4.8 million of the U.S
undergraduate student population. The end result was to determine whether college enrollment
by student parents could have a positive impact on the educational outcomes of their offspring.
Monaghan (2016) drew our attention on the magnitude of the problem being studied and used a
statistical data to show how important the enrollment rate of undergraduate college students has
grown exponentially from 1980 to 2010, reaching 72 percent. Such data creates the reader’s
interest and motivates the reader to want to know what the research is all about. The author
furthermore narrowed down the research topic to student parents and their offspring. At this
point, the author clearly identified the targeted audience who will be the beneficiaries of the
research. Later on, Monaghan (2016) identified another type of audience; policy makers who
will be responsible for setting into motion the results of the findings. Given the fact that
“parent’s college-going” is likely to benefit their offspring and little research has been done to
establish the “impact of parental education attained during a child’s lifetime” (Monaghan, 2016,
p.4), the justification for the research about supporting student parents is clearly pointed out.
The principal concern and purpose of the Monaghan’s research was to determine whether
or not “supporting parental enrollment might be a relatively cost-effective strategy for raising the
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 6
disparities” (p.4). The author aimed to explore how investing in student parents’ education can
have positive long term goals for society at large. So, one of the main questions that was being
studied was whether policy makers should subsidize student parents’ tuition through “public
The study was a longitudinal quantitative research that was commissioned by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. The initial sample of 12,686 respondents born between 1957 and 1964 was
first interviewed in 1979. The interviews continued until the offspring of the respondents were
included in the study in 1986. The background information of respondents was initially
collected through a survey. Then a cognitive test was administered in order to single out the
qualifying candidates for the study. Children of respondent, a total of 11,512 sample, were
additionally administered a survey at the age of 15 and continually participated in the interviews
Monaghan (2016) clearly pointed out what portion of the respondents was being
considered in the data analysis process. Inverse probability of treatment weight (IPTW) method
was used to assess the outcomes of the study. The IPTW method served to differentiate
respondents who were likely to behave accordingly with the empirical estimated observables
from those who were behaving otherwise. Additionally, standardized differences (SD) were
used to reduce bias observables. The author provided a step by step guideline to help the reader
understand how the data collected had been processed. Multiple formulas, tables, and graphs
were also provided to allow the reader to better understanding the data analysis process.
The findings of the study corroborated the predictable outcomes generated from previous
theories and empirical research. The study confirmed that children whose parents enrolled in
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 7
college and completed a bachelor’s degree are 5 to 15 percent points likely to complete high
school, attend college, and complete a bachelor’s degree than their counterparts. Factors such as
family size and family income were also pointed out as contributing factors that either enable or
When the struggles are compounded by harsh economic challenges, student parents
definitely face devastating results and have a hard time succeeding in college like their
counterparts who do not have to worry about a dependent. According to Mugglestone (2015)
student parents have to work more hours than their student counterparts with no dependents. On
top of that, the inability to find a flexible work schedule makes career advancement and job
opportunities less available for student parents. Recent studies found that the average cost for
enrolling a child at a child care revolves around $10,000. Furthermore, the exorbitant cost of
college tuition combined to the above mentioned problems creates a climate that is not conducive
to the academic success of student parents. In an attempt to identify better ways to support
student parents, a recent study by Young Invincibles analyzed three main factors and their
findings indicated substantial differences in the amount of time use, social costs, and financial
costs between student parents and students with no dependents. The results or the findings of the
TIME MANAGEMENT
On average, increased caretaking responsibilities take up more of a young parent’s day than
their jobs.
STUDY TIME
Young parents who are students spend one third less time on their studies than their childless
WORK SHIFTS
Young parents work the after-midnight shift at a rate twice as high as non-parents; among low-
Bachelor’s degree recipients take on 25 percent more student debt if they have a child.
COSTS
Childcare and education costs have expanded from two percent of the total cost of raising a
young mothers over young fathers.” So this study will also contribute to tackle a long term
problem that student parents will face during college and in the workplace. Over the past years,
a significant number of Higher Education institutions have taken steps to offer salary
adjustments to their female professors and faculty members. In 2013, Western Michigan
University had agreed to adjust salaries in order to rectify a long-standing issue that revolved
around unequal pay based on gender (Zipp 2013). According to the author, this agreement was
reached through a collective bargaining between the university and its professors’ union (para.3).
The issue of salary gap between female and male faculty that happened in Western Michigan
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 9
University is not an isolated case because gender based salary inequalities have been a prevailing
observations around gender pay gap were made at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
According to the report, after taking various factors such as department, tenure track, and years
of employment into account, there was evidence that a salary gap existed between female and
male faculty employed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Clayton, 2013, para.1). The
statistical evidence that were provided from the analyses revealed that male faculty members
Another research conducted by CUPA-HR in 2016 pointed out that women have always
been paid less than men in higher education administrative positions. The research indicated that
“women earn 79 % for every $1 that men earn” (Bichsel & McChesney, 2016, para. 3).
According to Bichsel and McChesney (2016), the gap has however decreased from 59 % in 1974
to 21% in 2016. But for over a decade, the salary gap has remained unchanged. The authors
stated that consequently, actions need to be taken in order for change to happen. Consequently,
beginning to support student parents adequately at the college level will give them more leverage
Curtis (2010) dove into the heart of the problem and provided more details about the
pervasiveness of gender salary inequity in Higher Education. The author made the following
revelations from data collected by the American Association of University Professors. Female
fulltime faculty members earn less than their male counters parts in academic positions such as
professor, associate professor, and assistant professor. The same observation is made in
institutional categories such doctoral, master’s, baccalaureate and associate degrees (Curtis,
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 10
2010, para.2). The author also indicated that women tend to occupy lower paying jobs in
In an attempt to explain why this problem is still persisting, Curtis (2010) pointed out the
fact that universities do not always acknowledge that there is a problem based on the data that
are being presented as evidence of salary inequity in Higher Education. According to Curtis
(2010) when faculty members try to confront universities officials on the issue, the most
common response from “administrators and skeptical colleagues” is “the overall averages don’t
tell the whole story; you have to take other factors in account” (Para.3). Such statements
constitute a strong indication that universities are likely to maintain to status quo than to create
reforms and policies that can move women from a disadvantaged group to similar advantages
that male faculty members enjoy. Additionally, many university administrators believe that
gender inequity is not the university’s fault because females tend to have lower paying positions.
illustrate the importance of conducting a study on the positive outcomes of investing in student
parents’ education. According to human capital theory for example, “acquiring education
increases productivity – the quantity and the quality of one’s output per time unit – and hence
one’s wages” (p.4). Consequently, supporting student parents’ education is a way to indirectly
contribute to the success of their offspring as theories suggest that students who have educated
parents perform better in school than those whose parents are uneducated. Based on current
studies such as those of Harding, Morris, and Hughes (2015) when parents possess the necessary
cultural capital, their offspring do better when it comes down to navigating the college culture
Residential Curriculum
Most of the debate around the curriculum points to materials that are being covered inside
classrooms. Faculty play a crucial role in students’ education for certain but one important
aspect of students’ learning experiences that should be considered as well in the debate is their
living environment. Students spend a tremendous amount of time in residential settings such as
living learning communities, residence halls, fraternities and sororities and they will most likely
not partake in any form of activities that are not tailored to meet their very individual and unique
needs. According to Cawthon and Schreiber (2012) since Housing is an integral part of a
university, Housing also contributes to the education of student who live on campus.
Understanding and utilizing the most effective types of residential curriculum can positively
contribute to help students from various backgrounds, especially student parents to succeed
academically.
Beneficence
As pointed out in the CITI training, prior to conducting studies on human subject, some
serious ethical considerations such as dignity, bodily integrity, autonomy, and privacy values as
have to be taken into account. The ethical considerations stipulate that when research is being
conducted and human subjects are involved, beneficence should be the top priority. The ultimate
goal of conducting research on student parents must culminate in utilizing the findings of the
Subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research founded in 1974, most entities conducting
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 12
research on human subjects have to abide by strict federal regulations. Regardless of the nature
of the research and the source of funding, the federal protocols for handling human subject have
to be followed by all researchers. According to Pathol (2006), the main tenets of the federal
Informed consent will be obtained, including at least the following items being
communicated to potential participants or their authorized surrogates:
purposes of the research, its expected duration, and the nature of any
interventions/experiments;
the right to not participate and to discontinue participation at any time without
penalty.
monitored closely to ensure that all the federal government requirements are met. This will
contribute to give more credibility to the finding of the research. Once the research credibility is
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 13
established, the findings of the research will be taken seriously as well. Following the federal
regulations are a crucial step of the research process in order to avoid wasting resources receive
from donors and the time and energy invested by all the people involved in the research.
Data Collection
Sampling
The participants in this study will consist of undergraduate students who are parents with
children age 3 months to five years old and registered at a four-year public higher education
institution in Illinois. For this particular study, the only groups of undergraduate student parents
that will be considered for the research are those who live in university housing. To sample the
institutions, a website browsing was conducted in the Illinois higher education directory in order
to identity the universities that meet the criteria of a 4-year public institution. Once the
institutions have been identified, a more detailed inquiry has been done in order to compile the
contact details of student support systems in each institution that meets the criteria for the
research. Another in depth browsing of the universities websites has been conducted in order to
identify the student parent support systems that are in place. The research will take place in the
Setting 1:
Northern Illinois University is a public institution that was founded in 1895. It has a
total undergraduate enrollment of 15,027, its setting is suburban, and the campus size is 800
acres. Its in-state tuition and fees are $14,334 (2016-17); out-of-state tuition and fees are
$23,799 (2016-17). Northern Illinois University is located about 65 miles west of Chicago in the
city of DeKalb.
Setting 2:
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 14
It has a total undergraduate enrollment of 13,031, its setting is rural, and the campus size is 1,136
tuition and fees are $13,481 (2016-17); out-of-state tuition and fees are $27,130 (2016-17).
Setting 3:
1867. It has a total undergraduate enrollment of 33,368, its setting is city, and the campus size is
1,783 acres. Its in-state tuition and fees are $15,698 (2016-17); out-of-state tuition and fees are
$31,320 (2016-17). The University of Illinois is located in the twin cities of Urbana and
Champaign in east-central Illinois, only a few hours from Chicago, Indianapolis, and St. Louis.
Permission
Permission for this study will be requested from both the public institutions and the
student parents living in those campuses. A letter will be sent to the three universities
introducing who the research team is composed of, their credentials, and the purpose of the
study. The letter will indicate the portion of the students that the study will be about:
undergraduate students with children age 3 months to 5 years old and living on campus. The
letter will also explain all the details of the research process and address all the ethical
precautions that will be considered in order to respect the human subjects being studied. Another
letter will be sent to students who have been identified to participate in the study. The students
selected will have the option to participate or not participate in the study. They will also be able
Since this is a QUAL + QUAN mixed research, Data will be collected simultaneously
from universities and the students. The preliminary surveys will allow the research team to
identify the student parents living on campus and collect their contact information as well.
Letters will be mailed to the selected students explaining the purpose of the study, where the
study will take place and the period of time through which the study will be conducted. Once
student agree to participate, the letters will be sent using certified mailing in order to better track
the delivery of mails. That will allow us to make sure that our letters are reaching the targeted
Initially, student parents who are potential candidates for this study will be invited to take
an online survey to determine their eligibility. Approximately, 30 student parents from each
institution will be reached throughout the survey process. That will give the team approximately
90 survey responses to analyze and identify the students who meet the criteria for the research.
The qualifying students for the research will then be invited to the interviews. The time, date,
and location of the interviews will be carefully selected so that there are no time conflicts
between students’ class or work schedules and those of the research interviews. The techniques
that will be used are observation and semi-structured interviews to gather information from
students. The questions will consist of multiple choice questions, open ended questions and
rating questions. Notes will be taken as well concerning areas of concern that student parents
will bring up during the interview that were not originally on the list of questions. The data
collected will be processed and analyzed as we move forward with the study. The notes will be
carefully organized into themes and transformed into codes that will be easily interpreted by the
research team. During the interview, the notes will be taken verbatim so that nothing can be lost
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 16
during the translation of notes to codes. The raw notes will be analyzed and grouped into
category of interest. The remaining notes that are not relevant to the topic being studied will be
processed separately to identify observational themes that could be taken into consideration in
the data processing. All interviews will be audio taped as well to ensure that the interviewees’
statements are being fully recorded. Notetaking and audio recordings will be helpful in case one
The study will take place in three Illinois four year public institutions. Conducting the
study in three different places will allow room for comparing different strategies used by
different universities to meet the needs of their on-campus student parents and identify better
ways through which apartment staff can support those groups of students. The research will take
place in three settings because the findings from the three sites will be compared and common
trends will be identified. Also, all the support systems located in each university will be
analyzed in comparison with the graduation rates in order to establish if there is a correlation
between these two sets of variables. All three institutions are location within a 5-hour radius and
arrangements will be made so that the team that is responsible for collecting the data reaches
their different locations by bus. Lodging and food accommodations will be made as well to
allow to team to better carry out their mission without having to worry about these basic
elements.
Once the access to the different sites has been granted at the institutional level, the
contact person in the study sites will help us identity staff members working in student parents
support services to be interviewed. University members working at the administrative level, who
have managerial roles related to policies will be interviewed as well. These interviews will allow
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 17
the research team to identify exactly what types of supports systems are being used to support
their on-campus students with dependents. The result of the interview will lead us to the
collection of data from policy documents, and enrollment and graduation rates from the
registration and records office. The research team will then make a triangulation of the data
collected from each institution in order to parallel the findings, culminating in a more
graduation rates.
Data analysis
Data will be coded and all information related to the participants will be destroyed in
order to respect their privacy. The data will then be analyzed by a team in order to assess the
answers and see if the research questions have been answered in regards to theory prediction.
The team will make sure to follow the six steps that Creswell (2015) described in his
book. According to the author “there are six interrelated steps involved in qualitative data
analysis and interpretation” (p.260). The team will prepare and organize the data collected in
order to facilitate the data analysis process. Together, the team will decide on how the data will
be stored and transcribed. Additionally, the team will decide whether the data will be analyzed
by hand or through a computer. After this step, the team will explore the data and code them
into text segments and assign the code labels to the segments. These codes will not only protect
the identity of the participants to the research but they will also serve as means to describe the
central phenomenon of the study. The codes will also be grouped into larger themes that will
constitute the main findings of the research. Then the findings will be organized into tables,
graphs, and figures that will serve to explain the common trends of the study.
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 18
Once the interviews are complete, the team will thank the students for their participation
in the study. Students will also be informed about when they will be able to see the results of the
study. The next step would be to start processing and analyzing the qualitative data. The notes
will be carefully organized and scanned into a computer. The audio recordings as well will be
uploaded into the computer to match the notes. The audio recordings will then be transcribed by
the team members and the transcripts will be compared to the notes that were taken during the
interviews to ensure that anything was not lost during the notetaking process. After this activity,
the team should be able to have a single transcript per student parent interviewed. While going
through the notes, the team will start to record their first impressions about student parents’
opinions in regards to whether supports systems matter to them or not in their college choice
process. At this level of the study, the team should be able to identify the common themes or
trends that students pointed out in the interviews. The team should be able to identify student
parents’ perceptions regarding the impact of support systems such as scholarships, daycare
centers and parenting skills services on their educational experience. Once the themes have been
identified, a table will be created to summarize the themes and to compare them with the
The data will be carefully prepared and organized for analysis. The main goal through
the data analysis process is to determine whether the information gathered point to one direction.
For example, do the data allow the team to answer the research question? The attempt here is to
determine whether there is a correlation between student parent support systems and their
graduation rates. At this level, numeric scores will be assigned to the data and the statistical
program that will be used is a correlation coefficient. Based on the data analyzed, the team will
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 19
determine whether there is a positive or negative correlation between student parent support
systems and their graduation rates. The scores will also be put into tables and graphs to facilitate
the interpretation of data. The results will finally be compared to the results of previous
literature and conclusions will be drawn from previous predictions. The pie charts below will
The findings from the quantitative research will be compared to the finding of the
qualitative research. For instance, if there is a positive correlation between student parent
support systems and their graduation a rate, that does not necessary indicate the causation of the
trend. Therefore, the results from the qualitative research will be crucial to validating the
findings of the quantitate research. For example, if student parents respond favorably to the
presence of support systems on their campuses, that could give more credibility to the overall
The findings of the study will be analyzed to confirm the predictions of previous theories and
research findings. The final report will include a narrative section that lays out the perceptions
of student parents toward support systems that are in place on campus. It will also include a
statistical report showing the positive correlation between the nature of student parent support
system and their graduation rates. Prior to being made available to the public, the final report
will be carefully reviewed by the research team to ensure that all research requirements and steps
have been met throughout the data collection and analysis process. Recommendations to action
plans will be included and these recommendations will clearly indicate who is going to do what
in order to help students with dependents that live on campus. The report will also include the
research plans and activities that can be referenced when a similar research effort is needed in the
future.
Limitations
Given the fact that the study will be focusing solely on students residing on three Illinois
universities, the results may not be necessary applicable to all U.S. student parents. There is also
SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 21
the possibility that some of the universities that are being targeting refuse to participate in the
research. That could impact the overall plan of the research and require alternative measures
such as contacting other institutions that were not originally targeted by this research.
Additionally, a correctional design does not demonstrate causation. It only informs us that two
elements or variables are related. So the findings of the research may not be holistically helpful
to the institutions as there will not be a way to show evidence that the increase or decrease of one
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SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 24
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SUPPORTING STUDENT PARENTS 25
Appendix