Sectioning standards and conventions - recognition

An engineering drawing often needs to show features that we can't see because they are inside
the object. If the thing we are drawing is quite simple, we can mark the hidden parts by a
hidden outline.

If the thing we are drawing is too complicated for this method, instead of drawing hidden
outlines we can make sectional views. This means we imagine that the front part of the object This portion
has been cut off so we can see what is inside. The cut off part is only removed in the sectional removed
view and no other view.

To make the cut parts stand out on the drawing, we use cross hatching. This is a series of
0
parallel lines, drawn very lightly, usually at a 45 angle.
Cutting plane

:IIIIIIIIII~
fj
~
~~
~

{00
___ Iine5 equally 5paced
Cro55-hatching
0
45 where P055ible
lightat Direction of sight

A section plane is shown on a drawing by a light chain line with heavy ends. It indicates where
we imagine the object is cut through. We use arrows to show where we are looking from, and
letters to identify the sections. Pictorial representation

Cross hatching
I---A (inside view)

T--------------------. T
y y

I
I---A Section -.A A

Orthogonal representation

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Another way of looking at a sectional view is to picture an object being cut by a hacksaw so
that you can remove the front portion of the object to reveal internal features.
Cross hatching of single parts
Solid material which has been cut by the sectional cutting plane should be indicated by cross
hatching (also known as sectioning lines). Cross hatching should consist of a series of equally
spaced thin parallel lines usually drawn at 45° to the horizontal. The distance between the
parallel lines should be in relation to the area to be covered.
As the drawing process of crosshatching is time consuming it is recommended that wide
spacing be used, provided that there is no loss of clarity of the sectioned view.
I I--B
I

T
A

I I
Section A - A Section A - A Section B - B

f--B
r

: ::
- --- ~+--- I- Notice how the
T
A
T cross-hatching
A has been increased
;
f--B

Note: All surfaces cut by the hacksaw are drawn with 45° lines (45° preferred) called
sectioning, or cross hatching lines.

Surfaces that are not cut are left blank.

SECTION A-A SECTION B-B

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 Common types of sections
Description Pictorial representation Orthogonal representation Remarks

Full section Cutting plane ----0-1

1. Invisible lines behind the cutting
When an object is cut straight plane are omitted.
through the centre, so that we can This half
removed
T
A
see everything inside, we call it a full 2. Visible lines behind the cutting plane
section. are shown.

In orthogonal projection, the cutting 3. Only the parts cut by the cutting
plan is shown by a thin chain dotted plane are cross hatched.
Direction
line and arrows.
Section A-A
1. The intersection of the cutting
Half section Cutting plane ------0.,.......
plane is represented by the centre
line, not the outline.
In a half section, one quarter of the
object is removed, so that we see T
A
2. Used for showing both internal and
external features of an object in one
part of the outside and part of the One quarter
inside. ~emoved view.
3. The cutting plane and arrows may
be omitted because the object is
The cutting plane is shown as a full
symmetrical.
section. The section view is titled Direction 4. The cutting plane may be omitted
'Half Section'. of sight
because it falls on a major axis.

/ Cutting plane
part or local section

This section may be removed at any

convenient place on the actual view of
the object to show hidden detail. The
boundary of the section is shown by a
thin line. Direction
of sight This portion
removed

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 Sectioning
For simple shaped objects the internal parts are shown as hidden outlines

When several parts are shown together the internal details shown as hidden outlines makes the
drawing harder to read
This can be made clearer for reading and dimensioning by drawing a SECTION VIEW
In a section we assume that the object is cut by a cutting plane in a convenient position, and portion
of the object is removed temporarily so when we look at the view, the hidden surfaces cut by the
cutting plane become outlines and the cut surfaces are indicated by hatching lines.
See the numbered blocks 1-4

1 Outlines 3 Section views

SURFACES CUT BY THE CUTTING PLANE ARE INDICATED BY HATCHING
LINES AT 45' AND 3mm APART (APPROX)

--'"1-
w-«

--
I_ LL ., ,
1--1
~ ~
-r---I
1---"
-Ti--'
_~L_
- ---
Vfi ~
-
-@) I
-

LEFT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW

SECTION A-A
A .I
Portion between the
" ' - - cutting plane ana arrow if>
NOTE PORTION BEFORE THE CUTTING
PLANE 15 REMOVED ON THE SECTION
considered removed
VIEW ONLY

2 Position of cutting plane 4 types of section views (some common ones)

Cutting plane ,-------,

--'"1-
I_LLl I
1--1
-'--1-
I---l
-Ti--'
-@- ,
I-

_~L_

L (seen as a
Cutting plane
surface in
Cutting plane
HALF SECTION A - A PART SECTION A - A
(seen as a line in SECIION A - A
the left side view)
the front view) (FULL SECTION) (RH HALF IN SECTION)

NOTE ARROWS INCLUDE BOTH ENDS OF CUTIING PLANE

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 Exercise 6-1

SECTIONING RULES SKILL PRACTICE IDENTIFYING SECTION VIEWS

1
(FABRICATED OBJECTS)

r J-
1 1

~
OUTLINE VIEW
-,-
il III ~

/ 1 I

r J- I II
r-
I'--

I t;:,..""""~
1 I
CUTTING PLANE POSITION

,~ r J-
-,- I 1

f"-., I
II ~-
I'--. / I
- A--J
I
I

I
SECTION AA

,
SECTION BB SECTION CC

81
SECTION DD SECTION EE

~ ------------~-:
~-------------4-1
I

f~---+--=~j
I

I I
A
A-l
L---.-h----I
----
S---J
I- -
~C
SECTION VIEW J--A

'l -, I I
I----'...l.----
I
I
I
--<D- I

I
I
I--A
~------J------- J--c
A--J

~
I j E--J
I
I
I I
I
I

~
I
I I -------
~ I
J--D
SECTION AA SECTION AA A-l I
I
NOTE:
1.
2.
The section view is a view of the object along the cutting plane in the direction of the arrows
Parts cut by the cutting plane are shown by hatching lines at 45° and 3mm apart (approx) I
II I
iI I
E-l
I

3. Different parts which are touching and cut by the cutting plane are hatched in opposite directions J--D
4. The cutting plane and section view are linked by 'A - A'
EXERCISE 1
5. The cutting plane can be shown on any view EXCEPT the section view Tick (J) the correct view for the respective cutting
plane

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 -EB-I
-EB-I

The treatment of webs in sectioned views (cast article)

If a web (when it has been sectioned) is crosshatched, it would make the object appear solid
(below left) Therefore, when a web is cut ~ its thickness,(below right). The web is show I

without cross hatching. -(p-

III

Section y-y B

I--X 1 -EB-I
4- I

1_ i
B
A--1

I
I I
B

i
- -$- ~ -~- I

I
I I
Section X-X III I
I--x I--x A/'
I

Incorrect method of showing webs in Correct method of showing webs in

section section The web is crosshatched when
cut across its thickness ----<=+-'""<::0 """-+-""4

When a web is cut across its thickness by a sectional cutting plane it is cross hatched in the
The web is not
normal manner. (top view above right) crosshatched Section
Hidden detail (that is holes) are not shown on the section views. when cut along
its thickness A--1
B B

1 -$- ~ -V- 1
-
I I I

I
Section A-A Section B-B
I
Section A-A I

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 Sectioning webs (Fabricated articles) Exercise 6-1
Identifying section views (fabricated objects)
A web is a supporting piece between two surfaces which are at an angle to each other. Tick the correct section view for each cutting plane. (discuss your choices with your teacher)
Note: E

1. When the cutting plane cuts through the length of the web, the web is not cross hatched in A~' t
2.
the section view. (Section B-B).
When the cutting plane cuts across the web, the web is hatched in the section view
4J'
(Section A-A).
3. Hidden detail (like holes) are not shown on the section view.

Pictorial Orthogonal

Section AA Section BB Section CC Section DD Section EE

o
I I

Y J-
Y I

, ,
~ fT~
,
f-
Section A-A

Sectional views
-¢- -¢-
A B--l A

_1
Section B-B ~1 ~
-. -.
Section A-A
Section B-B
B--l
0 I , . .
I I

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