JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA THE CROWD PRESSED ino te iy square, Some bree thowand indian men bad gatbred—Maslin, Hinds, vied Christan, Some wore Exglshstyl its and hats ‘vee oeredresed in redtional Indian tics ant ‘ban or rectangular aps They bad come to break la, "Ae the font of the crows, 2 large three-legged Pot std on 2 platform. A stack of early 100 thowsond papers, restraton corfcates and licenses that the South African government required Indian cites 10 ary sa placed n he pot. Wax eas poured over the pers and the stack was st alight. An enormons cer ee with the flames and smoke asthe papers bumed. The Thon yelled and whistled anc tnew bats int te ae A ‘Dow of Chinese mx then mounted th platform. Their vias were added to the fire "The bot weas 0 ld that it was Tomy Hime efor the ae oh pair cl are col lie he ‘ro Wena shar te en ‘Spach aon dn nger o “oe ern oe Fe omit Sot Acai ei sn at ted ety ote halen tenor are Frater skp os i poe action to the Boston Tea Party. iecisieeeo Hind farily in India in 1869. At the te, Detain eed over India, Ax young boy Gandhi had a mode! of courage and independence inhi father tno dared to challenge an isulting emake made by a Totsh political agent about an Indian prince, The age tro fio and had Gandhi father areted, bu he ever Thaly dropped the charg andthe co became ends ‘Gandhi's mother had the deepest inlvence on the young boy throagh her tedesnes. Though she could Thom atc because she bel sch igh standards fr er Sheen's behaviog one ofthe eandards of her moral ‘ode wat kines and compassion, Every morning there sro oventy oc thirty desperate por people waiting at the gato the Gandhi houchol knowing they would be Gren money e fod. in pre schoo! Gandhi was ineoduced 10 tnd poetry. One vere in patil taed with isn his whole THe, The poem spoke of the vite of wing lve to over come injgice “Ifa man gives you 2 drink of water and Sor give Bim ik in retro thats moshing.” the Yer Ton Real beauty conse in doing, good against ek” Gandhi was a ielnenced by te llosopy of noavo Tence ot abimsa practiced bythe many followers ofthe {in elgon who ed in ht community. ‘acs young man Gandhi raeed to London v9 sly ve KARAMCHAND BANDE ws boon law: There dsconered the words of Juin the Sermon on the Mount, which ad, "Love your enemies and psy foc them that persecute yo." Gandhi lo reread a Hinds scrpar, the Bhagavad Gia to which he had bee ineo- doce a boy. Flybe ead work bythe Rosin writer {co Tels, which was fl of passionate sympathy for ean who were treated ajay ‘The young Indian lye who arsved in South Aca 1 1893 was aby and soft spoken man who hadn dreams of becoming ear of any kind. He was the model of perfect Brith gentleman, speaking impeccable English, Arse in English clothing, commited tothe values of Bih lw and empire. Soon afer is rival in South Af, he had an expe iene that the cours of hi ifeina new destin. He was ravaig by tain on a stl de when a white passenger objected 10 sharing the coach with 2 dark skinned alcupae, The ain conductor ordered Gandhi to the third-las cat When he fused be wa thrown off the teint the next tation, where he spent the night outside, shivering inthe cold. The next day Gandhi took a bore <érawn coach, Once ain he was tod to give up his sat. ‘When Gandhi continued tot there, the dvr began t0 bet him uni a white passenger protested These personal experiences of injustice shocked the young lawyer. Though he had intended to rerun told,te was persuaded to remain and practice aw among hit Tegmtymen in Jokannesbarg, working «0 improve he ceetinons of he ves, Gand Helped form an asoca on of Indian zene and bean to speak On 1906 the South African goverament pase the Ash ase Region Act, Il Asian esidents were required 0 ‘gute and be fngersitd. No white czens had t 6 ‘nee The Indian ommoniey was osexgeds ingen, va for erin ‘ea mass mecting on September 11, 1906, Gandhi nade his eal for ¢ nosinen sponse, Fo a munbes ‘eyes be had been fling on the poeta for pow rf reance using tonvilent means. He new of Sroles of peoest andoyots in Keclands India and Fae afin and ad kept rack ofthe massive sonilent Tongs oF Russian czas in 1905. Though as 1905 speech he sed the een “pase existance,” he oon challenged the se oft to describe his ‘work, Psive resistance uggsted weakness or not doing aything lk, though nonviolent, sich resistance could be motivated by bate o ange. Gani had deen vision He sought to replace vi coleace with love, oe js ia his ations, but in his mind se ear well He imagined nonviolent ation with he ‘0a nr of being opponents, bof winning them ove, Within two yeas he found an Indian name for his easatygrab, I combined the word fr tat, sy, with the word grab, for meso force. He belived that refsiog to harbor violence of any Kind was choice that came ou of strength, not weakes. And he saw the possibiiy that could be exrardinaciy powerful. By {etyagrabe Gandhi meat the strength of active nonvio- Jen sessance oijutie, “The mass buchng of eepiration papers ia Angurt 1908 was one of many at of resistance ed by Gandhi in South Acca, where he ad x chance to experiment with isnew ideas. Gandhi taughe haf aa was unjust and couse arm, 2 moral person ad a responsibiy 0 revise ‘A. Lawe could be resited by noncooperatin: reusing to {0 along withthe, sch 8 refsingco he fingerprinted “Noncooperstion with ei it a much a day si coop- craton with good,” Gandhi sid. Laws could also be reshel cit dob, whch ese raking eo chane Whe te nds bored hi wos ey wer ating il dbs wpe more G se of Indian work: “mor andi oppor es cov eh fen, te re he comet ely th ST te cna soporte ved wa inn rca nos coum ara Thee eveyone sae the psa wore eal an Gand andi floes sd 0 we Ta dob ope he mite neni errata i South Aes Te Ian pees ST etc, reed, end some wee es ht They sede ge ap toro vide Fall, prt ne of erie Gener J. SO sd ronegrae an agree with Gand 08 sy ds demand The nan Ret Ast a ie estictive laws. neering some of the mo Peery cman om bl faa Sout AA td is 191s btw his mnage ands tod ome © tnd Thema eo edt sofa wa eed ea te ces fan Engh gem, bain she Sead ct the poe cr tan hy yea Cand nie a0 se acon ait te Bs ocean fT ve lant hone ee ao worked eet i together diferent groups of Indians, especialy Hindus and Maslin. All these actions were guided by his ab sole commitment toa loving nonviolence, chins, which ‘ean never easing bar. Tos lace years Gandhi was an od ie man ina linleh whose personal posession Deca smper each yea Ath ashram he and is flowers pet hous in payer and mediation, and an hour or two each dy ‘planing coon thead By his example he hoped 0 et ‘courage Indian to make their own cloth instead of de ending on fabric itapocted fms England Gandhi was a sit vegetarian and aio eid experi renal des of very Limited foods that were not always 00d for his heh. He bebeved i elfssrifice in all ts of ile, and inthe expectation of fering in che pur soit of what was ight. When he coud think f no ater actions, he announced a peronal fs, ing witout fod ‘asa mean of cling station tint, To millions of Indians he was known asthe Mahatma, & “Geet One.” ‘The Great Slt March of 1930 was perhaps his most famous action. At the time the Beith had 2 tx 00 sa ‘Though twas a fee maurl resource, abundant ara able along India's coast the Riis wasted to contol at ‘They outlawed the collion and dvributon anywhere but at official sl depos, where i was tned. Gandia the sa axa a rel tie tthe poorest people, whohat pay for something har should have been fe, ke the aicand the water Hea saw ita. eset example teh evi ofa foreign government cooroling he hve of eon whoxe land they ha eccupied. He decided to defy the le ‘eset out on March 12, 1930, with sevenigh foe Tomes, marching for twenty ive days tothe 8. Alo the way he passed through villages where bespoke out gins she salt tax. More and more people joined the march. By the time they reached the coat on April 5, Thor tan Sty thousand had gathered, and the ees of adi dhe Bish goverment, and the world were 08 ‘Gandhi. The following morning he reached down and scoped up a hana of sal fom the shore. ‘Gandhi was arreied 2 month later That yeas ore than sty doused Indian were pu in ail for folowing tir example, The action casted poical groups all over India to ite inthe stragale for independence and pot ‘conus pressure on the Bib. By 1931 Gandhi was in “ved in negosatons withthe coupation goverment Tn 1946 Indi achieved independence fom England ‘ho Gandhi didn el rtamphant atthe vitory, bea tthe sme sime Ina became iadependet, was vided 1h law called the Parton, enacted in 1947, separated Tac Mass from it Hinds, creating the ne country of Pakistan for Mosie,Geadh was hearboken, Al the wore hd done ro heal the divisions between Mis and Hindus seemed have ale, ‘Gandhi was setssnated in 1948 by a Hinda man who ated his atempe to bring Hinds and Muslin ogee Athe time of his death the Mahatma was known around he world. He wat a leader who, balla cetay afte his death, continues to aspze ther adr in every corner of the lobe. Some walk Gandhis path in this vision of peacemaking and eeir ailty to call others to pene (ters follow in his footstep as they respond othe needs ofthe poor Sil thers hae died th ideas of comma rity he rtempred to model on his ashram. ‘There are those who have continued to expeciment with active nonviolent sutepies of resitance to ev heer or not they direct followed Gandhi, By his words is actions, and hi example, Mahatins Gani ef the world a new teaching to oppose injostce wit he fore of unrelenting ath nds nonvo pi, ‘overcoming hate with ove, wile being willing 0 scrifie ‘oneself forthe cause. He demonstrated a am entily new level the power and possbiliy of individual and mass nouviolent resistance, 2 legacy tha popl ll over the world contin to explore.ogra re sant MOHANDAS GANDHI, 1869-1948 onan tot we ler esac ok en Sah ‘Peter community ara lame South Aa Ne 3 ee wr ns whe we eens of wos beh 10M Int byte Ba for br en spall and min a cya 100. rout Ais nd ens, Ge wi ey th igs Hind a ppl om aay ft regions Tat curr rome topple of many rer ego tr eng amen f Eves of ew aa ts “Grn Biman nam nas 8 tbe des gen ‘pe wond and pace may, R(x te ht oven mary et i ane i race nur 0 ry Hn atve ore tao 94 imi ee wor acondarget eigen, glenn pace sium ree si Ue Crs ne, us lee Tone go Moser he nes whee Mss 0 a ard tsi Gh ey a ah. sng mo of Case, ns was ed by he BN emp vee a court tat abso a ca he nor When pels ter onan ee ‘etated an ecpatan, Many nol overseen