Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
5.01 GENERAL
These specifications cover the requirements for design, manufacture, supply and erection of
steel structures for line terminations, supporting buses and other equipment such as circuit
breakers, disconnectors, instrument transformers, surge arresters, line traps and post
insulators.
Lattice type structure, galvanized after fabrication, shall be furnished. All framing shall be
of structural steel members.
Loading and design shall be in accordance with the requirements of the latest edition of
standard ASCE 10 “Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures”.
Calculations for loadings on terminal structures used for dead ending of conductors,
overhead shield wires and substation bus structures shall be carried out by the Contractor
and submitted to the Employer’s Representative for approval. A twenty (20) degree angle
of entry for terminal structures shall be assumed. All type of loads shall be calculated with a
safety factor of 1.5 and based on the information hereof.
5.02.01 Wind Loads: Structures shall be designed for (i) wind acting at 90 degree
to the surfaces (ii) wind acting at 135 degree (45 degree) to the surfaces. A
wind pressure corresponding to 160 km/hr. wind velocity acting horizontally
in any direction at 25 degree C everyday temperature shall be used. Wind
loads shall be calculated according to “Guidelines for Transmission Line
Structural Loading” prepared and published by the American Society of
Civil Engineers or equivalent Standards.
5.02.02 Vertical Loads: Equipment weights and dead loads together with estimated
construction/maintenance load and live loads as required.
5.02.04 Earthquake Intensity: All the ground Structures and portions thereof shall,
as a minimum, be designed and constructed to resist the effects of seismic
ground motions per Zone 2B as provided in Uniform Building Code acting
in any direction irrespective of their height and flexibility.
All the joints and all the base mounted fastening of free standing electrical
equipment such as circuit breakers, disconnectors, instrument transformers,
surge arresters, line traps and bus bars shall be designed for to resist the
effects of seismic ground motions per Zone 2B in any direction.
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5.02.05 Short Circuit Loads: The short circuit loads shall also be considered in the
design of steel structures, as specified in Section 6: High Voltage Bus Work.
The loads imposed by the maximum specified short circuit level shall be
considered acting simultaneously with the wind load at specified maximum
wind speed.
5.02.06 Load Combinations and Load Cases: The above loads shall be combined
with conductor span loading on one side only for gantry steel structures for
line terminations and supporting buses. The various load combinations and
load cases to be used shall be as per relevant standards and codes.
5.03 DESIGN
5.03.01 General: Contractor shall submit complete details of the structure design he
proposes to furnish, showing outline dimensions together with member
dimensions, stresses and calculations in sufficient detail to determine
compliance with the Contract Documents.
5.03.02 Slenderness Ratios (L/r): The determination of L/r ratios and allowable
compressive stress shall be based on the latest edition of standard ASCE 10
“Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures” or equivalent
Standards."
5.03.03 Allowable Unit Stresses: All parts of the structure shall be so proportioned
that the unit stresses in members, produced by design loads and multiplied
by factor of 1.5 shall not exceed the values calculated from equations and
factors given in the latest edition of standard ASCE 10 “Design of Latticed
Steel Transmission Structures” and as summarized below:
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(a) The allowable unit stress on the gross section of axially loaded
compression members.
OR
where
Above formulae are valid if the largest (w/t) ratio of the member is
less than the limiting value given by:
in which
w = the distance from the edge of the fillet to the extreme fiber and
t = the thickness of the member
and
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(2) Tensile Stresses: Allowable Tensile Stress (Ft) through the minimum net
Section shall be taken as applicable yield point (Fy).
(3) Bending Stress: Allowable Bending Stress (Fb) on extreme fibers shall be
taken as the applicable yield point (Fy).
(4) Shearing Stresses: Allowable Shear Stress (Fs) shall be taken as 5/8 of the
applicable yield point (Fy).
(5) Bearing Stress: Allowable Bearing Stress, for all steel materials specified
herein shall be taken as 1.65 times the applicable yield point (Fy).
5.04 MATERIALS
All materials shall be of the highest grade free from defects and imperfections, of recent
manufacture, unused and of the classification and grades designated, conforming to the
requirements of the latest revision of the relevant standards cited herein.
5.04.01 Structural Steel: All rolled steel sections, plates shall be supplied in
accordance with latest edition of ASTM A-36 and ASTM A-572 grade 50 or
EN 10025 S275JR and S355JR or equivalent Standard. The following
minimum steel thickness shall apply:
5.04.02 Bolts and Nuts: All tower connection bolts, nuts, flat washers and check
nuts shall be of steel and shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A-394
or A-325 or ISO898 or equivalent Standard. All tower connection bolts,
nuts, flat washers and check nuts shall be hot dip galvanized and of 16 mm
minimum size. Check nuts shall be provided for all bolts.
All connections shall be bolted type and shall be designed for 100% member
capability. A 5% surplus of bolts, nuts, washer and check nuts shall be
supplied.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
(2) End Distances: The minimum end distances measured from the
centre of the bolt hole to the end of the member shall be as follows:
0.865 P + 0.38 d
Fy t
Where
Minimum distance from any hole centre or edge member shall be as follows:
5.04.03 Checknuts: Galvanized check nuts of the type approved by the Employer’s
Representative shall be provided for all bolts.
5.04.04 Washers: All washers shall be of galvanized malleable iron or steel and shall
be provided for all bolts. Only one washer per bolt shall be used.
5.04.05 Step Bolts: Galvanized step bolts shall be provided on one leg of gantry
columns and shall have 16mm diameter. The length of bolts shall be 140
mm. Steps shall be spaced approximately 380 mm apart.
5.05.01 Holes: All holes shall be clean-cut without torn or ragged edges. All burrs
resulting from reaming or drilling shall be removed. All holes shall be
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5.05.02 Welding: Welding shall be performed in accordance with the latest edition
of "Code for Arc and Gas Welding in Building Construction", as formulated
by the American Welding Society or equivalent Standard.
5.05.03 Galvanizing: All plates and shapes shall be hot dipped galvanized after
fabrication in accordance with ASTM Designation A-123 or equivalent
Standard. All bolts, nuts and washers shall be hot dipped galvanized in
accordance with ASTM A-153 or equivalent Standard. Re-threading of bolt
threads after galvanizing will not be permitted.
All necessary precautions shall be taken in the selection of steel and in its
fabrication and preparation for galvanizing to prevent embrittlement of any
item or parts of items including bolts and nuts. ASTM Standard A-143 or
equivalent Standard shall be followed.
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Damaged area shall be wiped with clean rags saturated with Xylene
or equivalent solvent, followed by wire brushing then recleaned with
solvent to remove residue, and painted with one coat of "Galvanox",
or approved equivalent.
(b) For each member, the length, position of holes and interface with
other members shall be checked accurately for proper fitness.
(c) Quantity of each member and bolts shall be carefully checked from
the bill of materials when assembling the prototype.
(e) Drawings and bill of materials, sizes of bolts, fillers etc. shall be put
upto date accordingly, in all details before starting mass production.
5.05.06 Marking
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All structural members shall be marked with the correct designation shown
on the shop drawing. Marking shall be done by stamping the members prior
to galvanizing with numerals or letters of 12mm minimum height, and shall
be clearly legible after galvanizing.
5.05.07 Tolerances
The Contractor shall be responsible for the correct fitting of all parts and
shall replace free of cost any defective materials discovered during erection.
The Contractor shall also be responsible for the correction in the field of any
errors not previously discovered.
The permissible variation from dimensions for structural size steel shapes
shall not exceed the prescribed limits in ASTM A6.
5.06 TESTS
The Manufacturer shall select two samples from each heat to carry out the
following tests to satisfy himself that the products comply with the
Specifications.
The Manufacturer shall maintain a record of tests carried out by him for
examination by Inspectors during pre-shipment inspection.
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1. Visual examination
2. Verification of dimensions and weights
3. Prototype assembly tests
4. Chemical composition (Check analysis)
5. Tensile tests
6. Bend tests
7. Galvanizing test
1. Verifications of dimensions
2. Visual inspection
3. Proof load test
4. Ultimate tensile strength test
5. Galvanizing test
The Contractor shall render all necessary assistance to the Inspectors during
above-mentioned tests.
No. of Samples
50 tons or more 2
50 tons or less 1
Two tension and two bend tests shall be made from each heat and strength
unless the finished material from a heat and strength gradation is less than
50 tons, where one tension and one bend test will be sufficient. However
when material from one heat and strength gradation differs 9 mm in
thickness, one tension and one bend test shall be made from both the
thickness and the thinnest material rolled in that strength gradation
regardless of weight represented.
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In addition to above, two tension and two bend tests shall be made on every
finished shape for every 50 tons.
If a test piece fails to meet the requirement the lot shall be rejected.
5.06.03.3 Galvanizing
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Drawings provided in Volume-III of the Bidding Documents for column C14 and beam
V12 for 132kV bus bar I and bus bar II are for two bundle Coreopsis (All Aluminium)
conductor per phase. Whereas bus bars comprising three bundle Coreopsis conductor per
phase are to be provided in this Project, design and drawings of column C14 and beam V12
shall be revised accordingly.
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