The family is the primary agent of socialization of an individual upon birth, throughout infancy,

and up to childhood.

Schools have a critical and active role in socialization, as their various academic and social
activities mold students’ beliefs, values and attitudes.

 There are varied classifications of schools. There are public schools, private schools,
technical-vocational schools, and alternative schools

Peer groups also reinforce acceptable behaviors introduced by the family and school, allow a
certain degree of independence from family and certain figures of authority, and are also a
means for socialization and involvement in social and political issues. Peer groups refer to
people who share the same interests or characteristics such as age and social background.

Mass media includes forms of communication such as books, magazines, newspapers, other
print materials, radio, television, and movies.

Pluralist model portrays media as an ideological marketplace that enhances debate and
electoral choice.

Market model suggests that media reflects the views of the general public, and that media
provides what they think the people want.

Dominant-ideology model traces that bias to links between media and the political and social
elite.

Elite-values model recognizes media bias as a product of the personal views of media
professionals such as journalists, broadcasters, and editors.

Both religion and state are considers as the ultimate sources of authority, making the church
and government important agents of socialization.

Major social and political/historical events can also be significant socializing forces for an entire
generation.

Conformity refers to the process of altering one’s thoughts and actions to adapt to the
accepted behavior within his or her group or society.

Compliance refers to the outward conformity to social pressure but privately disagreeing with
it.

Identification refers to the individual adopting a certain behavior because it enables him or her
to have a satisfying relationship with the members of his or her group.
Internalization or acceptance involves both public compliance and internal acceptance of the
norms and standards imposed by the group.

Deviance is defined as a behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction from group members
and involves actions that violate commonly held social norms.

Structural strain theory argues that the tensions and strains between socially-approved goals
and an individual’s ability to meet them will lead to deviance.

Subcultural view points to the emergence of deviant behavior within certain groups in society
or subcultures.

Labeling theory believes that there is actually no deviance in society; deviance only emerges
when society begins labeling certain actions as “deviant” or “undesirable.”

Conflict perspective analyzes deviance in the framework of competing interests between social
groups and the maintenance of power among the elites.

Broken windows theory suggests a direct relationship between social disorder and deviance,
and that maintaining even an appearance of order is sufficient to discourage deviance.

Social control is defined as any systematic means and practices used to maintain norms, rules,
and laws; regulate conflict; and discourage deviant behavior.

Sanctions are the most common means of social control, and are often employed to address
conflicts and violations of social norms.

Formal sanctions are those provided for by laws and other regulations in society.

Informal sanctions are most commonly imposed by smaller societies, communities, or groups.

Human dignity refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be valued, respected, and
treated well.

Human rights are legal, social, and ethical principles that consider the human person as
deserving or liberties and protections by virtue of his or her human dignity.

 Universal because they belong to all human beings regardless of race, religion, gender,
and other characteristics.
 Fundamental since they cannot be taken away from any human being.
 Indivisible as various rights are interrelated and given equal importance.
 Absolute since they cannot be qualified and are considered basic necessities for living a
genuine life.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) – is a major legal instrument that upholds the
recognition of human rights which was drafted by the United Nations Commission on Human
Rights in 1948.

Social group is a collection of individuals who have relations with one another that make them
interdependent to some significant degree.

Interdependence is a necessary condition that exists within social groups because it is what
enables its members to pursue shared goals or promote common values and principles.

Aggregrate is mere collection of people within a particular place and time.

Primary group is a small, intimate, and less specialized group whose members engage in face-
to-face and emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

Secondary groups are larger, less intimate, and more specialized groups were members engage
in an impersonal and objective-oriented relationship for a limited time.

Self-categorization theory proposes that people’s appreciation of their group membership is

influenced by their perception towards people who are not members of their groups.

In-group is a group to which one belongs and with which one feels a series of identity.

Out-group is a group to which one does not belong and to which he or she may feel a sense of
competitiveness or hostility.

Self-categorization – as members of fraternities often lose their individuality and they consider
themselves more as members of an exclusive group.

Reference group is a group to which an individual compares himself or herself.

Network refers to the structure of relationships between social actors or groups.