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Copyrighted Material
CALIBRATION HANDBOOK
OF
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Alessandro Brunelli
FIRST EDITION
Notice
The information presented in this publication is for the general education of the reader. Because neither the author
nor the publisher has any control over the use of the information by the reader, both the author and the publisher
disclaim any and all liability of any kind arising out of such use. The reader is expected to exercise sound professional
judgment in using any of the information presented in a particular application.
Additionally, neither the author nor the publisher has investigated or considered the effect of any patents on the
ability of the reader to use any of the information in a particular application. The reader is responsible for reviewing any
possible patents that may affect any particular use of the information presented.
Any references to commercial products in the work are cited as examples only. Neither the author nor the
publisher endorses any referenced commercial product. Any trademarks or tradenames referenced belong to the
respective owner of the mark or name. Neither the author nor the publisher makes any representation regarding the
availability of any referenced commercial product at any time. The manufacturer’s instructions on the use of any
commercial product must be followed at all times, even if in conflict with the information in this publication.
Copyright © 2017 International Society of Automation (ISA)

All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
ISBN: 978-1-945541-57-5
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISA
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P.O. Box 12277
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data in process
Disclaimer: Neither the Author nor the Publisher are responsible for the results obtained by the use or possible
misuse of the spreadsheets used in this handbook or on the CD.
The literary property and all rights of the series of ISA Publications are reserved to the Publisher. The graphical
structure, the editorial content, and illustrations in this volume cannot be reported, translated, or stored, even partially,
without the permission of the Publisher.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 5
Part I – Requirements and General Guidelines for Management of Instruments and Measurements 7
1. International System of Units (SI) 9
2. International Calibration System (ILAC) 15
3. European Calibration System (EA) 17
4. Traceability and Compatibility of the Measures 21
5. Measurement Uncertainty 23
6. Calibration of Measuring Instruments 29
7. Requirements in the Quality Management Systems ISO 9001, 14001, 16949, and EN 9100 35
8. Requirements in the Measurement Management Systems ISO 10012 39
9. Criteria for Instrument Selection in Relation to the Measurement Requirements 49
10. Criteria for Conformity Evaluation of the Measuring Instrument 53
11. Notes to Legislative Requirements for Initial and Periodic Calibration Checks 59
12. Notes to Technical Requirements on Document Management According to FDA 21 CFR Part 11 65
Part II – Requirements and Criteria for the Management and Calibration of Measuring Instruments 71
1. Physical Quantities 73
1.1 Pressure 75
1.2 Flow 87
1.3 Level 113
1.4 Temperature 119
1.5 Humidity 143
1.6 Viscosity 153
1.7 Density 163
1.8 Mass 175
2. Chemicals for Liquids 191
2.1 pH 193
2.2 Redox 199
2.3 Turbidity 205
2.4 Conductivity 211
2.5 Dissolved Oxygen 217
2.6 Dissolved Ions 223
2.7 Colorimetry 229
2.8 Refractometry 235
3. Chemicals for Gases 241
3.1 Infrared Analyzers 243
3.2 Ultraviolet Analyzers 247
3.3 Comburent Gases 251
3.4 Combustible Gases 255
3.5 Chromatography 261
3.6 Spectrometry 267
4. Mechanical Quantities 273
4.1 Length 275
4.2 Force 287
4.3 Torque 291
4.4 Velocity (and Rotation) 295
4.5 Vibration (and Acceleration) 299
4.6 Sound and Noise 305
5. Electrical Quantities 315
5.1 Indicators 317
5.2 Oscilloscopes 321
5.3 Transformers 325
5.4 Energy Meters 329
5.5 Clamp Meters 333
5.6 Multimeters 337
Analytical Index for Acronyms, Terms, and Instruments to be Calibrated 341
3
Dedication
To my learned readers,
this book combines my so-called HME versus HMS,
or How Much is Enough versus How Much it Serves,
in compliance with metrological requirements
imposed by the reference normatives for
calibrating and confirming measuring instruments.
In loving memory of my beloved wife, Romanella,

who always encouraged me to give the best of myself.
PREFACE
The Calibration Handbook of Measuring Instruments was commissioned by the Association for the Instrumentation,
Control and Automation Company in Italy (GISI) to meet the needs of instrumentation technicians, who strongly
requested a handbook that clearly and completely explained calibration procedures and periodic metrological
confirmation for all the instruments for measurement in industrial applications: chemical, petrochemical,
pharmaceutical, food, energy, and custody and transfer for water, oil, and gas.
Published first in the Italian language in 2012, it was outstandingly successful; many companies, professionals, and
training centers have found this calibration handbook a valuable reference.
FOREWORD
The handbook is mainly dedicated to operators involved in the verification and calibration of measuring instruments
used in ISO 9001 – Quality management systems, ISO 14001 – Environment applications, ISO 16949 – Automotive
industry, and EN 9100 – Aviation industry to be a reference and consultation handbook in the main topics for the
assurance and management of industrial process measurement, such as:
• The general concepts for managing the measurement equipment according to ISO 10012 concerning the
management system of instruments and measurements
• The ability of the instrument to perform accurate measurements, by controlling the drift to maintain the quality
of the measurement process
• The criteria and procedures for acceptance, management, and verification of the calibration of the main
industrial measuring instruments
• The provisions of law and regulations for production and the European marking, CE, of metrological
instruments used in commercial transactions and for their periodic verification
The handbook consists of two main parts:

• Part I illustrates the International System of Units (SI) and the international, European, and national calibration
services (ILAC, EA, and others) and then the performance requirements of the instruments for measuring and
the criteria for assessing the traceability and uncertainty of the measurements. It also covers the technical and
regulatory requirements relating to the management of instruments and measurements.
• Part II describes the problems of calibration, verification, and metrological confirmation for the main families of
instruments for measuring physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical quantities. Then, for each quantity, it
describes the specific concepts of the measure and the main reference standards, and then presents the most
common types of instruments, simple calibration procedures, and metrological confirmation. This is
accompanied by the format for collecting and processing experimental data, suitable for recording and editing
the calibration report of metrological confirmation.
5
GENERAL GUIDELINES
For the most common measurement instruments, it is possible to determine the best practices for calibration
procedures suitable for industrial applications, with procedures harmonized on the following points:
• Scope and purpose
• Identification and classification
• Normative references
• Ambient conditions
• Initial checks
• Calibration method
• Calibration verification
• Calibration results
• Metrological confirmation
Practical report templates useful for recording both the recorded instrument data and the experimental calibration data,
to evaluate the conformity of the instrument, are available on the enclosed CD for practical usage.
The report templates are reported in “white” on the enclosed CD for a practice specific use.
Furthermore, the CD contains various spreadsheets in Excel (Reports Calibration) that automatically calculate errors
and the relative uncertainty of measurement. They directly determine the compliance of the calibrated instrument
according to the two methods mentioned in this calibration handbook: as a practical method, according to the error
approach, or an analytical method, according to the uncertainty approach.
Therefore, once again, the author aims to develop and promote the culture of instrumentation in its metrological and
application aspects, currently the cornerstone of a company’s production as traceability and compatibility ensure
measurements in the global market.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Alessandro Brunelli has worked for more than 40 years in the field of training and
certification in industrial instrumentation at an experimental laboratory. He graduated from
the Higher Institute of Industrial Technology Mechanical of the Polytechnic (University) of
Milan in 1974 and later became a professor of mechanical and thermal measurement at
the Polytechnic of Milan.
As a technologist, Brunelli participates in the activities of National, European, and

International standardization for mechanical and electronic equipment. He is responsible
for the Italian National Unification (UNI) commission on “Metrology of Pressure and
Temperature” and is secretary of the technical committee Italian Electrotechnical
Committee (CEI) on “Industrial-Processes Measurement, Control and Automation.”
During his career, Brunelli published many papers in the areas of measurement and
automation of industrial processes. He published two monographs relating to humidity and
flow measurement, a series of five volumes on measurement and control in industrial applications, a specific volume
titled Industrial Measurements: Physical & Mechanical, and a two-volume Instrumentation Handbook series.
6
PART I
Requirements and General Guidelines for Management of Instruments and Measurements
1. International System of Units (SI)
2. International Calibration System (ILAC)
3. European Calibration System (EA)
4. Traceability and Compatibility of the Measures
5. Measurement Uncertainty
6. Calibration of Measuring Instruments
7. Technical Requirements in Quality Management Systems ISO 9001, 14001, 16949, and EN 9100
8. Technical Requirements in Measurement Management Systems ISO 10012
9. Criteria for Instrument Selection in Relation to the Measurement Requirements
10. Criteria for Conformity Evaluation of the Measuring Instruments
11. Notes to Legislative Requirements on Initial and Periodic Calibration Checks
12. Notes to Technical Requirements on Document Management according to FDA 21 CFR Part 11
7
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
1 International System of Units (SI)1

1.1 Introduction
The International System of Units (in French: Système International d’unité), abbreviated SI, is the international
reference system for expressing measurement results all over the world. The International System was established in
1960 as a result of the Metre Convention of 1875, which sought to coordinate all metrological activities at all levels:
• Scientific and diplomatic
• International and national
It did this through the General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures
[CGPM]), which was formed by the delegates of the member states to the Metre Convention and still has these tasks
(see figure 1-1):
• Discuss and promote the necessary measures to spread and refine the SI system
• Recognize the results of new fundamental metrological determinations
• Issue scientific resolutions of international scope
• Approve the definition of the SI units
The CGPM uses the work of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité International des Poids et
Mesures [CIPM]), composed of members appointed by the same CGPM. Their task is to carry out the decisions of the
CGPM and oversee the activities of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau International des Poids
et Mesures [BIPM]).
This latter institution is an international metrological laboratory based in Sèvres near Paris. It is the permanent scientific
body of the CGPM and has the following tasks:
• Preserve the international prototypes of measurement standards
• Carry out and coordinate the determination of fundamental physical constants
• Make the necessary comparisons to ensure the uniformity of international measures
The units, terminology, and International System recommendations are established by the General Conference of
Weights and Measures, the diplomatic body that is connected with the BIPM.
The International System of quantities and units has thus developed over time:
• 1889: the “MKS system” with only three units (meter, kilogram, second), approved by the first CGPM
• 1935: the “MKSΩ system” with a fourth unit (ohm) dedicated to electrical resistance, on the proposal of the
Italian physicist Giovanni Giorgi
• 1946: the “MKSA system” with a variation of the fourth unit: ampere electric current, based on the Giorgi
proposal and therefore also commonly called the “Giorgi system”
• 1954: the “SI system” with the addition of kelvin and candela, approved by the 10th CGPM
• 1971: the “SI system” included a seventh unit, the mole, approved by the 14th CGPM
Therefore, currently the International System:

• Is based on seven fundamental quantities (with the respective units of measurement) (see table 1-1)
• Is made up of other so-called derived quantities (and their units) (see table 1-2 for the variables that have
proper names and table 1-3 for other units.)
• Includes prefixes to identify the different sizes of the various units of measurement (see table 1-4)
1. The measurement units of the International System (SI) are currently regulated by the International Standards ISO/IEC 80000
series, replacing the previous standard ISO 31 and IEC 60027 series.
9
GENERAL GUIDELINES
The International System is therefore a coherent system in that its magnitudes and derived units are derived as a
product of magnitudes and fundamental units.
METRE CONVENTION
CGPM
Diplomatic Level
Technical Level
CIPM BIPM
ADVISORY COMMITTEES
(quantities of competence)
1 – Electricity and Magnetism

2 – Photometry and Radiometry
3 – Thermometry
4 – Length
5 – Time and Frequency
6 – Ionizing Radiation
7 – Units of Measurement
8 – Mass and Related Quantities
9 – Quantities of Substance
10 – Acoustics, Ultrasound, and Vibration
i i
NATIONAL LABORATORY
CGPM = Conférence Génerale des Poids et Mesures

(General Conference of Weights and Measures)
CIPM = Comité International des Poids et Mesures
(International Committee of Weights and Measures)
BIPM = Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
(International Bureau of Weights and Measures)
Figure 1-1. International Organization of Metrology
10
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
1.2 Writing Rules Used in the International System

To standardize the writing and avoid misinterpretation, the SI provides some rules for writing units of measurement and
their symbols:
a) Units writing
A unit of measure should be written:
• In full and without accents or diacritical marks if it is introduced in a discursive text (e.g., leakage current of a
few milliamperes and not a few mA)
• With the symbol if included in a formulation with quantitative rather than qualitative value (e.g., 10 mA and not
10 milliamperes)
b) Symbols writing
Units of measurement symbols are identified as follows:
• With a small letter, if the unit is derived from the name of a unit (e.g., m for meter, cd for candela)
• With a capital letter, if the unit is derived from the name of a person (e.g., A for Ampere, V for Volta, W for Watt)
The only exception is for liter, where both the symbols l and L are acceptable.
c) Quantities writing
Regarding quantities detected or identified by units of measure, SI symbols:
• Should never be followed by a period (e.g., write 10 mm and not 10 mm.)
• Should be placed after the numeric value (e.g., write 10 mm and not mm 10)
• Must be separated from the numeric value by a space (e.g., write 10 mm and not 10mm)
• Can be derived quantities written without spaces or interposed by “.” or “/” (e.g., Nm or N.m, ms-2 or m/s2)
d) Numbers writing
Finally, regarding separating the numbers of the quantity values:
• Use a space to separate them with the whole numbers in groups of three (no points or commas); for example,
1 000 000 and not 1.000.000 or 1,000,000.
• Use a comma as the separator between the whole numbers and decimal ones, except for using the decimal
point in English-language texts (CGPM of 2003).
The SI should be used in each country. In some of them, such as in Italy, their use is mandatory, in compliance with the
EEC Council Directive 18 October 1971 (71/1354/ EEC), as amended on 27 July 1976 (76/770/EEC). Its use is
mandatory in drafting acts and documents with legal value, and therefore the failure to comply with the above rules of
writing could invalidate such documents.
11
CALIBRATION OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
6 Calibration of Measuring Instruments

6.1 Introduction
The control of measuring instruments, namely:
• Measuring equipment in the ISO 9001 – Quality management systems
• Surveillance equipment in the ISO 14001 – Environmental management systems
ensures, where necessary for valid results, that the measuring instruments are:
• Calibrated and verified, at specified intervals or prior to use, against measurement standards traceable to
international or national measurement standards. Where no such standards exist, they must be registered with
the criteria used for calibration or verification.
• Adjusted or regulated again, when necessary.
Therefore, all management systems provide the initial calibration and any periodic “adjustment or metrological
confirmation” (according to ISO 10012 – Measurement management systems) of the measuring instruments to validate
the various measurement processes to ensure proper traceability of measurements to the International System (SI) (for
terminology, see table 6-1).
6.2 General Calibration Conditions

To correctly perform a calibration, one must have infrastructure, means, methods and procedures, and appropriate
staff, or possess the four fundamental pillars:
Ambient Conditions
If the measurement ambient is industrial, it is appropriate that the measures are carried out within these maximum
limits:
• Temperature : 20 ± 5°C (or 25 ± 10°C)
• Relative humidity : 50 ± 25%
This contains the thermal drift of the standard and calibration instruments.
If, however, the measurement is made in a laboratory, it is appropriate that the measures are carried out in controlled
conditions, within these maximum limits:
• Temperature : 20 ± 2°C for mechanical measurements, 23 ± 3°C for electrical measurements
• Relative humidity : 50 ± 10% (or ± 20%)
This gives better uncertainty, and therefore traceability, of the measuring process.
Measurement Equipment
Use appropriate equipment for the measuring ranges and the desired levels of uncertainty, traceable to the SI units
(see point 1) by:
• National calibration laboratories (NCL):
o European cooperation for Accreditation (EA) (or extra-European)
o International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC)
• National metrological institutes (NMI)
The reference standard instrument should still have a measurement uncertainty of typically better than one-third of the
nominal uncertainty of the calibrated instrument (see point 10).
29
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Technical Personnel
Technical personnel should be specifically trained and operating under the technical and management procedures
regarding the quality manual of the company or the laboratory.
Operating Procedures
The operating calibration procedures should be specifically drawn up:
• For each type of provided measurement
• For each type of instrumentation with respect to any applicable normatives
In the absence of specific reference normatives, it is good practice to follow the generic operating procedures
described in table 6-1.
6.3 Generic Operational Procedures3

Among the various international normatives available in the field of instrumentation, reference is made hereinafter to
IEC 61298 concerning the methods and procedures to evaluate process instrumentation. It provides for the accuracy
determination, namely the error indication, of industrial measurement instrumentation (i.e., pressure, flow, level,
temperature). There are essentially two main procedures: calibration and verification.
6.3.1 Calibration Procedure (or Initial Characterization)

This is applicable to new instrumentation, and typically also to the standard instrumentation. This first procedure
consists initially in performing three full excursions of the measuring signal up and down, and then follow this
methodology:
a. With input signal of 0%, adjust the initial scale of the instrument being calibrated.
b. With input signal equal to 100%, adjust the full scale of the instrument being calibrated.
c. Return the input signal to 0%, and check the instrument’s output signal. If this error is more than one-quarter
error of the nominal value specified by the manufacturer or the user of the instrument, readjust the initial scale
to fall within the tolerance above.
d. Return the input signal to 100% and check the instrument’s output signal. If this error is more than one-quarter
error of the nominal value specified by the manufacturer or the user of the instrument, readjust the full scale up
to fall within the tolerance above.
e. Repeat steps (c) and (d) until the initial and the full scale are within the tolerance of one-quarter specified
nominal value.
f. Perform the measuring cycle every 20–25% by detecting the instrument output signal, after a sufficient period
of stabilization, in the following modes:
• 20/40/60/80/100/80/60/40/20/0%
• 25/50/75/100/75/50/25/0%
Usually the complete measuring cycle up and down is expected for instrumentation using sensors at “elastic
deformation” (and therefore with displacement: type dial manometers or dilatation thermometers) while a measuring
cycle is carried out up (preferentially) or down for the instrumentation using sensors at the “solid state” (and thus using
sensors without moving, electric type: digital multimeters and sensor thermoelectrics as resistance thermometers and
thermocouples that don’t have inherent hysteresis phenomena).
3. See also table 6-3
30
Table 6-1. Main Terms Relating to Measurement Processes (ISO-VIM)
Measurand:
Quantity intended to be measured.
Measurement:
Process of experimentally obtaining one or more quantity values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.
Error:
Measured quantity value minus a reference quantity value.
Accuracy:
Closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and a true quantity value of a measurand.
Accuracy class:
Class of measuring instruments or measuring systems that meet stated metrological requirements that are intended to keep
measurement errors or instrumental measurement uncertainties within specified limits under specified operating conditions.
Measurement accuracy:
Closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and a true quantity value of a measurand.
International measurement standard:
Measurement standard recognized by signatories to an international agreement and intended to serve worldwide.
Reference measurement standard:
Measurement standard designated for the calibration of other measurement standards for quantities of a given kind in a given
organization or at a given location.
Traveling measurement standard:
Measurement standard, sometimes of special construction, intended for transport between different locations.
Primary measurement standard:
Measurement standard established using a primary reference measurement procedure, or created as an artifact, chosen by
convention.
Secondary measurement standard:
Measurement standard established through calibration with respect to a primary measurement standard for a quantity of the
same kind.
Material measure:
Measuring instrument reproducing or supplying, in a permanent manner during its use, quantities of one or more given kinds,
each with an assigned quantity value.
Reference material:
Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with reference to specified properties, that has been established to be fit for its
intended use in measurement or in examination of nominal properties.
Measuring instrument:
Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices.
Metrological traceability:
Property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a reference through a documented unbroken chain of
calibrations, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty (see point 4.2).
Metrological traceability chain:
Sequence of measurement standards and calibrations used to relate a measurement result to a reference (see figure 4-1).
Measurement uncertainty:
Nonnegative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the quantity values being attributed to a measurand, based on the
information used (for more details, see point 5 and table 5-1).
Measurement method:
Generic description of a logical organization of operations used in a measurement. Measurement methods may be qualified in
various ways, such as:
• Direct measurement method (e.g., manometer calibration with pressure balance)
• Indirect measurement method (e.g., manometer calibration with reference manometer)
31
GENERAL GUIDELINES
6.3.2 Verification Procedure (or Metrological Confirmation)

The verification procedure is applicable to instrumentation in operation and therefore particularly suitable for the
metrological confirmation of instrumentation in production processes.
This second procedure also begins by executing three complete excursions of the measurement signal up and down;
expected, however, only for mechanical-type instrumentation with displacement sensors.
Subsequently, however, it only provides for the execution of the measuring cycle according to the method described in
the preceding calibration procedure in step (f), since the aim of this procedure is to be seen during the metrological
confirmation in subsequent times, if the error or uncertainty detected on the instrumentation of the production process
is better than the limit expected for the “correct control” of the quality of the “measurement process.”
6.4 General Index of the Operational Procedures

Each operating procedure should be structured on the following points:
1. Scope and purpose
2. Identification and classification
3. Normative references
4. Ambient conditions
5. Initial checks
6. Calibration method
7. Calibration verification
8. Calibration results
9. Metrological confirmation
The last point is required only in the case of procedures aimed at metrological confirmation.
6.5 General Index of the Calibration Report or Metrological Confirmation4

Following the calibration procedure or metrological confirmation, note and record the results and further elaborations,
on a specific report that must contain at least the following information (see also ISO 10012):
a. Applicant (if applicable)
b. Subject of the report (calibration or confirmation)
c. Name or symbol of the instrument
d. Reference standards and calibration certificates
e. Procedures used
f. Ambient conditions
g. Reference values and measured errors
h. Measurement uncertainty resulting
i. Uncertainties of measurement requests
j. The result of the declaration of conformity
k. Execution date of the calibration or confirmation and date of the next confirmation
l. Signature executor and the person responsible for the calibration or confirmation reports
For an example of procedures and reports of calibration or confirmation, see Part II.
4. See also table 6-3
32
6.6 Examination of Internal or External Calibration Feasibility of Measuring

Instruments
In order to properly calibrate instruments at home, in the first analysis, a company must have at least the following
elements:
• A metrological chain, composed of at least one standard, for each type of instrument
• Any ancillary equipment, according to requirements (e.g., generators, furnaces)
• A local or a work area with suitable environmental conditions to the needs
• Designed and tested calibration procedures
• Trained and qualified personnel
All this represents a significant cost that can be justified by the amount of equipment to be calibrated, and therefore a
cost/benefit analysis on the convenience of equipping a laboratory or on delegating calibration to an external laboratory
must be done.
Generally, for instruments such as manometers, thermometers, hygrometers, micrometers, calipers, and analog and
digital multimeters, internal calibration is convenient when the group of instruments is referable to a single reference
standard that exceeds at least 10 units. For lesser quantities, it may be more beneficial to contact an external
laboratory.
These figures and tables provide examples:

• Figure 6-1 shows a possible suitable framework to analyze the possibility of internal or external calibration.
• Table 6-2 shows the possible advantages and disadvantages of internal and external calibration.
• Table 6-3 shows some considerations for the procedures and results of related expressions.
DEFINITION OF THE QUALITY PLAN

AND PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
TO CHECK
IDENTIFICATION OF THE INSTRUMENTS

THAT MUST BE CALIBRATED
YES Calibration NOT

inside the
Fompany ?
Qualify
Accredited the Falibration
Falibration Fenter
Fenter?
Calibration in the YES NOT
internal metrological
laboratory
Calibration at a Calibration at a
Falibration Fenter: qualified outside center
ILAC, EA, etc.
RESULTS CONTROL (MADE IN COMPANY)
x check that the results are within acceptance criteria

x indicate the controller (Oaboratory or Tuality Uesponsible)
Figure 6-1. Sequential Scheme of Analysis for Choice of the Internal or External Calibration
33
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Table 6-2. Evaluation of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Internal and External Calibration
Evaluation Internal Calibration External Calibration
Purchase costs of the reference standards Yes No
Calibration of the reference standards Yes No
Cost for personnel training Yes No
Cost of procedures Yes No
Locations for the laboratory Yes No
Unavailability time of the instrument hour 2-30 days
Costs to ship the instrument No Yes
Possibility of damage during transport No Yes
Possibility of immediate verifications Yes No
Possibility of checks on the processes Yes No
Laboratory qualification No Yes, if it is not ILAC
Table 6-3. Common Terms Relating Procedures and Results of Expressions (ISO and Others)
Operational procedure:
Procedure that tends to define and characterize the metrological characteristics of an instrument, or to adjust or restore the
functional and metrological characteristics of an instrument or a measuring apparatus.
Note: The operational procedure should be specified: measurement, calibration, verification, etc.
Measurement procedure:
Detailed description of a measurement according to one or more measurement principles and to a given measurement method,
based on a measurement model and including any calculation to obtain measurement results.
Calibration procedure:
Procedure performed under the specified conditions that establishes the relationship between the values of a quantity related
with the associated measurement uncertainties and the reading of a measuring instrument, which can be expressed by means
of a table or calibration curve, usable for the eventual measurement results correction conducted with the calibrated instrument.
Note: This procedure should not be confused with the procedures described below!
Verification procedure:
Operation that provides evidence that an instrument meets the specified requirements. (Note: This procedure is normally used in
the sense of “metrological confirmation.”)
Adjustment procedure:
Set of operations carried out (of zero and span adjustments) on an instrument so that it provides prescribed information
(specified) in relation to the measured value.
Note: This procedure is commonly used before the “calibration procedure.”
Maintenance procedure:
Process conducted in a systematic manner or as necessary to return the instrument to its normal functional conditions. (Note:
This procedure is performed periodically according to the manufacturer’s specifications.)
Calibration curve:
Expression of the relation between indication and corresponding measured quantity value (and relative measurement
uncertainty).
Calibration certificate:
Document that provides a calibration curve of an instrument, issued by a laboratory or an accredited organization (e.g.,
accredited ISO 17025: ILAC, EA).
Calibration report:
Document that provides a calibration curve of an instrument, issued by a laboratory or an organization that is not accredited for
calibration (e.g., accredited only ISO 9001).
As found report/certificate:
Document that provides a calibration curve for an instrument, as found, or as presented to the calibration or metrological
confirmation.
As left report/certificate:
Document that provides a calibration curve for an instrument, as left, or after making an adjustment procedure (because it was
found out of the specifications).
34
REQUIREMENTS IN THE QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ISO 9001, 14001, 16949, AND EN 9100
7 Requirements in the Quality Management Systems

ISO 9001, 14001, 16949, and EN 9100
7.1 Introduction
The main international normative requirements on calibration of measuring instruments in the quality management
systems, in the environmental management system, and in the automotive and aeronautic industries are provided.
7.2 ISO 9001 Requirements

ISO 9001:2015 on quality management systems (QMS) states in point 7.1.5:
7.1.5 Monitoring and measuring resources

7.1.5.1 General
The organization shall determine and provide the resources needed to ensure valid and reliable results when
monitoring or measuring is used to verify the conformity of products and services to requirements.
The organization shall ensure that the resources provided:
a) Are suitable for the specific type of monitoring and measurement activities being undertaken
b) Are maintained to ensure their continuing fitness for their purpose
The organization shall retain appropriate documented information as evidence of fitness for the purpose of
monitoring and measurement resources.
7.1.5.2 Measurement traceability
When measurement traceability is a requirement, or is considered by the organization to be an essential part of
providing confidence in the validity of measurement results, measuring equipment shall be:
a) Calibrated or verified, or both, at specified intervals, or prior to use, against measurement standards
traceable to international or national measurement standards; when no such standards exist, the basis
used for calibration or verification shall be retained as documented information
b) Identified in order to determine their status
c) Safeguarded from adjustments, damage, or deterioration that would invalidate the calibration status and
subsequent measurement results
The organization shall determine if the validity of previous measurement results has been adversely affected when
measuring equipment is found to be unfit for its intended purpose, and shall take appropriate action as necessary.
7.3 ISO 14001 Requirements

ISO 14001:2015 on environmental management systems (EMS) states in point 9.1.1:
9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis, and evaluation

9.1.1 General
The organization shall monitor, measure, analyze, and evaluate its environmental performance. The organization
shall determine:
a) What needs to be monitored and measured
b) The methods for monitoring, measurement, analysis, and evaluation, as applicable, to ensure valid results
c) The criteria by which the organization will evaluate its environmental performance, and appropriate
indicators
d) When the monitoring and measuring shall be performed
e) When the results from monitoring and measurement shall be analyzed and evaluated
35
Part II
Requirements and Criteria for the Management and Calibration of Measuring Instruments
Part II describes the requirements and operating procedures for the management and calibration of measuring instruments for the
following measurement quantities:
1.0 Physical quantities: Pressure, flow, level, temperature, etc.
2.0 Chemicals for liquids: pH, redox, turbidity, conductivity, etc.
3.0 Chemicals for gases: Infrareds, ultraviolets, gas chromatographs, etc.
4.0 Mechanical quantities: Length, speed, acceleration, etc.
5.0 Electrical quantities: Indicators, oscilloscopes, multimeters, etc.
For the main types of measuring instruments, the operating procedures of calibration and metrological confirmation for managing the
quality of the measurements is presented. They are accompanied by the registry and metrology card, suitable for recording the
instrument identification and the registration of subsequent verification checks and metrological confirmation implemented with the
two methods explained in Part I, 10.2.1 and 10.2.2:
• Verify that the Maximum Relieved Error (MRE) of the instrument is less than or equal to the Maximum Tolerated Error
(MTE). This is generally recommended when using references with uncertainty less than or equal to one-third of that of the
instrument to be calibrated.
• Verify that the Maximum Relieved Uncertainty (MRU) of the instrument is less than or equal to the Maximum Tolerated
Uncertainty (MTU). This is particularly recommended when using references with uncertainty greater than one-third of that
of the instrument to be calibrated.
Obviously, this must always be done in compliance with any applicable normative references.
At the same time, note that errors and uncertainties are generally expressed:
• In absolute terms in the case of temperatures (°C), lengths (mm), etc.
• In relative terms (e.g., percent of full scale for pressure or percent of reading for flow)
Also note that for editorial convenience, all metrological confirmation intervals of different measurement instruments have been set
at one year, without regard to the course management criteria of the intervals reported in Part I in:
• 8.5 Definition of Metrological Confirmation Intervals
• 8.6 Review of the Metrological Confirmation Intervals
• 8.7 Examples of Definition of Metrological Confirmation Intervals
This is unless otherwise specified in any technical requirements or related legislations.
In addition, it points out the importance of reviewing the metrological confirmation intervals with the scale method provided by the
international document OIML D 10, which in principle should lead to:
• An increase in the interval for the most stable instruments (or scarcely used), type: manometers, thermocouples, etc.
• A decrease in the interval for the most critical instruments (or continuous use), type: analyzers, gas chromatographs, etc.
This is unless otherwise specified in the technical requirements and/or related legislations.
Finally, note that for uniformity in the various operating procedures, the document has highlighted the environmental conditions in
terms of temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure. This is a practice for a proper independent laboratory. For an
industrial laboratory, always specify the temperature, and specify humidity and pressure if they are influential or prescribed by
applicable normative references.
INTRODUCTION
1. Physical Quantities
This first section of Part II describes the requirements and specific criteria for managing and calibrating measuring instruments of
physical quantities:
1.1 Pressure
1.2 Flow
1.3 Level
1.4 Temperature
1.5 Humidity
1.6 Viscosity
1.7 Density
1.8 Mass
For each quantity, the International System (SI) of units, any specific definitions, the main operating principles, and any reference
tables will be succinctly presented.
In addition to the main types of instruments, the handbook will present the relative operating procedure of calibration and
metrological confirmation articulated on the following points:
1. Scope and Purpose
2. Identification and Classification
3. Normative References
4. Ambient Conditions
5. Initial Checks
6. Calibration Method
7. Calibration Verification
8. Calibration Results
9. Metrological Confirmation
73
PRESSURE
1.1 Pressure
Units of Measurement and Definitions
The pressure P is defined as the ratio between the force F acting on a surface and its area A:
P=F/A
The pressure unit in the International System is pascal (Pa):

1 Pa = 1 N / 1 m2
The pressure unit bar is also accepted:

1 bar = 105 Pa
For the relationship with other units, see table 1.
Table 1. Conversions of the Different Units of Pressure

mm H2O mm Hg in H2O in Hg
Pa bar Atm kg/cm2 psi
@ 4°C @ 0°C @ 4°C @ 0°C
1 Pa 1 0.00001 0.0000099 0.000010 0.101972 0.00750 0.000145 0.004015 0.000295
1 bar 100000 1 0.986923 1.01972 10197.2 750.062 14.5038 401.463 29.530
1 Atm 101325 1.01325 1 1.03323 10332.3 760 14.6959 406.78 29.921
1 kg/cm2 98066.5 0.980665 0.967841 1 10000 735.559 14,2233 393.701 28.959
1 mm H2O 9.80665 0.000098 0.000097 0.0001 1 0.07355 0.001422 0.03937 0.002896
1 mm Hg 133.322 0.001333 0.001316 0.001359 13.595 1 0.019337 0.53524 0.03937

1 psi 6894.76 0.068947 0.068046 0.070307 703.07 51.715 1 27.68 2.03602
1 in H2O 249.089 0.002491 0.002458 0.002540 25.4 1.86832 0.03613 1 0.073556
1 in Hg 3386.39 0.038639 0.033421 0.034532 345.316 25.4 0.491154 13.5951 1
Notes: The standard reference atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mbar (101325 Pa). The air pressure decreases by
about 1 mbar for every 10 m above sea level (valid until 4000 m).
The concepts related to the type of the relative and absolute pressures are shown in figure 1.
Related pressure
above atmospheric P
Pressure [bar]
Absolute pressure (pressure)
above atmospheric P
Atmospheric
pressure
1.013
Limits of variation of
Abs olute pressure atmos pheric pressure
below atmospheric P
Related pressure
below atmospheric P
(depression)
Figure 1. Concepts Related to the Type of Pressure Measurement
75
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Main Instruments for Pressure Measurement

The main instruments and most common pressure measurements are as follows:
• Manometers or pressure gauges, according to European standard EN 837
• Transmitters or pressure transducers, according to international standard IEC 60770
As an example, the following tables show the features provided by the European standard EN 837 for manometers (i.e., pressure
gauges or dial gauges), which standardizes the use of Bourdon tubes, membranes, and capsules: table 2 for standard ranges, table
3 for standard nominal diameters, and table 4 for standard accuracy classes.
Table 2. Standard Measuring Ranges for Manometers (EN 837)

Instrument Measuring Ranges (1)
Manometers or Measuring ranges in bar (2)

Pressure Gauges 0 – 0.6
0–1 0 – 10 0 – 100 0 – 1000
0 – 1.6 0 – 16 0 – 160 0 – 1600
0 – 2.5 0 – 25 0 – 250
0–4 0 – 40 0 – 400
0–6 0 – 60 0 – 600
Measuring ranges in mbar (3)

0–1 0 – 10 0 – 100
0 – 1.6 0 – 16 0 – 160
0 – 2.5 0 – 25 0 – 250
0–4 0 – 40 0 – 400
0–6 0 – 60 0 – 600
Vacuum Gauges Measuring ranges in bar
–0.6 – 0 –1 – 0
Measuring ranges in mbar (3)

–1 – 0 –10 – 0 –100 – 0
–1.6 – 0 –16 – 0 –160 – 0
–2.5 – 0 –25 – 0 –250 – 0
–4 – 0 –40 – 0 –400 – 0
–6 – 0 –60 – 0 –600 – 0
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges Measuring ranges in bar
–1 – 0.6 –1 – 3 –1 – 9 –1 – 24
–1 – 1.5 –1 – 5 –1 – 15
Notes:
(1) The preferred units are the bar and mbar.
(2) The maximum measuring range is 25 bar for diaphragm and capsule manometers.
(3) Measuring ranges are in mbar only for diaphragm and capsule manometers.
76
PRESSURE
Table 3. Standard Nominal Diameters DN for Manometers (EN 837)
DN Nominal Diameters (1)
(mm) 40 50 63 80 100 150 160 250

Note:
(1) The minimum nominal diameter is 50 for diaphragm and capsule manometers.
Table 4. Standard Accuracy Classes for Manometers (EN 837)

Cl Accuracy Classes (1)
(%) 0.1 0.25 0.6 1 1.6 2.5 4
Note:
(1) The minimum accuracy class is 0.6 for diaphragm and capsule manometers.
Calibration and Metrological Confirmation Procedures

1.1.1 Pressure indicators (manometers) : PI : EN 837
1.1.2 Pressure transmitters : PT : EN 60770
1.1.3 Electromechanical manometers : PE : EURAMET 17
1.1.4 Pressure balances : PB : EURAMET 3
For Other Pressure Gauges

• Manometers for extinguishers use : EN 3-5 with accuracy class 6%
• Manometers for welding use : EN 562 with accuracy class 2.5%
• Manometers for medical use : EN 738 with accuracy class 2.5%
• Manometers for tires use (1) : EN 12645 according to EC Directive 86/217 (with MTE ≤ 2.5%)
• Manometers for pressure blood (2) : EN 1060 according to EC Directive 93/42 (with MTE ≤ 3 mm Hg)
For the latter pressure gauges, generally follow the procedure for manometers EN 837 (1.1.1) with calibration points at least every
20% (15% for EN 562); however, follow the specific method described in the relevant technical normative references or legal
regulations.
Notes:
(1) There is also a similar international recommendation, OIML R 23: Tire pressure gauges for motor vehicles.
(2) There is also a similar international recommendation, OIML R 16: Sphygmomanometers.
77
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
1.1.1 Pressure Indicators

This procedure applies to all types of pressure indicators or dial manometers with Bourdon tubes or membranes and capsules, with
measuring ranges between –1 and 1600 bar (or greater).
Before information about the new instrument is used in the application, it must be filed in accordance with the instrument card at the
right, defining the procedures, the normative references, and the required checks and results. The instrument must be confirmed
metrologically for the application, including the instrument’s recalibration, if necessary.
• EN 472 (1995) : Pressure gauges – vocabulary
• EN 837-1-2-3 (1996) : Pressure gauges – Bourdon tube, membrane, capsule pressure gauges
Temperature: (20 ± 2)°C, Relative humidity: (50 ± 25)%, Atmospheric pressure: (1000 ± 25) mbar
5. Initial Checks
Before starting any operation, check that the instrument does not indicate traces of rupture, wear, or alteration of parts, such as
measuring scale and fittings. Then install the instrument in the measuring circuit, ensure that there are no leaks, and make three
preload cycles on the whole verification range.
Perform calibration methods by comparing with standard instruments:
• For laboratory manometers, by pressure balance with standard masses (figure A)
• For industrial manometers with accuracy class more than 1, with standard manometer (figure B)
• For industrial manometers with accuracy class less than 1, with standard calibrator (figure C)
It has a lower measurement uncertainty, possibly one-fourth of that of the manometer in calibration (according to the normative
references).
Mass Manometer Ma no me ter i n cal ibr atio n
in calibration
Standard manometer Manometer in calibration
3
2 4
1 5
0 kPa 6
Fluid
reservoir
Δh = 0
Δh ≠ 0
Variable volume 2.500 bar
Fluid
filling valve S ta nd ar d ca libr ato r Refe re nce l eve l
Manual pump or pressure reducer
Figure A Figure B Figure C
If there is a different level Δh between the intake of the standard manometer and the manometer in calibration, it is necessary to
correct the pressure difference ΔP between the two levels, through the relation: ΔP = ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Δh [Pa], where ΔP = differential pressure
in pascal (1 Pa = 10-5 bar), ρ = density of the measurement fluid (for water ≈ 1000 kg/m3), g = local gravitational acceleration (or
standard = 9.80665 m/s2), and Δh = different level between the two manometers in meters
The verification should be carried out with increasing/decreasing pressure (i.e., at least every 25% of scale):
25 – 50 – 75 – 100 – 75 – 50 – 25 – 0%
Reach every point of measurement without going over, and wait for the indication that the standard and instrument in calibration are
perfectly stable. Then read and detect the standard and the instrument indications.
Report the calibration results in an instrument card to first be processed and then valued against the Maximum Tolerated Error
(MTE) or Maximum Tolerated Uncertainty (MTU):
• Verify that the Maximum Relieved Error (MRE) of the instrument is less than or equal to MTE.
• Verify that the Maximum Relieved Uncertainty (MRU) of the instrument is less than or equal to the MTU.
If the check is not positive, it will be necessary to recalibrate the instrument, and then repeat the calibration verification (point 7), or
downgrade or alienate the instrument.
Record on the side of the instrument card:
• The results of the metrological confirmation (positive, negative: declassification or alienation)
• The signature of those who made the verification and the next verification date
Also, fill out and attach the positive confirmation label on the instrument, indicating at least the number of the verification/calibration
report, the instrument serial number, and the next verification date.
78
PRESSURE
Metrological Pressure Indicators Card Number XX-PI

Laboratory (pressure gauges or dial manometers)
IDENTIFICATION AND METROLOGICAL DATA
Instrument identification PI 11 Measuring range 0–10 bar
Instrument classification Process Calibration range 0–10 bar
Instrument denomination Manometer Accuracy class 1%
Manufacturer ABC Measure resolution (Eres) 0.05 bar
Model DN 100 Max Tolerated Error (MTE) 0.10 bar
Serial number XYZ Max Tolerated Uncertainty (MTU) 0.15 bar
Date of acquisition 01.02.2010 Reference standard uncertainty (Uref) 0.01 bar
Location of installation Process PI 11 Certificate number of standard 1111
Installation conditions Vertical Fluid exercise/calibration Air/air
Utilization conditions Eventual Fluid filling Eventual
APPLICABLE PROCEDURES AND NORMATIVES
Calibration procedure PP-PI Maintenance procedure Manufacturer spec.
Confirmation procedure PP-PI Normative reference EN 837
REQUIRED CONTROLS
Calibration Confirmation Certification Body Control
 YES  NO  YES  NO  YES  NO  Internal  External
TRACEABILITY OF MEASUREMENT
Calibration and Confirmation Certification
Internal traceability to reference standard PS 11 External traceability of certification body
INTERVAL OF METROLOGICAL CONFIRMATION
 3 months  6 months  1 year  2 years
RESULTS OF CONFIRMATION
Date of Body Number of Results of Drift Signature Deadline Notes
Control Control Report Confirmation MRE/bar Vision
01.06.2017 Internal XX-PI Positive 0.05 White 01.06.2018
RESULTS OF LAST CONFIRMATION

Was the adjustment made before the verification?  YES  NO
Pressure RELIEVED VALUES RELIEVED ERRORS Max Relieved Error
Reference
Increasing Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
Emax
(bar) (bar) (bar) (bar) (bar) (bar)
0 – 0.05 – 0.05
2 1.95 2.05 –0.05 0.05
4 3.95 4.05 –0.05 0.05 0.05
6 5.95 6.05 –0.05 0.05
8 7.95 8.05 –0.05 0.05
10 9.95 – –0.05 –
RESULTS OF METROLOGICAL CONFIRMATION
MRE < MTE 0.05 bar < 0.10 bar  YES  NO
OR ALTERNATIVELY
MRU < MTU 2 2 2 2 2 2  YES  NO
 Uref   E max   Eres   0.01   0.05   0.05 
MRU = 2 ⋅   +   +   = 2 ⋅   +  +   = 0.06bar < 0.15bar
 2   3   2. 3   2   1.73   3, 46 
THE NEXT VERIFICATION MUST BE CARRIED OUT WITHIN 01.06.2018

Metrological EXECUTOR SIGNATURE RESPONSIBLE SIGNATURE DATE
Function 01.06.2017
79
LEVEL
1.3 Level
The level of liquid and solid products (such as powders, mixtures, and granules) in containers (such as tanks, silos, and vessels) is
measured in height in meters. In the case of liquids, the level or height measurement is always the effective real average height of
the liquid content. In the case of solids, the level or height measured is the punctual real actual height of the solid content, a height
which is substantially a function of the measuring point (figure 1).
1 2 3 1 2 3
h h1 h2 h3
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Level Measurement of Products in Containers with Sensors (1-2-3) Mounted on Top of the Tank
a. Level measurement of liquids: The sensors always detect the same level h (h1 = h2 = h3) given the horizontal liquid level.
b. Level measurement of solids: The sensors detect various levels (h1 ≠ h2 ≠ h3) as a function of the content solid surface.

1.3.1 Pressure (Hydrostatic) : LP: IEC 60770
1.3.2 Reflection (Sonar and Radar) : LX: IEC 60770
113
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
1.3.1 Measurers at Pressure (Hydrostatics)

This procedure applies to the types of pressure level meters, otherwise called hydrostatic, that use relative (for vessels open to the
atmosphere) or differential (for pressure vessels) pressure measuring instruments with an analog (mA or mV) or digital (HART or
Bus) output signal.
• IEC 60770-1 (2010) : Industrial transmitters – Part 1: Methods for performance evaluation
• IEC 60770-2 (2010) : Industrial transmitters – Part 2: Methods for inspection and routine
• IEC 60770-3 (2014) : Industrial transmitters – Part 3: Methods for performance evaluation of intelligent transmitters
5. Initial Checks
casings, fittings, and the optional indicator. Then install the instrument in the measuring circuit and ensure that there are no leaks.
Make three preload cycles on the whole verification range.
Since the principle of hydrostatic measurement precisely uses the pressure generated by the liquid level in the vessel bottom
(according to the note and detailed formula at the bottom of a typical installation in figure A) to perform the calibration locally (by
intercepting the transmitter) or elsewhere (by removing the transmitter) for comparison with a standard instrument (calibrators or
pressure balances):
• For analog instruments with a pressure calibrator measuring the output signal (figure B)
• For digital instruments with a pressure calibrator and digital communicator or configurator (figure C)
In any case, it has a lower measurement uncertainty possibly of one-fourth of that of the instrument in calibration (according to the
normative references).
Output
Load 4-20 mA
250 Ω
Supply
Connection
Communicator
or Configurator
Transmitter
or Transducer
Figure A Figure B Figure C

The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the liquid level of the tank bottom is given by the following relation: P = ρ ⋅ g ⋅ h [Pa], where P =
pressure exercised in pascal (1 Pa = 10-5 bar), ρ = density of the measurement fluid (for water ≈ 1000 kg/m3), g = local gravitational
acceleration (or standard = 9.80665 m/s2), h = level height to be measured in meters
The verification should be carried out with increasing/decreasing pressure (i.e., at least every 20% of scale):
20 – 40 – 60 – 80 – 100 – 80 – 60 – 40 – 20 – 0%
Reach every point of measurement without going over, wait for the indication that the standard and instrument in calibration are
perfectly stable, then read and detect the standard and the instrument output or indications.
• Verify that the Maximum Relieved Error (MRE) of the instrument is less than or equal to the MTE.
If the check is not positive, it will be necessary to recalibrate the instrument, then repeat the calibration verification (point 7), or
114
LEVEL
Metrological Measurers at Pressure Card Number XX-LP

Laboratory (Hydrostatics)
Instrument identification LP 11 Measuring range (0–10m H2O) 0–100 kPa
Instrument classification Process Calibration range (0–10m H2O) 0–100 kPa
Instrument denomination Transmitter Accuracy class 0.05%
Manufacturer ABC Measure resolution (Eres) 0.01%
Model LP Max Tolerated Error (MTE) 0.05%
Serial number XYZ Max Tolerated Uncertainty (MTU) 0.10%
Date of acquisition 01.02.2010 Reference standard uncertainty (Uref) 0.01%
Location of installation Process LP 11 Certificate number of standard 1111
Installation conditions Vertical Fluid exercise/calibration Water/air
Supply conditions Nominal ± 1% Output load 250 Ω ± 0.1%
Calibration procedure PP-LP Maintenance procedure Manufacturer spec.
Confirmation procedure PP-LP Normative reference IEC 60770
REQUIRED CONTROLS
Internal traceability to reference standard PS 11 External traceability of certification body
Control Control Report Confirmation MRE/% Vision
01.06.2017 Internal XX-LP Positive 0.03 White 01.06.2018

Pressure RELIEVED VALUES RELIEVED ERRORS Max Relieved Error
Reference Increasing Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
(%) (%) (%) (%) Emax
(%) (%)
0 – 0.00 – 0
20 19.99 20.01 – 0.01 0.01
40 39.98 40.00 – 0.02 0.00 0.03
60 59.97 59.99 – 0.03 – 0.01
80 79.98 80.00 – 0.02 0.00
100 99.99 – – 0.01 –
MRE < MTE 0.03% < 0.05%  YES  NO
OR ALTERNATIVELY
MRU < MTU 2 2 2 2 2 2  YES  NO
 Uref   E max   Eres   0 .01   0 .03   0 .01 
MRU = 2 ⋅   +   +   = 2 ⋅   +  +  = 0 .04 % < 0 .10 %
 2   3   2. 3   2   1 .73   3 .46 
Function 01.06.2017
115
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
1.3.2 Measurers at Reflection (Sonar and Radar)

This procedure applies to all the types of level measurers at reflection (sonar and radar) with an analog (mA or mV) or digital (HART
or Bus) output signal and a measurement range to 50 m (or more).
• IEC 60770-1 (2010) : Industrial transmitters – Part 1: Methods for performance evaluation
• IEC 60770-2 (2010) : Industrial transmitters – Part 2: Methods for inspection and routine
• IEC 60770-3 (2014) : Industrial transmitters – Part 3: Methods for performance evaluation of intelligent transmitters
5. Initial Checks
casings, fittings, and the optional indicator. Then install the instrument in the measurement system and check the electrical
functionality.
Since the measuring principle of the transmitters in question uses the reflection of waves, use, respectively:
• Sonic for sonar, with propagation velocity of about 300 m/s
• Electromagnetic for radar, with velocity of propagation of about 300 • 106 m/s
Therefore, it must be prepared in a “variable level” calibration system in order to verify the measurements obtained by the
transmitters with respect to the calibration system, or between the probe and the level surface.
The calibration, therefore, can be practically performed (see the figure) locally, by intercepting the transmitter, or remotely, by
removing the transmitter. This is provided that this last condition is representative of the process (type of gas, pressure, and
temperature) in terms of the wave propagation speed of measurement and the quality of the reflection, for comparison with standard
systems consisting of ribs or reference lasers, having in each case a lower measurement uncertainty possibly of ¼ of that of the
instrument being calibrated (according to the normative references).
Max level (100%)

Depth
Measure Reflected
of the level Reference level to
wave wave
to be measured be measured by
comparison
with rib metric
Variable or laser device
level
to be measured
Min level (0%)

The verification must be carried out with progressive levels every 20% of the measuring scale, namely:
0 – 20 – 40 – 60 – 80 – 100%.
If the check is not positive, it will be necessary to recalibrate the instrument, then repeat the calibration verification (point 7), or
116
LEVEL
Metrological Measurers at Reflection Card Number XX-LR

Laboratory (sonar and radar)
Instrument identification LR 11 Measuring range (0–10m H2O) 0–10 m
Instrument classification Process Calibration range (0–10m H2O) 0–10 m
Instrument denomination Transmitter Accuracy class 0.05%
Manufacturer ABC Measure resolution (Eres) 0.01%
Model LR Max Tolerated Error (MTE) 0.05%
Serial number XYZ Max Tolerated Uncertainty (MTU) 0.10%
Date of acquisition 01.02.2010 Reference standard uncertainty (Uref) 0.01%
Location of installation Process LR 11 Certificate number of standard 1111
Installation conditions Vertical Fluid exercise/calibration Water/water
Supply conditions Nominal ± 1% Output load 250 Ω ± 0.1%
Calibration procedure PP-LR Maintenance procedure Manufacturer spec.
Confirmation procedure PP-LR Normative reference IEC 60770
REQUIRED CONTROLS
Internal traceability to reference standard LS 11 External traceability of certification body
Control Control Report Confirmation MRE/% Vision
01.06.2017 Internal XX-LR Positive 0.03 White 01.06.2018

Level RELIEVED VALUES RELIEVED ERRORS Max Relieved Error
Reference Emax
(m) (%) (%)
(m)
0 0.000 0.00
2 1.999 – 0.01
4 3.998 – 0.02 0.03
6 5.997 – 0.03
8 7.998 – 0.02
10 9.999 – 0.01
MRE < MTE 0.03% < 0.05%  YES  NO
OR ALTERNATIVELY
MRU < MTU 2 2 2 2 2 2  YES  NO
 Uref   E max   Eres   0 .01   0 .03   0 .01 
MRU = 2 ⋅   +  +  = 2⋅   +  +  = 0 .04 % < 0 .10 %
 2   3   2. 3   2   1 .73   3 .46 
Function 01.06.2017
117
TEMPERATURE
1.4 TEMPERATURE
The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the temperature interval from the triple point of water to absolute zero, and can be formulated
as follows:
1 K = 1/273.16 Thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water
For conversion to other units still in use and for the evolution of the temperature scale, see table 1 and table 2. (Please note that for
temperature intervals, the kelvin K corresponds to the °C.)
Table 1. Conversion for Temperature Measurement Units
Temperature tC tK tF tR
tC 1 tK – 273.15 5/9 (tF – 32) 5/9 tR – 273.15

tK tC + 273.15 1 5/9 tF + 255.37 5/9 tR
tF 9/5 tC + 32 9/5 tK – 459.67 1 tR – 459.67
tR 9/5 tC + 491.67 9/5 tK tF + 459.67 1
• tC = Relative temperature in Celsius degrees (°C): Scale that assigns 0°C and ≅ 100°C at the fusion and boiling point of the
water
• tK = Absolute temperature in kelvin (K): Scale that assigns 0 K = –273.15°C at zero absolute temperature
• tF = Relative temperature in Fahrenheit degrees (°F): Scale that assigns 32°F and ≅ 212°F at the fusion and boiling point of the
water
• tK = Absolute temperature in Rankine degrees (°R): Scale that assigns 0°R = –459.67°F at zero absolute temperature
Table 2. Fixed Points of the International Temperature Scales
Substance Fixed Points IPTS 68 ITS 90
Element Symbol (@ 101325 Pa) (K) (°C) (K) (°C)

Hydrogen H2 Triple point 13.81 -259.34 13.803 -259.347
Hydrogen H2 Liquefaction point 17.042 -256.108 17.036 -256.114
Hydrogen H2 Boiling point 20.282 -252.868 20.271 -252.879
Neon Ne Triple point (1) (1) 24.556 -248.594
Neon Ne Boiling point 27.102 -246.048 (1) (1)
Oxygen O2 Triple point 54.361 -218.789 54.358 -218.792
Oxygen O2 Boiling point 90.188 -182.962 (1) (1)
Argon Ar Triple point (1) (1) 83.806 -189.344
Mercury Hg Triple point (1) (1) 234.316 -38.834
Water H2O Fusion point 273.15 0 273.15 0
Water H2O Triple point 273.16 0.01 273.16 0.01
Gallium Ga Fusion point (1) (1) 302.915 29.765
Water (2) H2O Boiling point 373,15 100 373.124 99.974
Indium In Fusion point (1) (1) 426.749 156.599
Tin Sn Solidification point 505.118 231.968 505.078 231.928
Zinc Zn Solidification point 692.73 419.58 692.677 419.527
Antimony (2) Sb Solidification point 903.89 630.74 (1) (1)
Aluminum Al Solidification point (1) (1) 933.473 660.323
Silver Ag Solidification point 1235.93 961.93 1234.93 961.78
Gold Au Solidification point 1337.58 1064.43 1337.33 1064.18
Copper Cu Solidification point (1) (1) 1357.77 1084.62
(1) Primary fixed point not provided
(2) Secondary fixed point provided
For the old International Practice Temperature Scale, IPTS 68 (1968)
For the new International Temperature Scale, ITS 90 (1990)
119
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
The Most Widely Used Temperature Sensors

Standardized Types of Resistance Thermometers (table 3):
• Platinum resistance thermometers: According to technical standard IEC 60751
• Nickel and copper resistance thermometers: According to legal standard OIML R 84
For the characteristics of standardized resistance thermometers (or thermoresistances), also see table 4 for the tolerance classes
and table 5 for the resistance values for the various types of standardized resistance thermometers.
Table 3. Temperature Limits and Interpolating Polynomials for Normalized Resistance Thermometers
Temperature Temperature Interpolating Polynomial (3)
Material
Limits Coefficient Rt = Ro (1 + A•t + B•t2 + C•t3)
Type
(°C) (/°C) (Ω)
Platinum (1) – 200 / +850 3.85 • 10-3 A = 3.9083 • 10 –3

B = – 5.7750 • 10 –7
C = – 4.1830 • 10 –12 (4)
Nickel (2) – 60 / +180 6.17 • 10-3 A = 5.485 • 10 –3
B = 6.650 • 10 –6
C = 2.805 • 10 –11
Copper (2) – 180 / +200 4.26 • 10-3 A = 4.260 • 10 –3
(1) According to international technical standard IEC 60751

(2) According to international legal standard OIML R 84
(3) Temperature value with sign (t)
(4) Coefficient C applicable only under 0° C and multiplied by the factor (t – 100°C)
Table 4. Temperature Ranges and Tolerance Classes of Standardized Resistance Thermometers (Thermoresistances)
Thermoresistance Temperature Tolerance

Commercial Tolerance
Type Ranges Values
Denomination (4) Classes
(0) (°C) (°C)
Platinum – Pt (1) PRT AA – 50 / + 250 ± (0.10°C + 1.7•10-3t) (3)

A – 100 / + 450 ± (0.15°C + 2.0•10-3t) (3)
B – 200 / + 600 ± (0.30°C + 5.0•10-3t) (3)
C – 200 / + 600 ± (0.60°C + 10.0•10-3t) (3)
Nickel – Ni (2) NRT C 0 / + 180 ± (0.20°C + 8.0•10-3t) (3)
C – 60 / 0 ± (0.20°C + 16.5•10-3t) (3)
Copper – Cu (2) CRT B –50 / + 200 ± (0.25°C + 3.5•10-3t) (3)
C –50 / + 200 ± (0.50°C + 6.5•10-3t) (3)
(0) Or more precisely, resistance thermometer detectors (RTD)

(1) According to international technical standard IEC 60751
(2) According to international legal standard OIML R 84
(3) Temperature module without sign t
(4) Equivalent to the drop cap of the type of material followed by the acronym RT (resistance thermometer)
Table 5. Resistance Values of the Standardized Resistance Thermometers with 100 Ω @ 0°C:
Values Ω versus °C in the range –200 to 600°C
Type –200 –150 –100 –50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600
PRT 18.52 39.72 60.26 80.31 100.00 119.40 138.51 157.33 175.86 194.10 212.05 229.72 247.09 264.18 280.98 313.71
NRT 74.21 100.00 129.17 161.72 198.68
CRT 78.70 100.00 121.30 142.60 163.90 185.20
120
TEMPERATURE
Standardized Types of Thermocouples (TC) (table 6):

• Thermocouples of metals in alloy: According to International Electrotechnical standard IEC 60584
• Thermocouples of pure metals: According to International Electrotechnical standard IEC 62460
For the characteristics of standardized thermocouples see:

• Table 7 for the tolerance classes of thermocouples alloy
• Table 8 for the tolerance classes of extension and compensating cables
• Table 9 for the connecting cables in accordance with international standard IEC and national standards
• Table 10 for the values of the electromotive force for various thermocouples standardized by IEC
Table 6. Temperature Limits of Standardized Thermocouples (IEC 60584-1)
Thermocouple Thermocouple Commercial

Materials Temperature
Type Denomination
Range
(1) Positive Conductor Negative Conductor (2)
T Copper Copper – Nickel – 270 / 400 Copper Constantan

E Nickel – Chromium Copper – Nickel – 270 / 1000 Chromel Constantan
J Iron Copper – Nickel – 210 / 1200 Iron Constantan
K Nickel – Chromium Nickel – Aluminum – 270 / 1300 Chromel Alumel
N Nickel – Cr – Si Nickel – Silicon – 270 / 1300 Nicrosil Nisil
S Platinum – 10% Rh Platinum – 50 / 1760
R Platinum – 13% Rh Platinum – 50 / 1760
B Platinum – 30% Rh Platinum – 6% Rhodium 0 / 1820
C Tungsten – 5% Re Tungsten – 26% Rhenium 0 / 2315
A Tungsten – 5% Re Tungsten – 20% Rhenium 0 / 2500
(1) Thermocouples in pure metals (IEC 62460) have no identifying letter, but rather the component metals symbols
(2) The Copper-Nickel alloy is commonly called Constantan
Table 7. Tolerance Classes of Standardized Thermocouples (IEC 60584-2)
Thermocouple Tolerance Classes (1)

Thermocouple Materials
Type 1 2
Positive Conductor Negative Conductor
T Copper Copper – Nickel 0.5°C or 0.4% 1.0°C or 0.75%

E Nickel – Chromium Copper – Nickel 1.5°C or 0.4% 2.5°C or 0.75%
J Iron Copper – Nickel 1.5°C or 0.4% 2.5°C or 0.75%
K Nickel – Chromium Nickel – Aluminum 1.5°C or 0.4% 2.5°C or 0.75%
N Nickel – Cr – Si Nickel – Silicon 1.5°C or 0.4% 2.5°C or 0.75%
S Platinum – 10% Rh Platinum 1.0°C or 0.2% 1.5°C or 0.25%
R Platinum – 13% Rh Platinum 1.0°C or 0.2% 1.5°C or 0.25%
B Platinum – 30% Rh Platinum – 6% Rhodium (2) 1.5°C or 0.25%
C Tungsten – 5% Re Tungsten – 26% Rhenium (2) 1.0% > 425°C
A Tungsten – 5% Re Tungsten – 20% Rhenium (2) 1.0% > 1000°C
(1) Tolerance values are always worth the greater value.

(2) For types A, B, C, the Tolerance Class 1 is not foreseen.
121
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Table 8. Tolerance Classes of Extension (X) and Compensation (C) Cables for Thermocouples (IEC 60584-3)
Tolerance Classes Measure
Cable Cable Cable Temperature
Junction
Type Symbol 1 2 Range
Temperature
EXTENSION TX ± 30 μV (0.5°C) ± 60 μV(1.0°C) – 25°C / +100°C 300°C

(1) EX ± 120μV (1.5°C) ± 200 μV(2.5°C) – 25°C / +200°C 500°C
JX ± 85μV (1.5°C) ± 140 μV(2.5°C) – 25°C / +200°C 500°C
KX ± 60μV (1.5°C) ± 100 μV(2.5°C) – 25°C / +200°C 900°C
NX ± 60μV (1.5°C) ± 100 μV(2.5°C) – 25°C / +200°C 900°C
COMPENSATION NC – ± 100 μV(2.5°C) 0°C / +150°C 900°C
(2) KCA – ± 100 μV(2.5°C) 0°C / +150°C 900°C
KCB – ± 100 μV(2.5°C) 0°C / +100°C 900°C
RCA/SCA – ± 30 μV (2.5°C) 0°C / +100°C 1000°C
RCB/SCB – ± 60 μV (5.0°C) 0°C / +200°C 1000°C
(1) The extension cable is of the same constituents as the thermocouple materials, used for common thermocouples: T, E, J, K, N.
(2) The compensation cable is made of other materials than those constituting the thermocouple, used for precious thermocouples:
R, S, B (for the latter, they are usually used for normal copper cables with typical maximum error of 3.5° C).
Table 9. Matching the Colors of Thermocouple Wires between IEC 60584-3 and Other National Standards
Cable for Colors of Sheath and Cables According to:

Thermocouple (INTERNAT.) (U.S.) (U.K.) (D) (F) (J)
Type IEC ANSI BS DIN NFE JIS
(S) Brown Brown Blue Brown Blue Brown
T (+) Brown Blue White Red Yellow Red
(–) White Red Blue Brown Blue White
(S) Violet Brown Brown Black Violet Violet
E (+) Violet Violet Brown Red Yellow Red
(–) White Red Blue Black Violet White
(S) Black Brown Black Blue Black Yellow
J (+) Black White Yellow Red Yellow Red
(–) White Red Blue Blue Black White
(S) Green Brown Red Green Yellow Blue
K (+) Green Yellow Brown Red Yellow Red
(–) White Red Blue Green Violet White
(S) Pink Brown Orange
N (+) Pink Orange Orange
(–) White Red Blue
(S) Orange Green Green White Green Black
R/S (+) Orange Black White Red Yellow Red
(–) White Red Blue White Green White
(S) Grey Grey Grey Grey
B (*) (+) Grey Grey Red Red
(–) White Red Grey White
(*) For type B thermocouples, common copper cables in the range up to 100°C are usually used.
(+) Conductor +
(–) Conductor –
(S) Outer Sheath
122
TEMPERATURE
Table 10. Values of the Various Types of Normalized Thermocouples Consisting of Alloy Metals (IEC 60584) and Pure
Metals (Au-Pt and Pt-Pd: IEC 62460)
Type – 200 – 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
T –5.603 –3.379 0 4.279 9.288 14.862 20.872
E –8.825 –5.237 0 6.319 13.421 21.036 28.946 37.005 45.093 53.112 61.017 68.787 76.373
J –7.890 –4.633 0 5.269 10.779 16.327 21.848 27.393 33.102 39.132 45.494 51.877 57.953 63.792 69.553
K –5.891 –3.554 0 4.096 8.138 12.209 16.397 20.644 24.905 29.129 33.275 37.326 41.276 45.119 48.838
N –3.990 –2.407 0 2.774 5.913 9.341 12.974 16.748 20.613 24.527 28.455 32.371 36.256 40.087 43.846
S 0 0.646 1.441 2.323 3.259 4.233 5.239 6.275 7.345 8.449 9.587 10.757 11.951
R 0 0.647 1.469 2.401 3.408 4.471 5.583 6.743 7.950 9.205 10.506 11.850 13.228
B 0 0.033 0.168 0.431 0.787 1.242 1.792 2.431 3.154 3.957 4.834 5.780 6.786
C 0 1.451 3.090 4.865 6.732 8.657 10.609 12.559 14.494 16.398 18.260 20.071 21.825
A 0 1.336 2.871 4.512 6.203 7.908 9.605 11.283 12.933 14.549 16.127 17.662 19.150
Au-Pt 0 0.778 1.845 3.142 4.633 6.301 8.135 10.132 12.291 14.609 17.085
Pt-Pd 0 0.569 1.208 1.933 2.781 3.787 4.974 6.352 7.917 9.657 11.557 13.601 15.772
Values in mV versus °C, in the range –200 to 1200°C, with thermocouple reference junction @ 0°C
123
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Standardized Types of Thermometers to Radiation (also called pyrometers):

• Pyrometers operating in the red radiation: OIML R18
• Pyrometers operating in the red and infrared radiation: IEC 62492
For the measuring characteristics of pyrometers and relative sensors, see respectively:
• Table 11 for the accuracy classes depending on the measurement temperature
• Table 12 for the applicable sensors in relation to the measuring range to be detected
For the operating characteristics of pyrometers related to the emissivity of the bodies to be measured and the transmissivity of the
interposed media, see respectively:
• Table 13 for the emissivity (ε) of the bodies to be measured (for black body coinciding with 1)
• Table 14 for the transmissivity (τ) of the interposed medium (for pure air N2+O2 coinciding with 1)
Table 11. Standardization of Monochromatic Pyrometers Operating @ 0.65 µm (OIML R 18)
Temperature Maximum Permissible Errors (1)

Accuracy
Range Deviation (2) Repeatability (3)
Class
(°C) (%) (%)
Normal 400 – 800 ± 1.5 1

800 – 1400 ± 1.5 1
1400 – 2000 ± 1.5 1
2000 – 3200 ± 2.5 2
3200 – 6000 ± 4.0 3
Special 400 – 800 ± 1.0 0.50
800 – 1400 ± 0.6 0.25
1400 – 2000 ± 0.6 0.25
2000 – 3200 ± 1.2 0.50
3200 – 6000 ± 2.0 1.00
(1) Maximum permissible errors in % of the upper limit of the temperature measurement range of the pyrometer
(2) Mean deviation values tolerated for five measures between the indicated temperature and the reference
(3) Maximum repeatability values tolerated in five measures to the same reference temperature
Table 12. Measuring Spectral Bands of Infrared Pyrometers with Various Sensors
Spectral Band Minimum Temperature Measurable

Sensor
(μm) (°C) (K)
Human eye 0.38 – 0.76 > 600 > ≈ 900

Si 0.5 – 1.0 > 400 > ≈ 700
PbS 1–3 > 200 > ≈ 500
PbSe 2–4 > 100 > ≈ 400
InAs 2–4 > 100 > ≈ 400
InSb 2–5 >0 > ≈ 300
HgCdTe 5 – 15 <0 < ≈ 300
Pyroelectric 0.5 – 20 <0 < ≈ 300
Thermoelectric 0.5 – 20 <0 < ≈ 300
124
TEMPERATURE
Table 13. Typical Emissivity Coefficient ε @ 0.65 μm for Various Materials

Material Type Material State Emissivity Coefficient
Aluminum 0.30
Beryllium 0.61
Carbon 0.80 – 0.95
Not oxidized 0.35
Chrome
Oxidized 0.87
Not oxidized 0.36
Cobalt
Oxidized 0.77
Copper 0.10
Gold 0.14
Not oxidized 0.36
Iron
Oxidized 0.80 – 0.95
Molybdenum 0.40
Not oxidized 0.36
Nickel
Oxidized 0.85 – 0.95
Palladium 0.33
Rhodium 0.26
Silver 0.07
Not oxidized 0.35
Steel
Oxidized 0.85
Tantalum 0.50
Not oxidized 0.35
Vanadium
Oxidized 0.70
Zirconium 0.32
Table 14. Spectral Bands of Atmospheric Absorption in the Infrared (*)

Substance Spectral Band Absorption (μm)
Carbon dioxide 1.3–1.5 – 1.8–2.0 – 2.4–3.2 – 4.2–4.4 – 14–20
Water vapor 0.95–1.05 – 1.1–1.2 – 1.3–1.5 – 1.8–2.0 – 5.0–8.0
* In these applications, the coefficient of transmissivity is much less than 1, and therefore are bands to avoid.

1.4.1 Glass thermometers : TG : ASTM E 77
1.4.2 Dial thermometers (and digital) : TD : EN 13190
1.4.3 Thermoresistances : TR : IEC 60751
1.4.4 Thermocouples : TC : IEC 60584
1.4.5 Temperature transmitters : TT : IEC 60770
1.4.6 Temperature calibrators : TU : EURAMET 11
1.4.7 Calibration furnaces : TF : EURAMET 13
1.4.8 Radiation thermometers : TP : OIML R 18 & IEC 62942
For Other Temperature Meters

• Clinical thermometers : OIML R 7 from 35 to 42°C (with MTE +0.1/–0.15°C)
• Thermometers for refrigeration : EN 13485 according to EC Directive 92/1 (with MTE ≤ 0.5°C)
• Thermometers for sterilization : EN 285 according to EC Directive 93/42 (with MTE ≤ 0.3°C)
The latter thermometers can follow the procedure for dial thermometers, EN 13190 (1.4.2) with at least three calibration points
distributed over the measurement range; however, they should follow the specific method described in the relevant technical
normative references and legal regulations.
125
INTRODUCTION
2. Chemicals for Liquids

This second section describes the requirements and specific criteria for the management and calibration of measuring instruments
of chemical quantities for liquids, that is, for:
2.1 pH
2.2 Redox
2.3 Turbidity
2.4 Conductivity
2.5 Dissolved Oxygen
2.6 Dissolved Ions
2.7 Colorimetry
2.8 Refractometry
For each quantity, the handbook will succinctly present its SI units, any specific definitions, the main operating principles, and any
reference tables. In addition to the main types of instruments, it will present the relative operating procedure of calibration and
metrological confirmation articulated on the following points:
5. Initial Checks
191
PH
2.1 pH
The pH is the evaluation of hydrogen and its relationship with the concentration or the activity of H+ ions in the liquid. The pH value
is the negative logarithm of the concentration (or activity) of “hydrogen ions” (H+ or H3O+). It generally ranges from 0 for the acids to
14 for the bases (7 is neutral for pure water).
Typically, the pH is detected through a chain of measuring and reference electrodes (of the type with two separate electrodes, or two
electrodes inserted into a combined measurement device, otherwise called mono tubular) that uses the Nernst law:
E = Eo + (RT/nF) • ln “concentration” H+
where
E = measurement potential (function of concentration H+)
Eo = zero potential (function of asymmetry of the measuring electrodes of the pH)
R = gas constant (8.3144 J/K•mol)
F = Faraday constant (96493 C/mol)
T = temperature in kelvin (typically 25°C)
n = number of ions (1 per H+)
ln = natural logarithm (concentration H+)
The Nernst slope is 59.159 mV/pH at 25°C. It is given in table 1 for other temperatures, according to IEC 60746-2.
Table 1. Nernst Slope with Varying Temperature

Temperature Nernst Slope (mV/pH)
0 54.199
5 55.191
10 56.183
15 57.175
20 58.167
25 59.159
30 60.152
35 61.144
40 62.136
45 63.128
50 64.120
Table 2 shows by example the typical pH of some common substances of general interest and application.
Table 2. Typical pH Values of Some Substances

Substance pH
Strong acids < 1.0
Gastric acid 2.0
Lemon juice 2.4
Cola 2.5
Vinegar 2.9
Orange juice 3.5
Beer 4.5
Coffee 5.0
Tea 5.5
Acid rain 6.0
Milk 6.5
Pure water 7.0
Human spittle 6.5–7.4
Blood 7.35–7.45
Sea water 8.0
Laundry soap 9.0–10.0
Ammonia 11.5
Chlorine bleach 12.5
Caustic soda 13.5
193
CHEMICAL FOR LIQUIDS
Calibration Buffer Solutions Normalized

The planned buffer solutions for calibration and periodic testing of pH meters are standardized by reference to IEC 60746-2, or by
table 3 for the compositions of the buffer solutions and table 4 for the values of buffer solutions at different temperature.
Table 3. Compositions of the Reference Buffer Solutions (IEC 60746-2)

Molarity Mass
Buffer Solution Substance Molecular formula
mol • kg–1 g • dm–3
A Potassium tetraoxalate KH3C4O6 • 2H2O 0.1 25.101
B Potassium hydrogen KHC4H4O6 Saturated at 25°C 6.4
tartrate
C Potassium hydrogren KHC8H4O4 0.05 10.12
phthalate
D Disodium hydrogen Na2HPO4 0.025 3.533
phosphate
&
Potassium dihydrogen KH2PO4 0.00869 3.388
phosphate
E Disodium hydrogen Na2HPO4 0.03043 4.302
phosphate
&
Potassium dihdrogen KH2PO4 0.025 1.179
phosphate
F Tris* (CH2OH)3CNH2 0.01667 1.999
&
Tris hydrocholoride (CH2OH)3CNH2•HCI 0.05 7.800
G Disodium tetraborate Na2B4O7•10H2O 0.05 19.012
H Disodium tetraborate Na2B4O7•10H2O 0.01 3.806
I Sodium hydrogen NaHCO3 0.025 2.092
carbonate
&
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 0.025 2.640
J Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Saturated at 25°C 1.5
*Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane
Note: All reagents shall be of analytical grade and the conductivity of the water shall be no greater than 2pS cm–1 (at 25°C).
194
PH
Table 4. Values of the Buffer Solutions (IEC 60746-2)
Tampone
0°C 5°C 10°C 15°C 20°C 25°C 30°C 35°C 37°C 40°C 50°C 60°C 70°C 80°C 90°C 95°C
Buffer
A(2) 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.71 1.72 1.74 1.77 1.75 1.81
B(1) — — — — — 3.557 3.552 3.549 3.548 3.547 3.549 3.55 3.57 3.60 3.63 3.65
C(1) 4.000 3.998 3.997 3.998 4.000 4.005 4.011 4.018 4.022 4.027 4.050 4.06 4.12 4.16 4.21 4.24
D(1) 6.984 6.951 6.923 6.900 6.881 6.865 6.853 6.844 6.841 6.838 6.833 6.84 6.85 6.86 6.88 6.89
E(1) 7.534 7.500 7.472 7.448 7.429 7.413 7.400 7.389 7.386 7.380 7.367 — — — — —
F(2) 8.47 8.30 8.14 7.99 7.84 7.70 7.56 7.43 7.38 7.31 7.07 — — — — —
G(2) 9.51 9.43 9.36 9.30 9.25 9.19 9.15 — 9.09 9.07 9.01 8.93 8.90 8.88 8.84 8.89
H(1) 9.464 9.395 9.332 9.276 9.225 9.180 9.139 9.102 9.088 9.068 9.011 8.97 8.93 8.91 8.90 8.89
I(1) 10.317 10.245 10.179 10.118 10.062 10.012 9.966 9.926 9.910 9.889 9.828 9.75 9.73 9.73 9.75 9.77
J(2) 13.42 13.21 13.00 12.81 12.63 12.45 12.29 12.13 12.07 11.98 11.71 11.45 — — — —
Most Used Normalized Calibration Buffer Solutions

In general, the most used buffer solutions for the calibration and periodic testing of pH meters are reported in table 5, derived from
earlier tables 3 and 4, in accordance with the reference standard IEC 60746-2.
Table 5. Main Buffer Solutions Used for Calibration Verification of pH Meters (IEC 60746-2)
pH Buffers Main Used in Temperature
Temperature
(°C) C D I J
KHC8H4O4 KH2PO4 NaH2CO3 Ca(OH)2
10 3.997 6.923 10.179 13.00
15 3.998 6.900 10.118 12.81
20 4.000 6.881 10.062 12.63
25 4.005 6.865 10.012 12.45
30 4.011 6.853 9.966 12.29
Selection of Glass Measuring Electrodes

Figure 1 illustrates the recommended use of glass electrodes for pH as a function of temperature:
G – General for each pH and low temperatures E – Particular for low pH and high temperature
S – Standard for low pH and low temperatures L – Special for high pH and high temperature
[°C]
125
E L
100
75 G
50
25 S
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 [pH]
Figure 1. Typical Uses of Glass Measurement Electrodes in Relation to pH and to the Measuring Temperature

2.1.1 pH meters analog and digital: AP: IEC 60746-2
195
CHEMICAL FOR LIQUIDS
2.1.1. pH Meters Analog and Digital

This procedure applies to analog and digital pH meters, to a measuring electrode and a separate reference, or to those integrated in
the same electrode, otherwise called mono tubular.
right, defining the procedures, the normative references, and the required checks and results. The instrument must then be
confirmed metrologically for the application, including the instrument’s recalibration, if necessary.
• IEC 60746-1 (2003) : Expression of performance of electrochemical analyzers: General
• IEC 60746-2 (2003) : Expression of performance of electrochemical analyzers: pH value
• OIML R 54 (1981) : pH scale for aqueous solutions
5. Initial Checks
electrode cleaning, unfilled electrolyte solutions, or indicators. Install and connect the instrument in the measurement system, and
make sure that there is proper ionic contact between the measurement electrodes and the calibration reference measurement
solution.
When performing calibration, compare with a reference standard:
• With standard reference solutions in a special dedicated support (figure A)
• With standard reference solutions automatically slaved (preferable) (figure B)
• With mV generator instruments, only suitable for verification of the indicators of pH meters (figure C)
In any case, it has a lower measurement uncertainty, possibly one-third of that of the instrument in calibration.
)LJXUH$ )LJXUH% )LJXUH&

The verification should be performed on at least three points, distributed with respect to the measuring standard value (STD):
3 pH; STD + 3 pH
For example, for applications at neutral pH: 4 pH; 7 pH; 10 pH, or only on two calibration points, if it generally works with just acidic
or basic solutions. At each pH value, wait a few minutes before taking the measurement values of the calibration instrument.
Calibration results should be reported on the instrument card to first be processed and then valued against the Maximum Tolerated
Error (MTE) or Maximum Tolerated Uncertainty (MTU):
If the check is not positive, it will be necessary to recalibrate the instrument, repeat the calibration verification (point 7), or downgrade
or alienate the instrument.
• The result of the metrological confirmation (positive, negative: declassification or alienation)
196
PH
Metrological pH Meters Card Number XX-AP

Laboratory (analog and digital)
Instrument identification AP11 Measuring range 0–14 pH
Instrument classification Process Calibration range 4–10 pH
Instrument denomination pH meter Accuracy class 0.2 pH
Manufacturer ABC Measure resolution (Eres) 0.1 pH
Model AP2 Max Tolerated Error (MTE) 0.2 pH
Serial number XYZ Max Tolerated Uncertainty (MTU) 0.3 pH
Date of acquisition 01.02.2010 Reference standard uncertainty (Uref) 0.1 pH
Location of installation Process AP 11 Certificate number of standard 1111
Installation conditions Vertical Fluid exercise/calibration Water/std. solution
Utilization conditions Specify Fluid filling/reference Specify
Calibration procedure PP-AP Maintenance procedure Manufacturer spec.
Confirmation procedure PP-AP Normative reference IEC 60746-2
REQUIRED CONTROLS
Internal traceability to reference standard AS 11 External traceability of certification body
Control Control Report Confirmation MRE/pH Vision
01.06.2017 Internal XX-AP Positive 0.1 White 01.06.2018

Solution RELIEVED VALUES RELIEVED ERRORS Max Relieved Error
Reference Indication Elaboration Emax
Table 5 (pH) (pH) (pH)
(pH)
4.0 ≡ Solution C 4.1 0.1
6.9 ≡ Solution D 7.0 0.1
10.0 ≡ Solution I 10.0 0.0 0.1

MRE < MTE 0.1 pH < 0.2 pH  YES  NO
OR ALTERNATIVELY
MRU < MTU 2 2 2 2 2 2  YES  NO
 Uref   E max   Eres   0.1   0.1   0.1 
MRU = 2 ⋅   +  +  = 2 ⋅  2  +  1.73  +  3.46  = 0.16 pH < 0.30 pH
 2   3   2. 3       
Function 01.06.2017
197
TERMS
2. Terms Index for the Management of Measuring Instruments
TERM SYMBOL PAGE
Accuracy 31
Accuracy class Cl 31
Assessment of conformity (CE) 61
Audit Trail 65
Bureau International de Poids et Mesures BIMP 9
Calibration certificate 34
Calibration report 34
Calibration report (As Found) 34
Calibration report (As Left) 34
Characteristic, metrological 42
Characteristic, metrological for measuring equipment MEMC 52
Characteristic, metrological for reference equipment REMC 52
Code of Federal Regulation CFR 65
Comité Internationale des Poids et Mesures CIPM 9
Compatibility of Measures 22
Conference Générale des Poids et Mesures CGPM 9
Conformity assessment modules (CE) 61
Conformity marking (CE) 61
Control chart 46
Coverage factor 28
Customer Metrological Requirement CMR 42
Distribution, normal (or Gaussian) 25
Distribution, rectangular 25
Distribution, triangular 25
Environmental Management System EMS 35
Error E 32
Error, eccentricity Eecc 26
Error, indication (maximum) Emax 26
Error, interpolation Eint 27
Error, parallelism Epar 26
Error, planarity Epla 26
Error, repeatability Erep 27
Error, resolution Eres 26
Essential Safety Requirements ESR 59
European cooperation for Accreditation EA 17
Evidence of conformity instruments 57
Food and Drug Administration FDA 65
Good Automated Manufacturing Practices GAMP 66
Good Practice Guidelines GPG 66
Good Practices GxP 66
International Accreditation Forum IAF 15
345
ANALYTICAL INDEX
International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation ILAC 15

International Organization for Accreditation Bodies 15
International System of units SI 9
Italian Body Accreditation ACCREDIA 18
Key Performance Indicators KPI 68
Labels of evidence of conformity instruments 58
Maximum Admitted Error MAE 56
Maximum Permissible Error MPE 63
Maximum Relieved Error MRE 54
Maximum Relieved Uncertainty MRU 55
Maximum Tolerated Error MTE 54
Maximum Tolerated Uncertainty MTU 55
Measurand 31
Measurement 31
Measurement accuracy 31
Measurement equipment selection 50
Measurement Management System MMS 39
Measurement method, direct 31
Measurement method, indirect 31
Measurement process control 42
Measurement traceability 35
Measuring equipment (or measuring instrument) 42
Measuring instrument 31
Measuring instrument (calibration and verification procedures) 33
Measuring instrument (calibration conditions) 29
Measuring instrument (criteria for instrument selection) 49
Measuring Instruments Directive MID 59
Metre convention 10
Metrological confirmation 42
Metrological confirmation intervals (definitions) 43
Metrological confirmation intervals (examples) 47
Metrological confirmation intervals (review) 45
Metrological function 42
Metrological traceability 31
Metrological traceability chain 31
National Accreditation Bodies NAB 17
National Metrological Institutes NMI 20
Procedure, adjustment 34
Procedure, calibration 34
Procedure, maintenance 34
Procedure, measurement 34
Procedure, operational 34
Procedure, verification 34
Product Reference Value (process or service) PRV 52
Product Tolerance Amplitude (process or service) PTA 52
346
TERMS
Product Tolerance Band (process or service) PTB 52

Quality Management System QMS 35
Reference equipment selection 50
Reference material 31
Reference measurement standard 31
Standard deviation s 27
Standard deviation, equivalent σeq 27
Standard Operation Procedure SOP 66
Standard, primary measurement 31
Standard, reference measurement 31
Standard, secondary measurement 31
Standard, traveling measurement 31
Test Uncertainty Ratio TUR 50
Traceability of measures 21
Type examination (CE) 60
Uncertainty 23
Uncertainty, combined uc 23
Uncertainty, expanded U 23
Uncertainty, type u 23
Uncertainty, type A 23
Uncertainty, type B 23
Verification of conformity of measuring instrument (application methods) 53
Verification of conformity of measuring instrument (process or service) 53
Verification, first (CE) 64
Verification, periodic (CE) 64
Zone, ambiguity 56
Zone, conformity 56
Zone, nonconformity 55
Zone, secure conformity ZSC 56
Zone, secure nonconformity 56
Zone, tolerance (specified) 56
347
INSTRUMENTS INDEX
3. Instruments Index for the Calibration of Measuring Instruments
INSTRUMENT MEASURE PAGE

Accelerometers Vibration 302
Aerometers by immersion Density 174
Ammeters (see indicators) Electrical quantities 318
Amperometrics (or polarimetrics) Dissolved oxygen 220
Analyzers, amperometric cell Dissolved oxygen 219
Analyzers, catalytic combustion (for gas) Combustible gases 256
Analyzers, electrochemical (for gas) Comburent gases 251
Analyzers, flame ionization (for gas) Combustible gases 255
Analyzers, fluorimetric cell (for oxygen) Dissolved oxygen 219
Analyzers, infrared (IR) Infrared gases 244
Analyzers, paramagnetic (for gas) Comburent gases 251
Analyzers, thermal conductivity (for gas) Combustible gases 256
Analyzers, ultraviolet (UV) Ultraviolet gases 248
Aphrometers (see manometers) Pressure 78
Balance, mass Mass 188
Balance, pressure Pressure 84
Barometers (see manometers) Pressure 78
Calibrators, acoustic Sound and noise 311
Calibrators, humidity (saturated salt solutions) Humidity 146
Calibrators, pressure Pressure 82
Calibrators, temperature Temperature 136
Calipers (analog and digital) Length 284
Chromatographs Gas chromatography 264
Colorimeters Colorimetry 232
Colorimetry Colorimetry 229
Comparators Length 280
Conductivity meters Conductivity 214
Current clamps Electrical quantities 334
Densimeters, immersion (or aerometers) Density 174
Densimeters, pressure Density 170
Densimeters, vibration (or rotation) Density 172
Dew Point (DP) Humidity 148
Dissolved ions Dissolved ions 223
Dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen 217
Dynamometers Force 288
Energy meters Electrical quantities 330
Flame Ionization Detector (FID) Gas chromatography 262
Flame Photometric Detector (FPD) Gas chromatography 262
Flowmeters (or measurers of flow) Flow 87
Fluorimeters (or luminescence) Dissolved oxygen 220
Frequency meters (see indicators) Electrical quantities 318
349
ANALYTICAL INDEX
Frost Point (FP) Humidity 148

Gas chromatographs Gas chromatography 264
Gas chromatography Gas chromatography 261
Gas spectrometers Gaspectrometry 270
Gas spectrometry Gaspectrometry 267
Gauge blocks Length 278
Hydrometers (by immersion) Density 174
Hydrostatics (at pressure) Level 114
Hygrometers, absolute humidity Humidity 148
Hygrometers, relative humidity Humidity 150
Indicators (analog and digital) Electrical quantities 318
Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) Dissolved ions 223
Level meters (or measurers of level) Level 113
Load cells (or dynamometers) Force 288
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) Combustible gases 257
Magnetics (or electromagnetics) Flow 98
Manometers, analog (or dial) Pressure 78
Manometers, digital (or numeral) Pressure 82
Manometers, electromechanical Pressure 82
Manometers for blood pressure (sphygmomanometers) Pressure 77
Manometers for extinguishers Pressure 77
Manometers for medical Pressure 77
Manometers for tires Pressure 77
Manometers for welding Pressure 77
Manovacuumeters (see manometers) Pressure 78
Mass (standards) Mass 179
Massics (Coriolis) Flow 108
Measurers for comburent gases Comburent gases 251
Measurers for combustible gases Combustible gases 255
Measurers of chromatography Gas chromatography 261
Measurers of colorimetry Colorimetry 232
Measurers of conductivity (or electrical conductibility) Conductivity 211
Measurers of couple (or torque wrenches) Couple 291
Measurers of density (or volumic mass) Density 163
Measurers of dissolved ions Dissolved ions 226
Measurers of dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen 220
Measurers of electrical quantities Electrical quantities 315
Measurers of flow (or flowmeters) Flow 87
Measurers of force Force 287
Measurers of humidity Humidity 143
Measurers of infrareds Infrared gases 243
Measurers of length Length 275
Measurers of level Level 113
Measurers of mass Mass 175
Measurers of pH pH 193
350
INSTRUMENTS INDEX
Measurers of pressure Pressure 75

Measurers of refractometry Refractometry 238
Measurers of rH rH 199
Measurers of sound and noise Sound and noise 305
Measurers of spectrometry Gaspectrometry 267
Measurers of speed (or rotation) Velocity 295
Measurers of temperature Temperature 119
Measurers of turbidity Turbidity 205
Measurers of ultraviolets Ultraviolet gases 247
Measurers of vibration (or acceleration) Vibration 299
Measurers of viscosity Viscosity 153
Measurers per combustible gases Combustible gases 258
Micrometers Length 282
Mostimeters at immersion Density 174
Multimeters (analog and digital) Electrical quantities 338
Normal Hydrogen Electrode (NHE) rH or pH 200
Nozzle (see orifice plates) Flow 92
Ohmmeters (see indicators) Electrical quantities 318
Orifice plates Flow 92
Oscilloscopes Electrical quantities 321
Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) rH 199
Ph meters pH 196
Phonometers Sound and noise 312
Pistonphons Sound and noise 311
Polarimetrics (or amperometrics) Dissolved oxygen 220
Psychrometers Humidity 146
Pycnometers (to weigh) Density 174
Pyrometers Temperature 140
Radar (at reflection) Level 116
Refractometers Refractometry 238
Refractometry Refractometry 235
Rh meters rH 200
Root Mean Square (RMS) Vibration 300
Saccarimeters (at immersion) Density 174
Servoaccelerometers (see accelerometers) Vibration 302
Sonar (at reflection) Level 116
Sonics (or ultrasonics) Flow 106
Sound Exposure Level (SEL) Sound and noise 309
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Sound and noise 309
Spectrometers Gaspectrometry 270
Sphygmomanometers (see manometers for blood pressure) Pressure 77
Standard masses Mass 186
Tachometers (or velocimeters) Velocity 296
Temperature furnaces Temperature 138
Thermal (flowmeters) Flow 110
351
ANALYTICAL INDEX
Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) Gas chromatography 262

Thermocouples Temperature 132
Thermometers, dial or digital Temperature 128
Thermometers, glass Temperature 126
Thermometers, medical use Temperature 125
Thermometers, pyrometers Temperature 140
Thermometers, refrigeration Temperature 125
Thermometers, sterilization Temperature 125
Thermoresistances Temperature 130
Torque meters Couple 292
Torque wrenches Couple 292
Transducers, pressure Pressure 80
Transformers, measure Electrical quantities 326
Transmitters, pressure Pressure 80
Transmitters, temperature Temperature 134
Turbidimeters Turbidity 208
Turbines Flow 102
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) Combustible gases 257
Vacuum gauges (see manometers) Pressure 78
Vacuum meters (see manometers) Pressure 78
Velocimeters (see velocity) Velocity 295
Venturi meters (see orifice plates) Flow 92
Vibrometers (see accelerometers) Vibration 302
Viscometers, differential pressure Viscosity 158
Viscometers, vibration (or rotation) Viscosity 160
Voltmeters (see indicators) Electrical quantities 318
Volumetrics Flow 104
Vortex Flow 100
Wattmeters (see indicators) Electrical quantities 318
Weight sets Mass 186
352

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Copyright © 2017 International Society of Automation (ISA)

Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data in process

Analytical Index for Acronyms, Terms, and Instruments to be Calibrated 341

In loving memory of my beloved wife, Romanella,

The handbook consists of two main parts:

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

As a technologist, Brunelli participates in the activities of National, European, and

Requirements and General Guidelines for Management of Instruments and Measurements

1. International System of Units (SI)

2. International Calibration System (ILAC)

3. European Calibration System (EA)

4. Traceability and Compatibility of the Measures

6. Calibration of Measuring Instruments

8. Technical Requirements in Measurement Management Systems ISO 10012

9. Criteria for Instrument Selection in Relation to the Measurement Requirements

10. Criteria for Conformity Evaluation of the Measuring Instruments

11. Notes to Legislative Requirements on Initial and Periodic Calibration Checks

1 International System of Units (SI)1

Therefore, currently the International System:

1 – Electricity and Magnetism

CGPM = Conférence Génerale des Poids et Mesures

Figure 1-1. International Organization of Metrology

1.2 Writing Rules Used in the International System

6 Calibration of Measuring Instruments

6.2 General Calibration Conditions

6.3 Generic Operational Procedures3

6.3.1 Calibration Procedure (or Initial Characterization)

3. See also table 6-3

Table 6-1. Main Terms Relating to Measurement Processes (ISO-VIM)

6.3.2 Verification Procedure (or Metrological Confirmation)

6.4 General Index of the Operational Procedures

6.5 General Index of the Calibration Report or Metrological Confirmation4

4. See also table 6-3

6.6 Examination of Internal or External Calibration Feasibility of Measuring

These figures and tables provide examples:

DEFINITION OF THE QUALITY PLAN

IDENTIFICATION OF THE INSTRUMENTS

YES Calibration NOT

RESULTS CONTROL (MADE IN COMPANY)

x check that the results are within acceptance criteria

7 Requirements in the Quality Management Systems

7.2 ISO 9001 Requirements

7.1.5 Monitoring and measuring resources

7.3 ISO 14001 Requirements

9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis, and evaluation

This is unless otherwise specified in any technical requirements or related legislations.

The pressure unit in the International System is pascal (Pa):

The pressure unit bar is also accepted:

For the relationship with other units, see table 1.

Table 1. Conversions of the Different Units of Pressure

1 Pa 1 0.00001 0.0000099 0.000010 0.101972 0.00750 0.000145 0.004015 0.000295

1 bar 100000 1 0.986923 1.01972 10197.2 750.062 14.5038 401.463 29.530

1 Atm 101325 1.01325 1 1.03323 10332.3 760 14.6959 406.78 29.921

1 kg/cm2 98066.5 0.980665 0.967841 1 10000 735.559 14,2233 393.701 28.959

1 mm H2O 9.80665 0.000098 0.000097 0.0001 1 0.07355 0.001422 0.03937 0.002896

1 mm Hg 133.322 0.001333 0.001316 0.001359 13.595 1 0.019337 0.53524 0.03937

Figure 1. Concepts Related to the Type of Pressure Measurement

Main Instruments for Pressure Measurement

Table 2. Standard Measuring Ranges for Manometers (EN 837)

Min level (0%)