Damping Methods in Acoustic Simulation

Damping in Acoustic Simulation
Actran Training - ACOUSTICS
FFT & MSC Software Confidential 1

Introduction
• PRE-REQUISITES - before going through this presentation, the
reader should have read and understood the following
presentations:
– Actran General Organization
– Theory Actran Acoustic Simulation
• These slides present the different MATERIALS, COMPONENTS and

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS that can be used to include damping in
acoustic simulations

Content
• Internal Losses in the Fluid Material
• The Admittance or Impedance Boundary Condition
• The Porous Material
• The Porous components:

– The “Rigid Porous” Component
– The “Lumped Porous” Component
– The “Delany Bazley” & “Miki” Porous Component
• The Visco-Thermal Fluid Component
• Perforated plates
• Acoustic Liner
• Output Quantities

Internal Losses in Fluids (1)
• Air viscosity induces an exponential decrease of a wave’s amplitude
with distance
• The pressure distribution can be expressed as follows :
p  e ikx  e x
– Where  is the attenuation coefficient
• The attenuation effect can be analized as an addition of an imaginary

part to the wave number which become complex:
~   ic   ic 
k  k  i   1  
c c  
1 ~ 
• Assuming 1   for   1  k 
1   c 
c 1  i 
  
• This decrease can be carried by the speed of sound through the
definition of a complex quantity:
~  ~  c   
k  ~ with c  c1  i   c1  i 
c     k
• A rough size of the ratio
c is about 0.005 (namely 0.5%) in the air at
the audible frequencies 
• This coefficient strongly depends on the fluid nature and the

frequency range
 
 
  
ix
   c     ic 
~ i ~ x  c  1 i  ix  
 
~
p ( x)  e ik x
e c
e  
e  c 
 e ikx  e x

• Syntax in the Actran input file • Definition in Actran/VI:
– The speed of sound is entered in a
Fluid Material block
– The real and imaginary part of the
sound speed must be entered
– Example:
BEGIN MATERIAL 1
FLUID
SOUND_SPEED {340, 1.7}
FLUID_DENSITY 1.225
END MATERIAL 1
Remark: An internal loss of 0.5% leads to a speed of sound of (340+1.7j)

Content

• Acoustic Liner

The Admittance Boundary Condition (1)
• The acoustic absorption at the boundary
of a Finite Fluid domain can be modeled
with an ADMITTANCE boundary
condition.
• The admittance coefficient to be entered
corresponds to the normal admittance at
the boundary
vn
An 
p
• The Admittance can vary :
– With respect to the frequency: the coefficients
refer to frequency dependent tables (using
TABLES)
– In Space: the coefficients are entered through
a FIELD

The Admittance Boundary Condition (2)
• Syntax in the Actran input file:
• Definition in Actran/VI
Type
BEGIN ADMITTANCE id
[REMOVE_MYERS_TERM 0, 1, 2 or 3]
DOMAIN AdmittanceBC
CONSTANT complex_adm
END ADMITTANCE id
Domain of admittance Block ID

Amplitude
application
Complex admittance value
BEGIN ADMITTANCE id
DOMAIN AdmittanceBC Field
FIELD field_id identifier, for
END ADMITTANCE id space
variation
• The REMOVE_MYERS_TERM is an Domain of application

advanced option restricted to
convected acoustics. Please refer to
the Actran manual for more details
The Normalized Impedance Boundary Condition (1)
• Alternatively, the acoustic absorption can

be introduced using a
NORMALIZED_IMPEDANCE boundary
condition
• In practice, the admittance value depends
on the local flow and thermodynamic
conditions, while the normalized
impedance is obtained from
measurements
• The normalized impedance is related to
the normal admittance:
1
Zn 
An c
• The normalized impedance can vary
spatially and frequentially
The Normalized Impedance Boundary Condition (2)
BEGIN NORMALIZED_IMPEDANCE id Type
[REMOVE_MYERS_TERM 0, 1, 2 or 3]
DOMAIN ImpedanceBC
CONSTANT complex_imp
[SOUND_SPEED value or FIELD]
[DENSITY value or FIELD]
END NORMALIZED_IMPEDANCE id
Amplitude
Domain of Impedance Block ID
application Complex impedance value
BEGIN NORMALIZED_IMPEDANCE id
DOMAIN ImpedanceBC
FIELD field_id Field identifier
END NORMALIZED_IMPEDANCE id
Domain of application
• The REMOVE_MYERS_TERM is an • The SOUND_SPEED and DENSITY
advanced option restricted to allow to force the value of static
convected acoustics. Please refer to speed of sound and density to
the Actran manual for more details recompute the admittance
Content

• Acoustic Liner

The Porous Material (1)
• The POROUS material is the common material
used for all the porous modeling
• The different porous models are based on
the Biot’s model which require a certain
number of material properties. They are
divided in:
– Fluid properties
– Fluid-skeleton properties
– Micromodel parameters
– Elastic parameters
• All these properties can be measured with
an appropriate experimental set-up and
some of them can be found in the litterature
• More information about porous materials are
provided in a dedicated presentation

The Porous Material (2)
• Syntax in the Actran input file: • Definition in Actran/VI:
BEGIN MATERIAL Id
POROUS
FLUID_DENSITY value
Fluid properties
FLUID_BULK_MODULUS value
VISCOSITY value
Fluid-skeleton THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY value
properties CP value
CV value
POROSITY value
FLOW_RESISTIVITY value
Micromodel BIOT_FACTOR value
parameters TORTUOSITY value
VISCOUS_LENGTH value
THERMAL_LENGTH value
Elastic VISCOUS_TORTUOSITY value
parameters THERMAL_TORTUOSITY value
THERMAL_PERMEABILITY value
SOLID_DENSITY value
YOUNG_MODULUS value
POISSON_RATIO value
END MATERIAL Id
Content

• Acoustic Liner

Rigid Porous Component (1)
• The RIGID_POROUS component is used for
Supported topologies
discretizing a porous medium when the
material skeleton can be assumed RIGID
• Points to a valid acoustic POROUS MATERIAL

(no elastic properties needed)
• Unknowns: fluid pressure (1 dof/node)

(skeleton displacement is assumed rigid,
hence u=0)
• Based on a reduced Biot’s model

Rigid Porous Component (2)
BEGIN COMPONENT Id
RIGID_POROUS
MATERIAL value
POWER_EVALUATION value
DOMAIN PorousDomain
END COMPONENT Id
• Porous Material Properties

required:
 FLUID_DENSITY
 FLUID_BULK_MODULUS
 POROSITY
 FLOW_RESISTIVITY
 BIOT_FACTOR
 TORTUOSITY
 VISCOSITY
 THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY
 [VISCOUS_LENGTH]
 [THERMAL_LENGTH]

Content

• Acoustic Liner

Lumped Porous Component (1)
• The LUMPED_POROUS component is used
for discretizing porous medium when Supported topologies
the material skeleton can be assumed as
extremely soft (E=0)
• Points to a valid acoustic POROUS

material (solid density is needed for
inertia)

(skeleton displacement is assumed soft,
hence u=w)
• Based on a reduced Biot’s model

Lumped Porous Component (2)
BEGIN COMPONENT Id
LUMPED_POROUS
MATERIAL value
DOMAIN PorousDomain
END COMPONENT Id
• Porous Material Properties required:

 FLUID_DENSITY
 FLUID_BULK_MODULUS
 POROSITY
 FLOW_RESISTIVITY
 BIOT_FACTOR
 TORTUOSITY
 VISCOSITY
 THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY
 [VISCOUS_LENGTH]
 [THERMAL_LENGTH]
 SOLID_DENSITY
Content

• Acoustic Liner

Delany-Bazley & Miki Porous Component (1)
• Semi-empirical numerical model for modelling
porous materials: Supported topologies
– Assuming porosity ≈ 1
– Only valid in a specific frequency range
• Points to a valid acoustic POROUS material (only
resistivity, density and fluid bulk modulus are
required)
• Provide reasonable estimations in the limited
frequency range, is still widely used for its
simplicity: only one parameter, R, is needed to
describe the acoustic behavior. A fluid equivalent
formulation is derived.
Delany-Bazley Miki

Delany-Bazley & Miki Porous Component (2)
BEGIN COMPONENT Id
MIKI_POROUS or
DELANY_BAZLEY_POROUS
MATERIAL value
DOMAIN PorousDomain
END COMPONENT Id
• Porous Material Properties

required:
• FLUID_DENSITY
• FLUID_BULK_MODULUS
• FLOW_RESISTIVITY

Content

• Acoustic Liner

Visco-Thermal Effects
• Visco-thermal effects appear when sound waves travel through thin
air layers or narrow channels:
• Effects are due to the boundary layer created by viscosity:
The fluid is not allowed to slip on

the plate’s surface and the
velocity profile across the layer
thickness is not uniform
M. Beltman, PhD Thesis 1998, JSV 1999.

Visco-Thermal Acoustic Components
• Visco-thermal acoustic components are BEGIN COMPONENT Id
VISCOTHERMAL [AUTO_ORIENT]
used for modeling:
MATERIAL value
– Thin air layers [THICKNESS value]
– Narrow channels (circular or rectangular) [WIDTH value]
[RADIUS value]
• Points to a valid acoustic FLUID MATERIAL [MEAN_VELOCITY FIELD Id]
• Unknowns: fluid pressure (1 dof/node) DOMAIN Viscofluid
• 2 cases are possible: END COMPONENT Id
WIDTH
THICKNESS THICKNESS
RADIUS
- Using transverse elements (AUTO_ORIENT option)

THICKNESS automatically retrieved No transverse elements
Either RADIUS or (THICKNESS/WIDTH)
- No transverse elements
THICKNESS drives the thickness of the layer
• See dedicated presentation and examples
Content

• Acoustic Liner

Concept
• Perforated plates are quite common in
many acoustic systems
– Fine meshing of the holes should be avoided
– Particular phenomena should be captured
• The computation of an equivalent transfer
admittance allows to:
– Reduce meshing effort
– Reduce CPU time

Perforation Material
• Material describing the perforations: BEGIN MATERIAL 2
– Direct description of the perforations: radius, PERFORATION
FLUID_DENSITY 1.225
thickness and spacing of the perforations VISCOSITY 1.71e-05
SPACING 0.01132
– Accounting for inner effects : Maa’s formulation RADIUS 0.001245
THICKNESS 0.00081
• Dissipation inside the viscous boundary layers GRID SQUARE (TRIA, HEXA)
END MATERIAL 2
of the perforation
• Mass of fluid
– Length correction contributions
• Accounts for dissipative effects at both ends of the
tubes
– Additional curvature effect and edge shape
– Valid for square, triangular or hexa hole
distribution

Rigid Perforated Shell Component (1)
• The RIGID_PERFORATED_SHELL
component is used to model perforated Supported topologies
1 2
1 2 3
plates between two acoustic domains 1

3
2
1 2
5
3
using a congruent mesh 3

6
5
4
6
• The usage of a PERFORATION material 1

2
1
2
4
within an uncongruent mesh is done 1

4 2
3
1
7
2
6 3
5
within the INTERFACE block 4

3
8
7
6
5
4
• Points to a valid acoustic PERFORATION 1

2
8
1
2
4
material 1
2
1
2
3
• Unknowns: fluid pressure (2 dof/node),

each acoustic component should be
splitted on both sides
• Based on a Maa’s model

Rigid Perforated Shell Component (2)
BEGIN COMPONENT 1
RIGID_PERFORATED_SHELL
DOMAIN perfo
MATERIAL 1
POWER_EVALUATION 0 or 1
END COMPONENT 1

Content

• Acoustic Liner

The Acoustic Liner Boundary Condition (1)
• The Acoustic liner BC allows to
model admittance boundary
conditions based on acoustic liner
description rather than on a complex
value
• The admittance coefficient is
computed based on a liner
description:
– Perforation material
– Cavity material and depth (D) and cell
wall parameter (μ)
• Where:
Zn  Zc  Z p
Za
Zc 
 tanh ik a D 
The Acoustic Liner Boundary Condition (2)
BEGIN ACOUSTIC_LINER id Type
[NAME boundary_condition_name]
DOMAIN domain_name_list
PERFORATION_MATERIAL mat_id
FLUID_MATERIAL mat_id
[POROUS_MODEL LUMPED,
RIGID_POROUS,DELANY_BAZLEY ...
... or MIKI ]
DEPTH thick
[CELL_PARAM factor]
[SMALL_HELMHOLTZ]
END ACOUSTIC_LINER liner_id
• The CELL_PARAM represents the ratio
Dependent
of cell surface on the effective area materials
of the liner Domain of application
• The SMALL_HELMHOLTZ is an Depth of the cavity
approximation made when the
Helmholtz number of the cavity is
small compared to 1
Content

• Acoustic Liner

Output Quantities
• The quantities that can be output on Rigid Porous, Lumped Porous and
Delany-Bazeley Porous COMPONENTS are:
– Global quantities
• Potential Energy  code Real(fDP)/2ω
• Power dissipated by thermal effects  code Imag(fDP)
• Kinetic Energy  code Real(fKP) /2ω
• Power dissipated by viscous effects  code Imag(fKP)
• Mean Square Pressure (scalar)  code mp
• Mass (scalar)  code mass
• Squared Pressure (scalar)  code sp
• Volume (scalar)  code vol
– Local quantities (at field points or storage node) – Same as for a Finite Fluid component as
these components are equivalent fluid
• The fluid intensity (vector)  codes fix, fiy, fiz
• The fluid pressure (scalar)  code fp
• The fluid potential (scalar)  code fpo
• The fluid velocity (vector)  codes fvx, fvy, fvz

Going Further
• The applications of the concepts presented above is done in the

workshop :
WS_ACOUSTICS_3a_Treated_Cabin_Porous and
WS_ACOUSTICS_3b_Treated_Cabin_Admittance
• The use of visco-thermal elements is extensively described in the

presentation ACOUSTICS_6_Viscothermal_Fluid
• The use of non-simplified porous elements including both the fluid

phase and the skeleton phase is introduced in the presentation
VIBRO_5_Porous_materials

Damping Methods in Acoustic Simulation

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Damping Methods in Acoustic Simulation

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Damping in Acoustic Simulation

Actran Training - ACOUSTICS

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 1

• These slides present the different MATERIALS, COMPONENTS and

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 2

• The Admittance or Impedance Boundary Condition

• The Porous Material

• The Porous components:

• The Visco-Thermal Fluid Component

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 3

• The attenuation effect can be analized as an addition of an imaginary

• This coefficient strongly depends on the fluid nature and the

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 5

Remark: An internal loss of 0.5% leads to a speed of sound of (340+1.7j)

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 6

• The Admittance or Impedance Boundary Condition

• The Porous Material

• The Porous components:

• The Visco-Thermal Fluid Component

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 7

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 8

Domain of admittance Block ID

• The REMOVE_MYERS_TERM is an Domain of application

• Alternatively, the acoustic absorption can

• The Admittance or Impedance Boundary Condition

• The Porous Material

• The Porous components:

• The Visco-Thermal Fluid Component

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 12

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 13

• The Admittance or Impedance Boundary Condition

• The Porous Material

• The Porous components:

• The Visco-Thermal Fluid Component

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 15

• Points to a valid acoustic POROUS MATERIAL

• Unknowns: fluid pressure (1 dof/node)

• Based on a reduced Biot’s model

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 16

• Porous Material Properties

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 17

• The Admittance or Impedance Boundary Condition

• The Porous Material

• The Porous components:

• The Visco-Thermal Fluid Component

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 18

• Points to a valid acoustic POROUS

• Unknowns: fluid pressure (1 dof/node)

• Based on a reduced Biot’s model

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 19

• Porous Material Properties required:

• The Admittance or Impedance Boundary Condition

• The Porous Material

• The Porous components:

• The Visco-Thermal Fluid Component

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 21

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 22

• Porous Material Properties

FFT & MSC Software Confidential 23

• The Admittance or Impedance Boundary Condition

• The Porous Material

• The Porous components: