IGC 2

Chapter 6 – Workplace hazards and risk control

1 (i) identify eight types of hazard that may cause slips or trips at work
 The floor being poorly maintained or conversely highly polished
 Changes in level caused by ramps, slopes or kerbs
 Slippery surfaces caused by oil, water or chemical spillages
 Dusty surfaces such as those with a covering of sand
 General obstructions in walkways such as trailing cables, pipes and air hoses
 Mats and rugs
 Damaged flooring such as torn carpets and linoleum
 The presence of ice and snow
 The wearing of inappropriate footwear
(ii) Outline how slips and trip hazards in the workplace might be controlled.
 Improved work layout with designated walkways
 Using non-slip flooring
 Highlighting changes in level with hazard warning strips
 Introducing procedures for reporting defects and for dealing with spillages
 Ensuring high standards of housekeeping to keep floors clear of obstructions
 A system of maintenance ensuring the prompt repair of floor defects such as holes and bumps
 The fitting of handrails on stairs and around stair openings
 Procedures for avoiding and dealing with spillages including those for filling and draining
machines and their maintenance to prevent oil leaks
 The provision of adequate lighting and highlight strips to warn of a difference in levels
 A good standards of housekeeping including proper management of cables and hoses
2 (i) Outline ways of segregating pedestrians and vehicles in the workplace
 The provision of separate walkways which are clearly marked
 The provision of barriers and fencing
 Site rules which are strictly enforced
 The issue of instructions to drivers
 The provision of instruction and training to pedestrians on the precautions that must be
observed
(ii) Outline ways of reducing the risk to pedestrians when segregation is not practicable.
 The provision of designated safe crossing points and refuges
 Fitting vehicles with audible or visual alarms for example to give warning of a reversing
operation
 The use of a banks-man to ensure safe vehicle movement in areas where pedestrians are
likely to be present
 Ensuring a good standard of visibility by the provision of mirrors, transparent doors and CCTV
 The introduction of a speed restriction on vehicles
 The use of trained and authorized drivers particularly for forklift trucks
 The provision and use of high visibility personal protective equipment
 The provision of a good standard of lighting which avoids the possibility of glare
3 Outline eight precautions that should be considered to prevent accidents to children who
might be tempted to gain access to a construction site.
 Display warning signs, caution boards
 Prevent their entry using fencing

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  Awareness programme with community and schools
 Covering open pits and barricading excavations
 Removing the ladder and denying access to scaffolding
 Monitoring using security and use of CCTV
 If they are to be allowed, to make site safe by isolating services
 Securing tools, chemicals, equipments and vehicles
4 (a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘hazard’
Hazard is the potential of a substance, person, activity or process to cause harm.
(b) Outline the main hazards that could be present during the demolition of a multi-storey
building.
 Falls from height
 Falling debris
 Dust and fumes
 Noise and vibration from heavy plant and equipment
 Fires and explosions from the use of flammable and explosive substances
 Electrocution
 Presence of asbestos and other hazardous materials
 Premature collapse of the building being demolished
 Collapse of adjoining structure
 Manual handling
5 Repair work is to be carried out on the roof of a school.
(i) Identify control measures to reduce the risks of roof workers.
 Suitable means of access such as scaffolding, ladders and crawling boards
 Suitable barriers, guard rails
 If required, isolation of services
 Edge protection of the roof
 Avoid work in poor weather conditions
 Proper PPE such as harnesses, footwear having good grip etc
(ii) Identify two control measures to reduce the risks to other persons.
 Suitable warning signs at ground levels
 Safety net below the roof
 Barricading the work area
6 (a) Outline the precautions to be taken when carrying out repairs to the flat roof of a building
 The provision of safe access to the roof (scaffolding and/or ladders)
 Edge protection to prevent the fall of persons or materials
 The use of crawling boards and roof ladders
 Identifying and covering roof lights
 Ensure that there is no danger to employees from fragile roof-lights, voids, overhead
obstructions and services
 Consideration should be given to the way in which materials are to be transported to the
working area
 The employment of trained and competent workforce
 The issue and wearing of PPE such as helmets, good grip footwear, harnesses etc
 Positioning of various equipment such as bitumen boilers and gas cylinders
 Avoid working in adverse weather conditions
7 Identify safe working practices for the use of a mobile elevating work platform (MEWP).
 The MEWP must only be operated by trained and competent persons.
 It must never be moved in the elevated position
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  It must be operated on level and stable ground with consideration being given for the stability
and loading of floors.
 The tyres must be properly inflated and the wheels immobilized
 Outriggers should be fully extended and locked in position.
 Due care must be exercised with overhead power supplies , obstructions and adverse weather
conditions
 Warning signs should be displayed and barriers erected to avoid collisions.
 It should be maintained regularly and procedures should be in place in the event of machine
failure.
 Drivers of MEWPs must be instructed in emergency procedures, particularly to cover instances
of power failure.
 All workers on MEWPs should wear safety harnesses.
8 (a) Identify the main hazards associated with excavation work on construction sites.
 Collapse of the sides
 Materials falling on workers in the excavation
 Fall of people and/or vehicles into the excavation
 Workers being struck by plant, specialist equipment such as pneumatic drills
 Hazardous substances, particularly near the site of current or former industrial processes
 Influx of ground or surface water and entrapment in silt or mud
 Proximity of stored materials, waste materials or plant
 Proximity of adjacent buildings or structures and their stability
 Contact with underground services
 Access and egress to the excavation
 Fumes, lack of oxygen and other health hazards (such as Weil’s disease)
 Contaminated ground
(b) Excavation work is being carried out on a construction site. Identify the control measures
needed to reduce the risk to workers.
 At all stages of the excavation, a competent person must supervise the work and the workers
must be given clear instructions on working safely in the excavation
 The sides of the excavation must be prevented from collapsing either by digging them at a
safe angle (between 5 degree and 45 degree dependent on soil and dryness) or by shoring
them up with timber, sheeting or a proprietary support system. Falls of material into the
workings can also be prevented by not storing spoil materials near the top of the excavation
 The workers should wear hard hats
 If the excavation is more than 2 m deep, a substantial barrier consisting of guard rails and
toe boards should be provided around the surface of the workings
 Vehicles should be kept away as far as possible using warning signs and barriers. Where a
vehicle is tipping materials into the excavation, stop blocks should be placed behind its wheels
 The excavation site must be well lit at night
 All plant and equipment operators must be competent and non-operators should be kept
away from moving plant
 PPE must be worn by operators of noisy plant
 Nearby structures and buildings may need to be shored up if the excavation may reduce their
stability. Scaffolding could also be de-stabilized by adjacent excavation trenches
 The influx of water can only be controlled by the use of pumps after the water has been
channelled into sumps. The risk of flooding can be reduced by the isolation of the mains water
supply
9 Identify precautions that would need to be considered before welding work can commence.

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  The removal of flammable or explosive materials before welding work commences
 Work should only be carried out by competent welder
 Provision of supervision e.g. fire watcher
 Use of safe system of work e.g. PTW
 Emergency procedures in placed
 Provision of fire fighting equipment
 Provision of proper PPE to cover all the exposed parts of body for protection against sparks,
hot-spatter & radiation
 Provision of local exhaust ventilation
 ELCB for welding machine
 Use of standard welding equipment
10 Repair work is taking place on the roof of a two-storey building.
Outline precautions that could minimise the risk to workers below from being injured by
falling materials or tools.
 Use of covered walkways
 Edge protection around the roof
 Suitable netting to catch falling materials or tools
 Waste material should be bought to ground level by the use of chutes or hoists
 Minimum quantities of building materials should be stored on working platforms
 Head protection (hard hats) to workers working below
Chapter 7 – Transport hazards and risk control
1 Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when pedestrians are required to work in
vehicle manoeuvring areas.
 Segregated systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic
 Appropriate road markings
 Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc)
 Audible warnings on vehicles
 The drawing up and enforcement of site rules
 The provision of refuges
 The wearing of high visibility clothing
 A good standard of housekeeping
 Training for, and supervision of, all concerned
2 Identify control measures to reduce the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles in the
workplace.
 Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-way and ‘drive through' systems, turning circles,
etc)
 The separation of vehicles and pedestrians (barriers, signs, etc)
 Aspects of vehicle and workplace design (audible alarms, mirrors on vehicles and at blind
corners, refuges, lighting, etc)
 Procedural measures (use of banks-men, site rules, driver training, etc)
3 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long distance delivery driver.
 The duration of the journey, driving hours
 The demands of the route (complexity, road conditions, etc)
 Weather and other environmental factors
 Means of communication and security issues (e.g. potential for violence)
 The physical and psychological capabilities of the driver to cope with the demands of the job
 Any specialist skills required of the driver and the training given

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  Vehicle maintenance and breakdown provision
 The design and layout of the cab, other features of the vehicle tail-lifts
 The nature of the load (e.g. hazardous, heavy, etc)
 The need for, and the means of, manual and mechanical handling of materials
 Any emergency equipment and procedures that are, or should be, in place
Chapter 8 – Musculoskeletal hazards and risk control
1 Outline the factors that could contribute towards the development of work-related upper limb
disorders (WRULDs) among employees working at a supermarket checkout.
 Space constraints
 Poor equipment (such as chairs that are not adjustable)
 Bulky or heavy items
 Poor design or reliability of scanning equipment
 High levels of repetition
 Working at a fast pace
 Over-reaching (often from a seated position)
 Insufficient rest breaks
 Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity
 Lack of appropriate training
2 (i) outline the possible risks to health associated with the use of display screen equipment
 Musculoskeletal problems
 Tenosynovitis affects the wrist of the user
 Pains in the back, shoulders, necks or arm as a result of poor postures
 Visual problems
 Eye strain
 Sore eyes
 Headaches
 Psychological problems
 Stress
 Radiation
(ii) Describe the precautionary measures which could be taken to eliminate or reduce the risks
outlined in.
 A suitable and sufficient risk assessment of the workstation, including the software in use, trip
and electrical hazards from trailing cables and the surrounding environment
 Workstation compliance with the minimum specifications laid down in the national or
international standards
 A plan of the work programme to ensure that there are adequate breaks in the work pattern
of workers
 The provision of eye sight tests and if, required, spectacles to users of DSE
 A suitable training programme of training and sufficient information given to all DSE users
(iii) Identify the features of a suitable seat for use at a DSE workstation.
 Adjustable back support
 Wood lumber support
 Seat height adjustability
 Stable base
 Curved & comfortable arm support
 Provision of foot rest

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3 (i) identify four types of injury that can be caused by the incorrect manual handling of loads

 Prolapsed or slipped discs

 Back injuries
 Torn ligaments
 Work related upper limb disorders
 Muscular sprains and strains
 Hernias
 Fractures
 Cuts and abrasions
(ii) Outline a good lifting technique that could be adopted by a person required to lift a load
from the ground.
 Placing the feet slightly apart and close to the load
 Bending at the knees
 Keeping the back straight (or maintaining natural curvature)
 Maintaining a good grip
 Keeping the load close to the body without twisting and lifting smoothly using the leg muscles
 An initial assessment of the load
 Lift prior to undertaking the task
(iii) Give two examples of how a manual handling task might be avoided.
 Mechanization
 Use of fork lift trucks, hoists, cranes and conveyors
4 A store man is required to place boxes of metal components by hand on to shelved racking.
(i) Identify four types of injury to which the store man may be at risk while carrying out this
operation.
 Prolapsed or slipped discs
 Back injuries
 Torn ligaments
 Work related upper limb disorders
 Muscular sprains and strains
 Hernias
 Fractures
 Cuts and abrasions
(ii) Outline the factors in relation to the task that may affect the risk injury.
 The manipulation of the load at a distance from the trunk
 The work rate and insufficient periods allowed for rest and recovery
 Excessive carrying distances
 Excessive lifting or lowering distances
 The need to adopt unsatisfactory body positions because of space restrictions
5 Battery operated fork-lift trucks are used to move materials within a ware house.
(i) Describe four hazards associated specifically with battery powered fork-lift trucks.
 The generation of hydrogen gas and release of battery acid
 Hazards associated with the handling of batteries
 Electrical hazards with the potential for electric shock or burns
 Collisions with pedestrians due to the near-silent running of the truck
(ii) Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in areas
where the fork-lift trucks are operating.
 Marking of traffic routes

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  One-way systems
 Segregation of pedestrians from transport
 Warning signs and audible alarms
 Visibility issues such as adequate lighting, mirrors, high visibility clothing and transparent doors
 The provision of safe systems of work for loading, unloading and stacking
 The enforcement of site rules on speed restrictions and access
 Training and supervision of staff
(iii) Outline eight rules to follow when a fork-lift truck is left unattended during a driver’s
work break.
 The leaving the fork-lift truck on a firm, level surface in a designated parking area
 The mast tilted slightly forward
 The forks resting on the floor
 The truck should not be left until the brake has been applied and power switched off
 The key (if applicable) should be removed and returned to a responsible person preventing
unauthorised use of the truck
 Avoiding the obstruction of emergency exits, walkways and fire-points
6 Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes.
 Ensuring stability of mobile crane (reach, lifting capacity, test certificate etc…)
 Stable ground conditions
 Use of outriggers
 Avoidance of obstruction / overhead power lines
 Designated and protected operation area
 Suitable and tested lifting tackles
 Correct slinging techniques
 Ensuring competence of personal
 Load to be carried near ground if travelling with load
 Ensuring good visibility & communications, if poor visibility use of banks man
7 Identify possible causes of a mobile crane overturning on a construction site.
 Over loading
 Poor slinging of load
 Insecure or unbalanced load
 Loss of load
 Collision with another structure or overhead power lines
 Foundation failure
 Structural failure of the crane
 Operator error
 Lack of maintenance and/or regular inspections
 No signaller used when driver’s view is obscured
 Incorrect signals given
 Uneven flooring
 Improper angle of the boom
8 Forklift trucks are operating in a busy environment. Describe suitable measures that the
employer could take to reduce the risk of collision with workers.
 Marking of traffic routes
 One-way systems
 Warning signs and audible alarms
 Visibility issues such as adequate lighting, mirrors, high visibility clothing and transparent doors

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  The provision of safe systems of work for loading, unloading and stacking
 The enforcement of site rules on speed restrictions and access
 Training and supervision of staff
9 Identify eight rules to be followed to minimise the risk of forklift trucks overturning.
 Drivers must drive at a suitable speed and obey the speed limits
 Take special care when reversing
 Take special care on wet and uneven surfaces and on ramps
 Travel with the forks lowered
 Take special care when handling loads which restrict visibility
 Do not overload
 Proper maintenance
 Employment of trained and competent drivers and provision of periodic driver training
 Do not allow to drive under influence of drugs and alcohol.
10 Outline factors to be considered when undertaking a manual handling assessment of the
work undertaken by baggage handlers at a large, busy airport.
The task:
1. Postural issues such as the need to stoop and twist
2. The frequency and duration of the physical effort that was required
3. The need to move the loads quickly to meet scheduled departures
4. The distance that loads might have to be carried and the height to be lifted to place bags on
to the conveyor
The individual:
1. Their stature, fitness levels
2. Training and experience
3. Their vulnerability, particularly if they are still young
The load:
1. The variable weights of items of baggage which would not carry weight markings
2. Bulky and unwieldy baggage such as golf clubs or skis
3. The possibility of movement of a bag’s contents because of unsatisfactory packing
4. The slippery nature of some of the packaging material used which would prevent the handlers
from obtaining a good grip on the load
The environmental:
1. Possible space constraints
2. The condition of floors which might be slippery and uneven
3. The temperatures in which the handlers might have to work
4. Standard of lighting provided together with the weather conditions
11 A mobile crane has been permitted to be used on a construction site.
Identify checks that the driver should carry out before a lifting operation.
 Check that all lifting accessory statutory inspections are in place and up to date
 Check that tyre pressures, where appropriate, are correct
 SWL indicator should be fitted
 Safe system of work and risk assessment must be carried out before lifting
 Ensure that loads are not left suspended when the crane is not in use
 Before a lift is made, ensure that nobody can be struck by the crane or the load
 Ensure that loads are never carried over people
 Ensure good visibility and communications
12 In a factory a conveyor system is used to transfer manufactured articles to the warehouse
area.

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 Identify the control measures to be taken to reduce the risk of injury to workers from the
conveyor.
 Provision of guarding for transmission machinery and the intakes of belts and drums
 The erection of barriers to keep workers away from the conveyor
 The provision of emergency stop buttons for the systems conveniently situated and easily
accessible
 Ensuring operators are trained in the use of the conveyor system
 Ensuring operators are well aware of hazards associated with its use such as the danger that
could arise from overloading the conveyor, wearing loose items of clothing or allowing long
hair to hang loose
 Using a signal to warn workers that the conveyor is about to be put into operation
 Ensuring maintenance and servicing work is carried out only by authorised personnel
 Ensuring that the power supply to the conveyor is disconnected or locked off before the start
of the work
 Encouraging workers to report unsafe practices to the supervisor
Chapter 9 – Work equipment hazards and risk control
1 (a) Outline defective conditions of non-powered hand tools that could present risks to the
user.
 Split or broken shafts on tools such as on a hammer or an axe
 Loose heads on tools (with the hammer or axe)
 Handles missing from files
 Burred or mushroomed heads on chisels
 Blunt blades on chisels, saws or knives
 Split handles on tools
 Bent spanners or spanners with splayed jaws
 Worn sockets and screwdrivers
 Corroded tools
(b) Outline the requirements for the safe use of non-powered hand tools.
 Selection of appropriate or suitable tool for the task
 Ensuring that the users carry out regular inspection of the tools
 Introducing a programme of routine maintenance and replacing those tools that are found to
be defective
 Arranging for storage facilities for the tools to be available
 Training the users in the safe use and inspection of hand tools
2 (a) Identify four hazards associated with the use of a bench-top grinder.
 contact with the rotating wheel causing abrasion
 drawing in between the rotating wheel and a badly adjusted tool rest
 bursting of the wheel, ejecting fragments which puncture the operator
 electrical through faulty wiring and/or earth bonding or during maintenance
 fragments given off during the grinding process causing eye injury
 hot fragments given off which could cause a fire or burns
 noise produced during the grinding process
 possible health hazard from dust/particles/fumes given off during grinding
(b) Other than a guard, outline four control measures that could be introduced to reduce risk
to a worker using a bench-top grinder.
 Ensuring the grinder was securely fixed to the bench; the fitting of robust and adjustable
guards

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  The correct positioning of the tool rest and spark guards
 The operation of the wheel at its correct speed
 The provision and maintenance of correctly positioned stop
 The provision of a good standard of lighting
 Ensuring the area round the machine was kept clean and free from rubbish
(c)Outline the basic requirements that you would consider when selecting a guard or safety
device for piece of work equipment.
 The selection of a guard or safety device does not add any hazards to work equipment,
instead it should reduce the risk
 It should not be easily bypassed
 Maintenance should not be difficult
 It should not interfere in carrying out normal operation
 It should be cost effective
 The material of construction which should be sufficiently robust to withstand the stresses of the
process and be able to contain any ejected material and dust but still allow sight of the
process when required
 The size of any necessary openings in the guards which should not allow access to the
dangerous parts - a function of the size of any opening in relation to the distance to the
hazard
 The method of fixing the guards requiring the use of a special tool for their removal to
prevent unauthorized access
 Being sufficiently secure to prevent the guards reverberating and creating a noise problem
(d) Outline the merits (advantages) and limitations (disadvantages) of both:
(i) An interlocking guard
Advantages:
 They allow safe access to operate and maintain the machine without dismantling the
safety devices
Disadvantages:
 There is a constant need to ensure that they are operating correctly and designed to be
fail-safe
 Maintenance and inspection procedures must be very strict
(ii) A trip device
Advantages:
 A trip device does not physically keep people away but detects when a person
approaches close to a danger point, so it is designed in that way that it stops the machine
before injury occurs
Disadvantages:
 It depends on the ability of the machine to stop quickly
 In some cases a brake might need to be fitted
3 A portable electrical sander is being used in the production area of a factory.
(a) Identify hazards that may be present.
 Electricity
 Dust
 Noise
 Vibration
 Abrasion
 Poor ergonomics (related either to equipment design or to the way in which the work is been
carried out)

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  Trailing cables
(b) Outline the precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk.
 Competent person
 Regular maintenance
 Visual inspection before use
 ELCB should be provided
 Safe system of work
 PPE
4 Identify four mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills and outline in each case how
injury might occur.
 Entanglement of clothes and hair with the drill bit, and stabbing injuries from the end of the bit
 Contact with the drill chuck (abrasion)
 Ejection of, or impact by, unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact that the work piece
may be spinning at fast speed on the bit
 Cutting hazards may also be presented by metal particles produced by the drilling process.
5 A petrol-driven chainsaw is to be used to fell a tree from ground level. In relation to this task:
(a) Identify four hazards associated with the use of the chainsaw;
 Contact or entanglement with the chain
 Noise and vibration
 Dust and fumes
 Ejected particles
 Fire and explosion
 Hot surfaces
 Manual handling
 The hazard of being struck by falling branches or trees
(b) Identify the items of PPE that should be used by the chainsaw operative.
 Helmets fitted with mesh face shields
 Hearing protection
 Body and leg protection
 Gloves and boots
6 Identify the hazards associated with the use of a cement mixer. For the hazards identified,
outline control measures that can be used to reduce the risks.
 Manual handling (which might be controlled by the use of mechanical aids, reduced weights of
loads, the siting of materials to reduce twisting and/or the provision of training)
 The corrosive and irritant properties of cement (which could be countered by the provision and
use of appropriate personal protective equipment, safe systems of work and good hygiene
practices)
 Inhalation of the cement dust (against which masks might be provided)
 Machinery hazards such as moving parts, ejection of materials and noise (where the control
measures would include, where appropriate, the provision of guarding, goggles and hearing
protection)
 Also relevant are hazards associated with the power supply to the mixer. If petrol driven,
requirements would include storage facilities for the fuel to protect against the risk of fire,
training in refuelling procedures, and the prohibition of the use of the mixer in confined areas
to protect employees against inhalation of fumes. If electrical, a system of regular inspection
and testing of the equipment, and the use of residual current devices to minimise the risk of
shock, should be in place.

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7 Outline the four main categories of guards and safeguarding devices that can be used to
minimise the risk of contact with dangerous parts of machinery.
 A fixed guard, as a physical barrier which was not linked to the machine operation and
required a special tool for its removal
 The interlocked guard, which is linked to the machine operation and prevents access when the
machine is in a dangerous condition while also preventing operation of the machine until the
guard in position
 The trip device such as a probe or pressure mat, stops movement of the machine when
approach is detected
 An automatic or self acting guard such as a push away guard, is linked to the machine
mechanism and physically moves the operator away from the danger zone.
8 A new pedestal (pillar) drill has been installed in an engineering workshop. Identify the
factors that should be considered before it is first used, to reduce the risk of injury to the
operators.
 Motor and drive should be fitted with fixed guard
 Machine should be bolted down to prevent movement
 The spindle should be guarded be an adjustable guard, which is fixed in position during the
work
 A clamp should be available on the pedestal base to secure work-pieces
 The machine should be on PAT schedule and regularly checked
 Cutting fluid, if used, should be contained and not allowed to get onto clothing or skin
availability of appropriate PPE’s
9 Identify eight types of non-mechanical hazards associated with the use of machinery.
 Noise (leading to noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus)
 Vibration (hand-arm vibration syndromes)
 Electricity(shock or burns)
 Hot surfaces(skin burns)
 Dust(lung disorders, cancer, fire explosion)
 Ergonomic/manual handling issues(musculoskeletal disorders)
 Hazardous substance
 Shards/splinters(cut, infections and eye injuries)
Chapter 10 – Electrical safety
1 (i) outline the dangers associated with electricity
 Electrical shock
 Electrical burns
 Electrical fires and explosions
 Arcing
 Secondary hazards
(ii) Outline the emergency action to take if a person suffers a severe electric shock.
 Raise the alarm by calling for help from colleagues
 Switch off the power, if it is possible and/or the position of the emergency isolation switch is
known
 Call for an ambulance
 If it is not possible to switch off the power, then push or pull out the person away from the
conductor using an object made from a good insulator, such as a wooden chair or broom
 If the person is breathing, place him/her in the recovery position so that open airways is
maintained and the mouth can drain if necessary

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  If the person is not breathing, apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and, in the absence of a
pulse, chest compressions. When the person is breathing normally place them in the recovery
position
 Treat any burns by placing a sterile dressing over the burn and secure with bandage. Any
loose skin or blisters should not be touched nor any lotions or ointments applied to the burn
wound
 If the person regains consciousness, treat for normal shock
 Remain with the person until they are taken to a hospital or local surgery
2 (i) outline the effects on the human body from a serve electrical shock
 The cardio-respiratory effects, in particular the risk of fatal injury due to disruption to heart
rhythm
 Contact with AC current can also cause an involuntary grip on the live conductor, thus
prolonging current flow through the body
 Tissue burns, in particular at the entry and exit points of current passing through body
 The possibility of damage to internal organs
 Serious burns may also result from short circuit flashover from high voltage supplies
(ii) Describe how earthing can reduce the risk of receiving electrical shock
 All metalwork that could become live to be earthed
 The fact that the resistance of the earth path should be as low as possible so as to induce, in
the case of a fault, a current sufficiently high to `blow' a fuse or `trip' another form of
protective device
(iii) Outline four factors that may affect severity of injury from contact of electricity.
 The level and frequency of the current
 The voltage involved
 The nature of the current passing through the body (AC/DC)
 The path taken through the body by the current
 The length of the contact time, regulated by the speed of action of the fuse or circuit breaker
 Individual body resistance involving sex, age and the dryness of the skin
 Environmental factors such as ground conditions
 The type of clothing and footwear being worn at the time
3 Outline the range of checks that should be made to ensure electrical safety in a workplace.
 Visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and sockets
 The need to ensure that all fuses are of the correct rating
 Checking that equipment is sited such that outlets are not overloaded
 Cables are not in vulnerable positions
 The equipment itself should be checked to ensure suitability and conformity with recognized
standards (e.g. CE marking)
 A specific testing procedure for portable appliances should be in place
 A procedure for reporting defects or damage
4 Outline precautions/control measures that should be taken to reduce the risk of harm from
electrical equipment in a workplace.
 The use of reduced low voltage trough a transformer centre-tapped to earth
 The use of residual current devices or earth leakage protection
 The protection and safe positioning of supply cables
 Using double-insulated equipment
 Using cordless (battery operated) equipment
 Ensuring the correct rating of fuses
 Introducing a system for routine visual inspection and testing of cables and equipment

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5 Identify the electrical hazards that could be discovered by a visual inspection.
 Cuts on the using cables
 Looping of cables
 Overloaded switches
 Damaged electrical cables
 Damaged electrical equipment
 Improper grounded equipments
 Uninsulated equipment
 Improper latching of wire
6 A portable electric drills for use on a construction site needs periodic inspection and testing to
ensure it is a safe to operate
Identify the factors that would determine the frequency of the inspection and testing.
 The type of equipment whether and its voltage
 The integrity and age of the equipment including the likelihood of it becoming damaged
 The frequency and duration of its use
 The environment in which it is to be used
 Its previous maintenance and repair history
 Any recommendations made by the manufacturers or in guidance published by the Health and
Safety Executive
7 A worker uses a hand-held electric drill regularly in the course of their work.
(i) Outline the checks that should be made to ensure the electrical safety of the drill.
 Damage to the cable sheathes, joints or plugs
 The equipment has been subjected to conditions for which it is not suitable; for example, it is
wet or excessively contaminated
 Damage to the external casing of the equipment or there are loose parts or screws
(ii) Other than electricity, identify four hazards associated with the use of the drill.
 Abrasion and impact
 Noise
 Vibration
 Trip hazards
 Flying particles
 Dust
 Entanglement with chuck or bit
Chapter 11 – Fire safety
1 Identify the principles of the ‘fire triangle’.

As shown in the above figure each side of the fire triangle represents one of three elements
namely, fuel, oxygen and a source of ignition- all three elements must be present for fire to occur.
The understanding of the fire triangle is fundamental to fire prevention and precautions.
2 (i) identify four sources of ignition that may lead to a fire in the workplace.
 Naked flames- from smoking materials, heating appliances, process equipments

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  External sparks- from grinding metals, welding, impact tools, electrical switch gear
 Internal sparking- from electrical equipment, machinery, lighting
 Hot surfaces- from lighting, cooking, heating appliances, process equipments, poorly
ventilated equipments, faulty and/or badly lubricated equipment, hot bearings and drive
belts
 Static electricity- causing significant high voltage sparks from the separation of material such
as unwinding plastic, pouring highly flammable liquids, walking across insulated floors or
removing synthetic overalls.
(ii)Outline methods of reducing the risk of a fire in the workplace.
 The control of smoking and smoking materials
 Good housekeeping to prevent the accumulation of waste paper and other combustible
materials
 Regular lubrication of machinery to prevent friction and overheating
 Regular inspection of electrical equipment including portable appliances for damage
 Ensuring that electrical systems are not overloaded and that electrical equipment is isolated
when not in use
 The use of earth bonding to control risks from static electricity
 Ensuring ventilation outlets on equipment are not obstructed
 Controlling hot work by permits or by their creation of designated areas ensuring the safe use
of and providing proper storage facilities for flammable liquids
 Segregating incompatible chemicals
 Ensuring the selection of correct equipment for example intrinsically safe electrical equipment
 Implementing security procedures to reduce the risk of arson
 The use of fire fighting equipments such as fire hydrant system, fire extinguishers, etc...
 Provision of fire exit and fire detection system
(iii) Outline the measures that should be in place for a successful evacuation of a workplace
in the event of a fire.
 Means of raising the alarm
 Contacting the emergency services
 Fire evacuation routes evacuations signs
 Role of individuals
 Muster point assembly point
 Practicing mock drills
 Identify the fire marshals
3 Identify the four methods of heat transfer and explain how each can cause the spread of fire.
 Convection: - hot air becomes less dense and riser, drawing in cold new air fuels the fire with
more oxygen.
 Conduction: - this transfers the heat through a material with sufficient intensity to melt or
destroy the material and ignite combustible material which comes into contact or close to hot
section.
 Radiation: - often in a fire the direct transmission of heat through the emission of heat waves
from a surface can be so intense that adjacent material are heated sufficiently to ignite. A
metal surface glowing red hot would be typical of sever hazard in a fire.
 Direct burning: - this is effect of combustible material catching fire through direct contact with
flames.
4 Identify eight common causes of fires in the work place.
 Faulty electrical equipment
 Naked flames

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  Bad housekeeping
 Inadequate lubrication
 Hot surfaces
 Smoking and machine
 Spontaneous ignition
 Combustible sparks
 Oil/gas
 Static electricity
5 Outline suitable control measures for the safe storage and use of highly flammable liquids in
the workplace.
 Store minimum quantities
 Establish suitable fixed storage tanks
 Keep cylinders upright in well ventilated storage area
 Clear marking of containers to be given
 Clearly marked storage area
 Store minimum quantities
6 Outline the general role a fire marshal would be expected to undertake in an emergency
evacuation of a workplace in the event of a fire.
On hearing the alarm:
 Suggest to everyone the evacuation of area.
 Check allocated area to ensure that everybody has left.
 Ensure that anybody with evacuation difficulties is being seen to.
 Proceed to the assembly area.
 Report to the Fire coordinator.
 Take a roll call if appropriate.
7 Outline the main requirements for a safe means of escape from a building in the event of fire.
 Fire doors should be open in the direction of travel(outwards)
 Doors providing means of escape should never be locked
 Display notice on the doors
 Signs along the escape routes
 Corridors and stairways forming a means of escape should have half-hour fire resistance
 Corridors and other escape routes must be unobstructed
8 In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a material (fuel) that falls within
each of the classes A, B, C and D.
 Class A- Solid Fire- woods, paper, cotton, plastic.
 Class B- Liquid fire- petrol, diesel, kerosene
 Class C- Gases Fire- LPG,CNG,PROPANE
 Class D- Metals – sodium, magnesium, potassium
Chapter 12 – Chemical and biological health hazards and risk control
1 (i) identify three forms of biological agents.
 Bacteria: - legionellosis, tuberuculosis, tetanus
 Virus: - HIV, Hepatitis , Influenza
 Fungi: - Riny worm, yeast
(ii) Identify three possible routes of entry into the body for a biological agent.
 Inhalation
 Absorption through skin
 Ingestion/swallowing

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  Injection/skin puncture
(iii)Give two appropriate control measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of exposure to
a biological agent.
 Disinfection
 Proper disposal of biomedical waste
 Good house keeping
 PPE
 Adequate water treatment
 Immunization
2 An organization uses small quantities of toxic chemicals.
(i) Identify four possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body.
 Inhalation
 Absorption through skin
 Ingestion/swallowing
 Injection/skin puncture
(ii) Explain the difference between acute and chronic health effects.
Acute health effects
 Short duration
 Appear rapidly
 Usually reversible
 Undiagnosed for many years
Chronic health effects
 After long term exposure to hazardous system
 Gradual effect
 Usually irreversible
 Undiagnosed for many years
(iii) Identify the sources of information which could be used in the assessment of risk of toxic
substances.
 MSDS
 Product label
 Local statutory rules
 ILO information
 Past medical record
 Case study
(iv)Outline the control measures that might be required in order to minimize risks to workers
 Elimination
 Substitution
 Reduction up to OEL
 Engineering control
 Administrative control
 PPE
3 Identify the information that should be included on a manufacture’s safety data sheet (MSDS)
supplied with a hazardous substance.
 Name of substance
 Chemical composition
 Property of substance
 Nature of hazard
 Control measure

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  PPE recommendation
 First Aid measure
 Fire fighting measure
 Handling-storage-transport and disposal information
4 (i) identify four types of hazards for which local exhaust ventilation (LEV) would be an
appropriate control measure giving an example in each case of the harmful effect that
might be produced.
 Hazardous gas
 Hazardous flame
 Hazardous flame
 Hazardous dust
(ii) Outline the factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a local exhaust ventilation system
(LEV).
 Damage duct
 Block or defective filter
 Poor or defective filter
 Unauthorized extension of system
 Poor initial design
 Poor maintenance
 Incorrect adjustment
5 (i) identify four forms of hazardous substance for which respiratory protective equipment
could be used to reduce the risk of harm.
 Dust
 Gases
 Vapour
 Mists
 Fumes
 Micro organism
(ii) Outline factors that could reduce the effectiveness of the respiratory protective equipment.
 Poor maintenance
 It may not be suitable
 Improper size
 Worker misusing the RPE
 Extreme weather condition
 Using beyond its design limitation
 Inadequate storage
 Prolong use without replacement
6 An engineering company has noticed a recent increase in work-related ill-health among shop
floor workers who use a degreasing solvent for which a workplace exposure limit (WEL) has
been assigned.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term ‘workplace exposure limit’(WEL).
 Airborne concentration of toxic substance representing condition under which it believe that all
worker expose repetitive 8 hours daily or 40 hours a week would not suffer any adverse
effect during their work
(ii) Give reasons for the possible increase in work related ill-health among shop floor
workers.
 Continuous exposure
 Not use of PPE

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  Not suitable PPE
 Improper handling
 Improper stacking
 No rotational duties
 No frequent break
7 Identify factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of workers in a workplace.
 Deteriorate health and data of worker
 Significant increase of problems in periodical programs
 Ill-health in particular section of workplace
 Sickness and absenteeism
 Complaints of workers
 Low production
8 Outline factors to consider when undertaking an assessment of health risks for a hazardous
substance.
 Identify hazardous substance
 Where it is used??
 Who expose to it?
 What is OEL of substance?
 What is ill-health due to that substance?
 What is control measure?
 What is immediate first aid?
 MSDS available or not?
 What is duration of exposure?
 What is frequency of exposure?
 Proper PPE available or not?
9 Identify two types of cellular defence mechanisms that the body has as a natural defence
system.
 Nasal hair in nostril
 Mucous secreted by respiratory act
 Cilia of respiratory tract
 Coughing reflex
10 Give the meaning of the term ‘maximum allowable concentration’.
The threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical substance is a level to which it is believed a worker
can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects.
Chapter 13 – Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
1 A maintenance worker regularly uses a hand held grinder, exposing him to external
vibration.
(i) Identify the symptoms that the worker may experience due to this exposure.
 Tingling numbness in the hand & finger
 Severe pain at finger a wrest joints
 Loss of grip strength
 Other injury to body parts
(ii) Outline control measures that can be used to reduce exposure to vibration.
 Decrease the daily exposure limit
 Use gloves & worm clothing
 Reporting system for employee, using this instrument when develop symptoms
 Rest between working hours

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  Training
 Follow the instruction given by manufacture
 Periodically medical examination
 Maintained of tools & inspection at regular interval
2 A road worker is operating a hand-operated pneumatic road breaker to split concrete,
subjecting the hands and arms to heavy vibration.
Outline control measures that could be considered to reduce the health effects from
vibration.
 Well maintained instrument
 Decrease exposure limit
 Under take risk assessment
 Work pattern improve
 Gloves and warm cloth
 Training to person
 Job rotation policy
3 (i) outline the possible effects on health from exposure to high level of noise.
Acute effect:
 Temporary threshold shift: caused by short excessive noise exposure-slight deafness
 Tinnitus: ringing in the ear caused by an intense and high noise level
 Acute acoustic trauma: caused by very low load peak noise such as explosion affects ear
drum or ear bone
Chronic effects:
 Noise induced hearing loss: permanent damage
 Permanent threshold shift: due to prolonged exposure to loud noise- It is reversible
 Tinnitus: same as acute but permanent
(ii) Outline two noise control techniques that would benefit all workers.
 Hearing protection devices – PPE (use of ear plug, ear muff)
 Reduce & control of noise source by means of engineering control
 Periodic examination of ear of employee exposed to high noise
 Rotation of job to reduce less time & less exposure to noise
4 Outline four types of engineering control that may be used to reduce noise in the workplace,
giving a practical example of each.
 Silencing: normally fitted to engines which are exhausting gases to atmospheres
 Absorption: can be used effectively in areas where the sound is reflected from wall.
The walls of room housing the noisy equipment are lined without sound such as form or mineral
wool.
 Damping: The use of insulating floor mounting remove or reduce the transmission of noise and
vibration through the structure of the building.
 Isolation: the provision of sound proof workroom or enclosure isolated away from noisy
equipment
5 (i) identify four types of ionizing radiation
 X-rays
 Alpha rays
 Beta rays
 Gamma rays
(ii) Identify health effects that may be caused by ionising radiation.
 Somatic effect
 Genetic effect

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 (iii) Outline the main control measures to reduce the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation.
 Film badge
 Geiger counter
 Physical shield
 Relocate some jobs inside a building or to shady location
 Undertake some outdoors work earlier or later in the days
 Provide suitable education and training for outdoor workers
 Provide suitable information and supervision to investigate same system of work
6 Outline the factors that may lead to unacceptable levels of occupational stress among
employees.
 The job – boring or repetitive , job insecurity
 Insufficient training
 Responsibility not clearly defined
 Working conditions – lack of lighting, high humidity, high temperature etc
 Excessive noise and vibration
 Lack of management support – negative health and safety culture
 Individual social life affecting their work
 Inadequate welfare facilities
7 Outline prevention strategies an organization could consider to reduce the risk of violence
towards workers.
 Informing telephone callers that their call will be recorded
 Displaying working signage
 Use of CCTV
 Use of alarm system
 Use of cashless payment methods
 Security guard appointed
 Access control of unauthorized person
8 (a) Describe the possible effects on hearing from exposure to noise
Acute effect:
 Temporary threshold shift: caused by short excessive noise exposure-slight deafness
 Tinnitus: ringing in the ear caused by an intense and high noise level
 Acute acoustic trauma: caused by very low load peak noise such as explosion affects ear
drum or ear bone
Chronic effects:
 Noise induced hearing loss: permanent damage
 Permanent threshold shift: due to prolonged exposure to loud noise- It is reversible
 Tinnitus: same as acute but permanent
(b) Outline the factors that are likely to affect the performance of personal hearing protection.
 Proper selection of with suitability for the job
 Proper fitted
 It should not be modified
 Comfortable enough to be accepted and worn
9 The use of a road drill (pneumatic breaker) can expose workers to hand-arm and whole body
vibration.
(a) Identify two health effects from exposure to hand-arm vibration.
 Tingling numbness in the hand & finger
 Tips of finger go white/severe pain
 Whole hand may be affected if continue same work with vibrating tools

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  Loss of grip strength
(b)Identify two health effects exposure to whole body vibration.
 Pain in neck and shoulder
 Muscle fatigue
 Restricted joint movement
(c)Outline factors that should be considered when carrying out a risk assessment for
workers exposed to vibration when using the road drill (pneumatic breaker).
 Frequency of vibration/source of vibration
 Time of exposure /no of employees
 Tightness of grip
 Age of the equipment
 Maintenance of equipments
 Suitability of job
 Information/guidance from manufacture
 Environmental factor(cold, wet weather)
10 Identify welfare and work environment requirements that should be provided in a workplace.
 Sanitary facility
 Washing facility
 Drinking facility
 Accommodation for clothing
 Facilities for changing clothes
 Facilities for rest and eating meals
 First-aid provision

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