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Computer Digital
Fundamentals Lab
Laboratory
Activity 2016
Digital Laboratory
Department of Electrical Engineering Computer
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia Hardware
EXPERIMENT 2
COMPUTER HARDWARE
A. OBJECTIVES
1. Able to describe every hardware contained within a computer system.
2. Able to asemble the hardwares into a set of computer so that it can work.
Arithmat
Input ic &
Logic
Memory
Control
Output
BUS
Figure 1.3 – General Block Diagram of x86 Microprocessor
Processor has a measurement for its power, i.e. Clock timing and Hertz
is its unit (common value in GHz). If the clock value came bigger, the
working time of processor will become faster. But with the limited value of
normal processor clock, the clock value no longer determines processor’s
power. Another technology like multi-core, Hyper Threading ®, and multi-
layer in die began to manipulated processor’s power without large clock
value.
Table 1.1 – Intel and AMD socket type and its processor
Socket Processor
DIP Intel 8086, 8088
PLCC Intel 80186, 80286, 80386
Socket 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, Intel 80486, Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pentium Pro
Super Socket 7, 8 AMD K5, K6, K6-2, K6-2 III
IDT WinChip C6, WinChip 2, Rise mP6, Cyrix MIII
Slot 1 Intel Pentium II, Pentium III
Slot 2 Intel Pentium II Xeon
Slot A AMD Athlon
Slot B Alpha 21264
Socket 370 Intel Pentium III, Celeron
VIA Cyrix III, C3
Socket 478/Socket Intel Pentium 4, Celeron, Pentium 4EE, Pentium 4M
N
Socket 495 Intel Celeron
Socket 939 AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2,
Opteron
LGA 775/ Socket T Intel Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron, Celeron D,
Pentium XE, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Xeon
Socket M/775 Intel Core Solo, Core Duo, Dual-Core Xeon,Core 2
Duo
Socket P Intel Core 2
Socket 441/ BGA Intel Atom Series
LGA 1366/Socket B Intel Core i7(900 series), Xeon (35xx, 36xx, 55xx,
56xx series)
LGA 1156/ Socket (Intel Nehalem) Intel Core i7 (800 series), Core
H i5(700, 600 series), Core i3 (500 series),
Xeon(X3400, L3400 series), Pentium (G6000
series), Celeron (G1000 series).
LGA 1248 Intel Itanium 9300 series
LGA 1567 Intel Xeon 6500/7500
LGA 1155/ Socket Intel Sandy Bridge
H2
LGA 2011/ Socket Intel Ivy Bridge
R
Socket FM1 AMD Llano Processor
Socket FM2 AMD Trinity Processor
Socket AM2 AMD Sempron, Athlon, Phenom
Socket AM3 AMD Sempron, Athlon II, Phenom II, FX
2. Memory
On the motherboard there are also a few slot to put the memory. That
modules are attached to the corresponding slot. Many years ago, memory
type supported by the motherboard chipset is determined by the wilderness.
However the present, memory type is determined by the type of processor,
because the processor a memory controller. In general, memory is divided
into two modules: Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) or Dual Inline
Memory Module (DIMM).
SIMM is not used anymore, as it can be said to be rare. That modules
are included only in the pre-Pentium motherboards appear. The last
generation was SIMM Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM used by the
Pentium processor.
DIMM is a module that has two sides. Memory modules like this are
often encountered. Various DIMM sold in the market:
1) SDRAM: used by the family of Intel Pentium 1 to Pentium 3, AMD
Athlon / Duron processor and more.
3. I/O Device
It is a tool used to enter input into the computer and also released the
results of the current input and what processed in the computer. Examples of
input devices are the keyboard, mouse, microphone, etc.. While the examples
of output devices are monitors, speakers, printer, etc..
I/O port is where the installation of a gate or plug device I / O. All ports are
controlled from the processor. Sample ports on motherboard can be seen in Figure
1.6. Below is an explanation of the the types of ports on the motherboard:
1) Parallel port (LPT), is the port used for connecting equipment that transmits
data in parallel. For example: printers, scanners, etc..
2) Serial port (COM) port is used to connecting equipment that transmits data
serially. Example: mouse, modem, etc..
3) VGA port, a port that is directly related to the monitor. Generally motherboard
today has this port. However, if it is not, it should install the VGA card.
4) USB (Universal Serial Bus), a universal serial port for tools that work with serial
data transmission. Example usage: digital cameras, scanners, printers,
modems, etc..
5) Port AT/PS2, usually an input port for mouse and keyboard.
6) Audio ports, a port associated with the audio device such microphone,
speakers, etc..
4. Motherboard
Form factor (form factor) motherboard is the type size and in the
manufacture of the motherboard layout. Or in other words, the form factor will
determine the dimensions of a motherboard that is long and wide, how laying of
each component along with the type of power supply is used. On older computers,
the form factor motherboards generally diversified AT (Advanced technology) and
Baby AT. Form factor is used in the system based 386. The next generation is based
on the ATX form factor (Advanced Technology Extended). ATX form factor is divided
into four types, namely:
FlexATX
MicroATX
MiniATX
ATX Full-size
There is also another form factor that is rarely heard, the form factor LPX,
Mini LPX, and NLX. LPX form factor designed by Western Digital and used branded
computers Packard Bell / NEC, Dell, and so on. The main difference is the expansion
board inserted the riser board expansion card that is parallel / parallel with
motherboard.
The important difference of four located on the ATX form factor size /
dimensions of each and hook holes motherboard (Screw holes) to the casing and
dimensions. The difference between the fourth dimension form factor is shown in
Table 1.2.
Form Factor Size
Maksimum FlexATX 9,0 x 7,4 inci (229 x 191 mm)
Since the ATX form factor is no longer considered to answer the needs
and development of the Intel processor technology along with some
motherboard industry then announced the use of BTX form factor (Balanced
Technology Extended). BTX offers thermal management, better management
of voice disorders, increased performance Better PC systems, as well as a
stylish design system and answer computing needs in the present and the
future. In outline, BTX platform consists of three groups:
Pico-BTX
Micro-BTX
BTX
5. Expansion Slots
Expansion Slots are placed on the motherboard. There are several types
of expansion slots. It works to put a variety of expansion cards to expand the
functions of the computer. Expansion cards are used usually in the form of
graphics cards, sound cards, TV Tuner, LAN, modem, and others. Expansion
slots are commonly used family of PCI. The most commonly used PCI is the
32-bit PCI. These slots are usually white colored. Almost all equipment using
this type of expansion. There are two types of common slot, the slot with
3.3V and 5V voltage. to determine sufficient seen from the notch (bulge) in
this slot. There are also a PCI Express slot. This slot is a PCI slot serialized.
This slot is considered greater than regular PCI. This slot velocity variations,
from 1x, 4x, 8x, and 16x. Current PC architectures are already using PCI
Express as the main bus. Peripheral that use this slot is usually VGA card
(PCIe 16x), sound card, gigabit LAN, and so forth. There are other variations
of the PCI slot, the PCI-X slot. Slot is generally used on high-performance
workstations and servers. Peripherals use this slot are: Disk controller,
network interface, and others. Slot type is rarely found on the home PC.
There is also an AGP slot but is now rarely found in a new type of
motherboard. Another Slot that does not exist on the PC today is: ISA,
VESA, MCA, and others.
6. Graphics Card
1) PCI graphics card, graphics card of this type using slots PCI (Peripheral
Component Interconnect)
High end
Middle end
Low end
7. Power Supply
12V auxiliary
Designed to provide extra power to the CPU, this six or eight pin
adaptor fits into the slot beside the processor socket.
Four-pin Molex
These connectors carry power from the PSU to older peripherals and
can be hooked up to fans, as well.
ATX power
The biggest cable connector in your PC, this large plug fits into a
similarly-sized black socket on the motherboard. Like all power cables, it
only fits one way.
Express power
cables
These long, flat cables are for transferring data between the hard drives
and the motherboard. Try to get a motherboard that has rightangled SATA
connectors, so the graphics card doesn’t block any of them.
Assorted wires that lead from the buttons, lights, USB, and audio ports
on the front of your case, and fit over the appropriate pins at the bottom of the
motherboard.
A long, thin connector, each hard drive or optical drive requires one of
these power cables plugged in next to the data cable above.
C. PROCEDURES
Tools:
A Full Set Computer
Plus (+) and Minus (-) Screwdriver
Thermal Paste
Work Steps:
Place the motherboard on a flat, non-conductive surface.
CPU should either have notches cut into either side of the backing, ora
pattern of pins projecting from the bottom with a triangle missing in one
corner. Compare these to the socket on the motherboard to see which way
the CPU fits.
Lift the catch on the CPU socket and raise the hinged cover. It only fits
one way round, but may break if you try to force it. Carefully place it in
the socket, taking care not to bend any of the pins, and then close the cover
and catch.
Squeeze the thermal paste for just a little, and then spread it to all processor surface
D. POTENTIAL HAZARDS
Wear shoes to avoid electricity hazard,
Avoid water and other liquid during experiment
F. REFERENCES
AMD Corp. Glossary;
o http://support.amd.com/us/kbarticles/Pages/amdglossaryterms.aspx
o http://www.pchardware.co.uk/
o http://www.pchardware.co.uk/
o http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/cpu.htm
o http://www.computerhardware.pk/
ASUS ROG. www.asus.com