3/15/2018 Motor Starter Types | Technology of Motor Starter and Applications

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Motor Starter
by Tarun Agarwal | at ELECT

Induction Motor
An induction motor is a 3 phase motor consisting of the 3 phase winding as the stator with a perma
rotor as another 3 phase windings. It works on the principle of rotating magnetic field, i.e. the forma
flux from 3 phase winding fluxes, which rotates about its axis, causing the rotor to rotate. An Indu
ability to self start owing to the interaction between the rotating magnetic field flux and the rotor wi
high rotor current as torque is increased. As a result the stator draws high current and by the time t
full speed, a large amount of current (greater than the rated current) is drawn and this can caus
motor, eventually damaging it. To prevent this, motor starters are needed.

Inducation Motor

Need for Motor Starting

In an induction motor, when supply is given to the stator windings, the rotating magnetic field flux a
in the rotor windings due to the back emf, causes the motor torque to increase, causing a high roto
time between the application of electric supply to the motor and the actual acceleration of the mot
large amount of current is drawn by the stator from the supply. This starting current is about 5 to 6
full load current. This time duration can be for few seconds or longer. This causes the electrical eq
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because of the increasing voltage drop in electrical systems due to flow of larger currents acros
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reason, a definite method of starting the motor is needed.
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PDefinition
o p u l a r P of
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3/15/2018 Motor Starter Types | Technology of Motor Starter and Applications

It is the device connected in series with the motor to decrease its starting current and then incre
starts rotating gradually. It consists of a connector which acts as a switch to control flow of curren
overload unit which measures the flow of current through the motor and controls the halting of m
current being drawn.

Principle of Motor Starter

The current drawn by the motor can be controlled by reducing the back emf (possible by reducing th
by increasing the rotor resistance during the motor starting.

Types of Motor Starters

Direct On line: It consists of simple push button as the controller. When the start button is
connecting the motor and the main supply is closed and the motor gets the supply current. In case
stop button is pressed and the bypass auxiliary contact is opened.

Star Delta: The 3 windings are first connected in star connection and then after some time (dec
other controller circuit) the windings are connected in delta connection. In star connection, the curre
the normal current and also the phase voltage is reduced to 0.58%. Thus the torque is reduced.

Auto Transformer starter:

Get Latest It consists
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percentage ofabout noti cationvoltage across secondary) in star connection, which
it primary
applied to the motor terminals. It consists of 3 tapped secondary coils connected to the three ph
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period the transformer allows application of lower voltages to the three windings.
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3/15/2018 Motor Starter Types | Technology of Motor Starter and Applications

Stator Resistance Starter: It consists of three resistors in series with each phase of the stator win
a voltage drop across each resistor and as a result a low voltage is applied to each phase.

Rotor Resistance Starter: It consists of 3 resistances connected in series with the rotor winding
rotor current, but increasing the torque.

Application of Star Delta Starter to Control Starting of Induction Motor

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The star delta starter is the cheapest among all the starters and is suitable for applications like ma
motor generators etc.
NOTA star delta starter can be used in starting an induction motor by using 2 rela
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3/15/2018 Motor Starter Types | Technology of Motor Starter and Applications

and the timer as the controller. 1 connector is used to provide the mains supply while the other co
connection of motor in star or delta connection.

Transformers are used, primaries of which are connected to the 3 phase supply and the secondar
the relays and the timer in such a way that failure of any 1 phase will stop the supply to the timer
used to trigger the timer, which develops a high logic output at pin 3, thus switching on the relay 4, c
star connection, which offers low power intensity to the load by isolating the load from the nor
through relay 3 (operated by the two triggering relays). After some time, the timer (operating in
output goes low (time being decided by the RC combination at pins 2 and 6) and the relay 4
causing the 3 phase supply to be given to the motor and the motor operates in delta mode.

Some more regarding this starting of induction discussed below.

Soft Start of Induction Motor by Stepped Delay of Reducing Firing Angle

Soft Start and Soft Stop:
In normal startup of the induction motor, more torque is developed, which causes the stress to b
mechanical transmission system resulting in excessive wear and failure of the mechanical parts.
increases, high
Getcurrent is drawn
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from is about 600% of the normal run current. This can be seldom
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delta starter. cation

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3/15/2018 Motor Starter Types | Technology of Motor Starter and Applications

Soft start provides a reliable and economical solution to these problems by delivering a controlled
the motor, thereby providing smooth, steeples acceleration and deceleration. The damage to windin
reduced, resulting in an extended motor life.

With this technique, a controlled starting and stopping is achieved with proper selection of ramp tim
current limit.

Less mechanical stress.

Improved power factor.
Lower maximum demand.
Less mechanical maintenance.

This technique is suitable for applications where torque transients are frequent, such as in pump
ultimately lead to rupture pipes and couplings.

Technology followed in Soft Starter:

A soft starter is a type of reduced voltage starter for AC induction motors. The soft starter is
resistance or primary reactant starter in that it is in series with the supply to the motor. The input c
equals its output current. It consists of solid state devices to control the current flow and the vo
motors. The soft starters can be connected in series with the line voltage or connected inside the de

Voltage Control:
Solid state AC switches are arranged in series with one or more phases to achieve voltage control.

Use of Solid state switches:

1 x Triac per phase
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1 x SCR and 1 x Diode reverse parallel connected per phase.

2 x SCRs reverse parallel connected per phase.

Varying the conduction angle of the switches can control the average voltage as increasing co
increase the average output voltage. This process proves advantageous with improved efficienc
dissipation. Also the average voltage can be easily altered using control electronics.

Photos Credit:

Inducation Motor by sub.allaboutcircuits

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