Mirrors (1180) - First mention of a mirror was made in 1180

by Alexander Neckham who said "Take away the lead which

is behind the glass and there will be no image of the one
looking in."

Mirrors have been around for awhile, but they

haven’t always been made of glass. The first
mirrors, from around 600 B.C., were very simple.
They were polished surfaces from natural materials
that could reflect an image. After awhile, people
started making mirrors from copper, bronze, gold
and silver. These metals are heavy, so the mirrors
were very small. They couldn’t really be used to
see a reflection so they were mostly for show.
Glass mirrors like we have today were first made in
the Middle Ages. They didn’t have the modern
technology used today, so the mirrors were difficult
to make and expensive. In the Renaissance period
after the Middle Ages, the technique of making
mirrors developed. Mirrors could show a clearer
image. Artists even used mirrors to paint self-portraits. They were still very expensive so only the
rich could afford them. The process for making modern mirrors was developed in 1835.
Chess (1450) - The earliest predecessors of the game
originated in 6th century AD India and spread through
Persia and the Muslim world to Europe. The game
evolved to its current form in the 15th century
Chess is a board game & can be played by 2 players.
Chess is one of the world’s most popular game. is a
Normally we called that board as Chessboard & it
contains 64 squares and arranged in 8 X 8 (eight-by-
eight) grid. It is almost same as checker board only
difference is that the size. Most of people play Chess
for Fun. Now it has become to play tournaments Chess
was originated in India and it is an ancient strategy
game. (Chess History Will be addressed by a separate
post).

Each player will have 16 chess pieces. These Chess pieces will be in 2 colors. Mainly it is Black & White. But in
boards it is White & Brown. Anyway it needs to be be differ one from another. These 16 pieces contain one king, one
queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the piece have unique movement Styles.
Counterweight trebuchet (12th) - Gravity powers these weapons revolutionized medieval siege weapons by use of
counterweights allowing it to hurl huge stones very long distances. It was first used in the eastern Mediterranean
basin. Trebuchets were used in the Crusades by the 1120s, Byzantium by the 1130s and in the Latin West by the
1150s.

In general, the trebuchet consists of a long beam that pivots around an axle
positioned above ground on a wooden structure. The axle divides the beam into a
long and short arm. The projectile is placed at the terminal end of the long arm and
pulling ropes or a counterweight is positioned at the terminal end of the short arm.
Historically, there were three basic forms of trebuchets: traction machines, powered
by crews pulling on ropes; counterweight machines, activated by the fall of large
masses; and hybrid machines
employing both pulling ropes and
falling large masses. Counterweight
trebuchets were the most powerful
of the three types and will be the
main focus of this discussion.
Counterweight trebuchets were the
more powerful weapons of their day.
Large counterweight trebuchets
could throw 300 kg rocks over 200
yards. The most massive trebuchets
were reported to throw rocks in
excess of 1000 kg.