1|P age Chemistry SPM – Quick Review F4

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2|P age
Frequently Asked Questions in SPM
1) What is melting point?
2) State the meaning of isotopes.
3) Explain why the temperature
remains unchanged during the
melting process.
4) Explain why the temperature
remains unchanged during the
freezing process.
5) State the main subatomic particles
of an atom.
Compare and contrast the relative
atomic mass and the relative charge
of the subatomic particles of the
atom.
Frequently Asked Questions in SPM
6) State the meaning of empirical
formula.
7) State the meaning of molecular
formula.
8) Why does the method to determine
the empirical formula of copper(Il)
oxide cannot be used to determine
the empirical formula for
magnesium oxide?
9) Why does the method to determine
the empirical formula of magnesium
oxide cannot be used to determine
the empirical formula of copper(Il)
oxide?
Frequently Asked Questions in SPM
10) State the physical properties of
Group 1.
11) State the physical properties of
Group I7.
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Chemistry SPM – Quick Review F4
Standard Answers
• … is the temperature at which the substance at its solid state
changes to liquid state at certain pressure.
• … are atoms with the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons (or with the same proton number but
different nucleon numbers).
• Heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to overcome the
forces of attraction between the particles so that the solid can
turn into liquid.
• The heat energy released by the particles is exactly balanced by
the heat loss to the surroundings as the particles attracted one
another to form solid.
• An atom contains three types of subatomic particles; proton,
neutron arid electron.
Subatomic particle Symbol Relative mass Relative charge
Proton P 1 +1
Electron E 1/1840 -1
Neutron n 1 Neutral
Standard Answers
• … is the formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of
atoms of each element in the compound.
• … is the formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each
element that are present in a molecule of the compound.
• Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen.
Hydrogen gas cannot reduce magnesium oxide to magnesium.
• Because copper is not a reactive metal.
It reacts slowly with oxygen. Therefore, it is difficult to convert
copper to copper(II) oxide completely.
Standard Answers
• Alkali metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
• They are soft and can be cut easily with a knife.
• All alkali metals are grey in colour with silvery and shiny surfaces
when freshly cut.
• They have relatively low melting and boiling points compare to
other metals such as iron (MP : 1540°C).
• There have low densities and float on surface of water.
• Halogens exits as diatomic molecules.
• Halogens have low melting and boiling points.
• They are good insulator of electricity & poor conductor of heat.
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12) State the changes of the physical
properties of Group 17 when going
down the group.
13) State three special properties of
transition elements.
14) State the position of element , 31
15𝑋 in
Periodic table of Elements. Explain
your answer
15) When across Period 3 from sodium
to argon, the atomic size decreases.
Explain why.
16) When across Period 3 from sodium
to argon, the electronegativity
increases. Explain why.
17) The reactivity of Group 1 increases
when going down the group. Explain
why. (Why potassium is more
reactive than sodium and sodium is
more reactive than lithium?)
18) The reactivity of Group 17 decreases
when going down the group. Explain
why.
19) Why helium gas is not reactive
chemically?
20) Sodium burnt in oxygen and the
product is dissolved in water. What
is the property of the solution
formed? Explain why.
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Chemistry SPM – Quick Review F4
• The physical state of halogens at room temperature changes
from gas to liquid, then to solid.
• The colour of halogen becomes darker.
• Transition elements form coloured solutions or compounds.
• Transition elements show various oxidation numbers in their
compounds.
• Transition elements act as catalyst in certain chemical reactions.
• Transition elements can form complex ions.
• Electron arrangement of X atoms is 2.8.5
• X atom has 5 valence electrons. Therefore, it is in Group 15.
• X atom has 4 shells occupied with electrons. Therefore, it is in
Period 4.
When across Period 3 from left to right;
• The number of protons in the nucleus increases. This increases
the positive charge of the nucleus.
• As a result, the nucleus attraction force towards the (valence)
electrons becomes stronger.
• (Valence) Electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus, causing the
atomic size to decrease.
 When across Period 3 from left to right.
• The atomic size decreases
• The proton numbers of elements increases. This increase the
positive charge of the nucleus
• As a result the attraction forces between the nucleus and the
(valence) electrons in the outermost shell becomes stronger.
• The tendency to attract electrons becomes lower.
• Therefore, electronegativity increases.
• When going down Group 1, the number of shell occupied by
electrons increases.
• The atomic size increases.
• The single valence electron becomes further away from the
nucleus.
• Hence, the force of nucleus attraction towards valence electron
becomes weaker.
• As a result, it is easier for the atom to lose the single valence
electron to achieve the octet or duplet electron arrangement.
When going down Group 17,
• The atomic size increases.
• The outermost occupied shell of each halogen atom becomes
further away from the nucleus.
• Thus, the force of attraction between the nucleus and electrons
become weaker.
• As a result it is more difficult to attract one electron into the
outermost occupied shell.
• Helium has 2 valence electrons. This is stable duplet electron
arrangement. It does not need to gain, lose or share electrons
with other atom of elements.
• The solution is an alkaline solution.
• Sodium burns in oxygen to produce sodium oxide. Sodium oxide
dissolves in water to produce sodium hydroxide solution.
4|P age
21) Chlorine gas is dissolved in water.
What can you observe if a piece of
blue litmus paper is immersed into
the solution formed? Explain why.
Frequently Asked Questions in SPM
22) State some physical properties of
ionic compounds.
23) State the physical properties of
covalent compounds.
24) Explain why sodium chloride can
conduct electricity in aqueous state • In solid state, sodium ions and chloride ions are held by strong
but cannot conduct electricity in
solid state.
25) Magnesium chloride and hydrogen
chloride are two compounds of
chlorine. At room condition,
magnesium chloride exists as a solid
but hydrogen chloride exists in
gaseous state. Explain why.
26) Explain the formation of ionic bond • Magnesium atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.2
between magnesium atom, 24 12 𝑀𝑔
16
and oxygen atom, 8𝑂
27) Explain the formation of covalent
12
bond between carbon atom, 6𝐶 and • Chlorine atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.7
chlorine atom, 35
17𝐶𝑙 .
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Chemistry SPM – Quick Review F4
• Blue litmus paper turns red and then bleached.
• When chlorine gas dissolves in cold water, it forms hydrochloric
acid, HCI and hypochlorous acid, HOCl.
• Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid which turns blue litmus paper
red while hypochlorous acid is a strong bleaching agent which
decolourise the litmus paper.
Standard Answers
• High melting point and boiling point
• Conduct electricity in liquid - aqueous solution molten state.
• Generally soluble in water but do not dissolve in organic solvent.
• Low melting point and boiling point.
• Insulators of electricity in all state.
• Usually dissolves in organic solvents such as benzene but do not
dissolve in water.
• Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.
electrostatic forces of attraction in the lattice structure.
• Ions are in fixed positions and do not move freely. Hence, ionic
compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity.
• In aqueous or molten state, ions are freely moved. Therefore
the compound can conduct electricity.
• Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound whereas hydrogen
chloride is a covalent compound.
• Magnesium ion and chloride ions are held together by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction. Therefore, it has very high
melting point and boiling point and exists as solid at room
condition.
• Hydrogen chloride consists of molecules.
• The intermolecular forces (van der Waals forces) between the
molecules is week. Therefore, it has low melting point and
boiling point and exist as gas at room condition.
• It donates 2 valence electrons to achieve the stable octet
electron arrangement, 2.8.
• A positive ion, Mg2+ is formed.
• Oxygen atom has electron arrangement of 2.6
• It receives 2 electrons from magnesium atom to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement, 2.8.
• A negative ion, O2- is formed
• Positive ion, Mg2+, and negative ion, O2-, are attracted together
by strong electrostatic forces to form an ionic compound with
the formula MgO.
• Carbon atom has electron arrangement of 2.4
• 1 carbon atom contributes 4 valence electrons to 4 Cl atoms.
• 4 chlorine atoms, contribute 1 valence electron each to C atom.
• 1 C atom shares 4 pairs of electrons with 4 Cl atoms to form 4
single covalent bonds.
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Frequently Asked Questions in SPM
28) State the meaning of electrolyte.
29) Explain why solution of hydrogen
chloride in water can conduct
electricity but solution of hydrogen
chloride in methylbenzene cannot
conduct electricity?
30) Explain how copper electrodes affect • In an electrolysis of copper(ll) sulphate solution using copper
the selective discharge of ions at the
anode during electrolysis of
copper(ll) sulphate solution.
31) Explain how concentration of ions in • When using dilute hydrochloric acid (0.0001 mol dm-3),
electrolyte affects the selective
discharge of ions at the anode
during electrolysis of hydrochloric
acid.
32) Explain why the blue copper(ll)
sulphate solution remains
unchanged when copper is used as
electrodes.
33) Explain the process of electrolysis of • Sodium nitrate solution consists of Na+, NO3-, H+, and OH- ions.
sodium nitrate solution using carbon • During electrolysis, positive ions - Na+ and H+ ions move to
electrode.
34) Explain how Daniell Cell can
generate electricity.
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Chemistry SPM – Quick Review F4
• All of C and Cl atoms achieve stable octet electron arrangement.
• A covalent compound with formula CCI4 is formed.
Standard Answers
• Electrolyte is the substance that can conduct electricity in
molten or aqueous (liquid) state and undergo chemical change.
• Hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound.
• In methylbenzene, hydrogen chloride exists as molecules.
Therefore, it cannot conduct electricity.
• In water, hydrogen chloride ionises to produce hydrogen ions
and chloride ions which are free to move.
• Therefore, it can conduct electricity.
electrodes, no ion is discharged at anode.
• Instead, the copper anode itself dissolves to form copper(ll) ion.
Cu  Cu2+ + 2e (Cu atoms ionise)
hydroxide ion is discharged at anode to release oxygen gas.
4 OH-  2 H2O + O2 + 4e
• When using concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.0 mol dm-3),
chloride ion is discharged at anode to produce chlorine gas.
2 Cl-  Cl2 + 2e
• The rate of the discharged of copper(ll) ions at the cathode is
the same as the rate of ionisation of copper anode. The
concentration of copper(ll) ions remains unchanged.
OR
• The copper(ll) ions discharged at the cathode is replaced with
the copper(Il) ion formed from the anode. The concentration of
copper(ll) ions remains unchanged.
cathode and negative ions - NO3- and OH- ions move to anode.
• At cathode, H+ ion is selectively discharged because its position
is lower than Na+ ion in electrochemical series.
• Hydrogen gas is given out at cathode.
• At anode, OH- ion is selectively discharged because it is lower
than NO3- ion in electrochemical series.
• Oxygen gas is given out at anode.
• In Daniell Cell, zinc is more electropositive than copper.
• Zinc acts as the negative terminal and copper acts as the
positive terminal.
• Zinc donates electrons to form zinc ions, Zn2+.
• Electrons flow from zinc electrode to copper electrode through
the external circuit.
• At copper electrode, electrons are received by the copper(Il)
ions, Cu2+ in the copper(II) sulphate solution and discharge to
form copper atoms.
• The continuous flow of electrons and movement of ions produce
electric current in the Daniell Cell.
6|P age
Frequently Asked Questions in SPM
35) What is the meaning of strong acid
and weak alkali.
36) What is neutralisation?
37) The pH value of glacial ethanoic acid
is 7 but the pH value of dilute
ethanoic acid is 5. Explain why the
pH values of the two substances are
different
38) The pH value of solution ammonia in
water is 9 but the pH value of
solution of ammonia in
trichloromethane is 7. Explain why
does the pH values of the two
substances are different.
39) The pH values of 1.0 mol dm-3 of
ethanoic acid and 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid is 4 and 1
respectively. Explain the differences.
40) Given dilute nitric acid and dilute
sulphuric acid have the same
concentration of 0.5 mol dm-3. In a
neutralisation experiment, 20 cm3 of
nitric acid is required to neutralise
20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
but only 10 cm3 of sulphuric acid is
required to neutralise 20 cm3 of
sodium hydroxide solution. Explain
why.
Frequently Asked Questions in SPM
41) What is salt?
42) Describe a chemical test to identify
the presence of carbonate ions,
CO32- in a solution.
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Chemistry SPM – Quick Review F4
Standard Answers
• A strong acid is an acid that ionizes / dissociates completely in
water to form high concentration of hydrogen ions, H+
• A weak alkali is an alkali that ionises / dissociates partially in
water to form low concentration of hydroxide ions, OH-
• Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and a base to
produce salt and water only
• Glacial ethanoic acid, CH3COOH is a dry acid (without water)
which is consists of neutral molecules only. There is no
hydrogen ions, H+. Therefore, it does not show acidic property.
• In dilute ethanoic acid, the molecules of ethanoic acid ionise to
produce hydrogen ions, H+.
• The presence of hydrogen ions, H+ will cause the aqueous
solution of ethanoic acid, show its acidic property.
• Dry ammonia gas (or ammonia gas) dissolved in
trichloromethane consists of neutral molecules, NH3 only.
• There is no hydroxide ions, OH-. Therefore, it does not show
alkaline property.
• In water, the NH3 molecules will ionise to produce hydroxide
ions, OH-.
• The presence of hydroxide ions, OH- will cause the aqueous
ammonia solution to show alkaline properties.
• Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
• It ionizes partially in water, to produce hydrogen ions with low
concentration.
• Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.
• It ionizes completely in water to produce hydrogen ions with
high concentration.
• Nitric acid, HNO3 is a monoprotic acid whereas sulphuric acid,
H2SO4 is a diprotic acid.
• The concentration of hydrogen ions in sulphuric acid is double
than that in nitric acid.
• As a result, the volume of sulphuric acid required (to neutralise
NaOH(aq)) is half compared to nitric acid.
Standard Answers
• A salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H+ from an
acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4+.
• 2 cm3 of the solution is poured into a test tube.
• 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is added into the test tube
• The gas liberated is immediately bubbled / flown through lime
water.
• The lime water turns milky / cloudy / chalky.
7|P age
43) Describe a chemical test to identify
the presence of chloride ions, CI- in a
solution.
44) Describe a chemical test to identify
the presence of sulphate ions, SO42-
in a solution.
45) Describe a chemical test to identify
the presence of nitrate ions, NO3-, in
a solution.
46) Describe a chemical test to identity
the following ions
a) Copper(ll) ion, Cu2+
b) Magnesium ion, Mg2+
c) Zinc ion, Zn2+
47) Describe a chemical test to identify
the following ions;
a) iron(ll) ion, Fe2+
b) iron(Ill) ion, Fe3+
48) Describe a chemical test to
differentiate the lead(Il) ion, Pb2+
and aluminium ion, Al3+.
49) Describe a chemical test to identify
the presence of ammonium ions,
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Chemistry SPM – Quick Review F4
• 2 cm3 of the solution is poured into a test tube.
• 2 cm3 of dilute nitric acid is added into the test tube follow by
about 2 cm3 of silver nitrate solution.
• A white precipitate is formed.
• 2 cm3 of the solution is poured into a test tube.
• 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is added into the test tube
followed by about 2 cm3 of barium chloride solution.
• A white precipitate is formed.
• 2 cm3 of the solution is poured into a test tube.
• 2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is added into the test tube followed
by 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution. The mixture is shaken
well.
• The test tube is slanted slightly. A few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid are dropped carefully and slowly along the side of
slanting test tube into the mixture.
• A brown ring is formed.
(a) Copper(Il) ion
• Sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop until in excess.
A blue precipitate is formed and insoluble in excess sodium
hydroxide solution.
• Ammonia solution is added drop by drop until in excess. A blue
precipitate is formed and dissolves in excess ammonia solution
to produce a dark blue solution.
(b) Magnesium ion
• Sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop until in excess.
A white precipitate is formed and insoluble in excess sodium
hydroxide solution.
• Ammonia solution is added drop by drop until in excess. A white
precipitate is formed and insoluble in excess ammonia solution.
(c) Zinc ion
• Sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop until in excess.
A white precipitate is formed and dissolves in excess sodium
hydroxide solution to form a colourless solution.
• Ammonia solution is added drop by drop until in excess. A white
precipitate is formed and dissolves in excess ammonia solution
to form a colourless solution.
(a) Iron(II) ion
• 2 cm3 of X solution is poured into a test tube.
• Potassium hoxacyanoferrate(III) solution is added into the test
tube.
• A dark blue precipitate is formed.
(b) Iron (Ill) ion
• 2 cm3 of Y solution is poured into a test tube.
• Potassium thiocynate solution is added into the test tube.
• A blood red colouration is formed
• 5 cm3 of each solution is poured into two separated test tubes.
• Add 2 cm3 potassium iodide solution, KI into each of test tube.
• The solution in the test tube produce yellow precipitate consists
of lead(Il) ion – lead(II) iodide, PbI2.
• 2 cm3 ammonia solution is poured into a test tube.
• Sodium hydroxide solution is added into the test tube
8|P age
NH4+ in a solution
Frequently Asked Questions in SPM
50) What is the meaning of alloy?
51) State the aims of making alloys
52) Bronze is an alloy consists of copper • Copper atoms in copper block are of the same sizes and
and tin. Explain why bronze is harder
than copper.
53) Explain the industrial process
involved in the manufacture of
sulphuric acid Write all the chemical
equations involved.
54) State the optimum conditions for
the Contact process
55) State the optimum conditions for
the Haber process
56) What is the meaning of polymer?
Name the monomer of polythene
and polyvinyl chloride.
57) What is the difference in terms of
major component between glass and
ceramic?
58) What does it means by composite
materials?
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Chemistry SPM – Quick Review F4
• The mixture is heated and a damp red litmus paper is placed
near the mouth of test tube.
• The damp red litmus paper turns blue.
Standard Answers
• Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed
composition in which the major component is a metal.
• Improve the appearance of the pure metal
• Improve the strength and hardness of the pure metal
• Increase the resistance to corrosion of the pure metal
arranged in an orderly arrangement.
• The layers of copper atoms slide easily if force is applied.
• The copper atoms and the tin atoms are in different sizes.
• The presence of tin atoms disrupts the orderly arrangement of
copper atoms to bronze block.
• This reduces the layers of copper atoms from sliding over one
another easily.
• Molten sulphur is burnt in excess air to produce sulphur dioxide
gas.
S + O2  SO2
• Sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen gas are passed over
vanadium(V) oxide catalyst at 450°C and pressure of 1 atm.
2 SO2 + O2  2 SO3
• Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to
form oleum
SO3 + H2SO4  H2S2O7
• The oleum is then diluted in water to produce dilute sulphuric
acid
H2S2O7 + H2O  2 H2SO4
• Catalyst - Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5
• Temperature - 450°C
• Pressure - 1 atm.
• Catalyst - Iron filling
• Temperature - 450°C - 550°C
• Pressure - 200 atm
• Polymer is a long chain molecules made up of many identical &
repeating units called as monomers.
• Ethene and chloroethene respectively.
Major component;
glass – silica / silicone dioxide
ceramic – aluminosilicate
.. is a new and advance structural materials with a superior
properties that formed by combining two or more different
materials or components.
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