Sas

What is SAS?
 Statistical Analysis Software

developed by SAS Institute in Cary, NC
 Main Uses of SAS

 data entry, retrieval, and management
 report writing and graphics
 statistical and mathematical analysis
 business planning, forecasting, and decision support
 operations research and project management
 quality improvement
 applications development.
SAS Training 1
Basics about SAS
 SAS is composed of three windows
• Program Editor
where you write and submit programs
• Log
where SAS displays messages which indicates
any errors that may be in a program
• Output
Where result appear after submitting
programs
SAS Training 2
Program Editor Window
Explore
r and Write your code
Results in this window
Window
SAS Training 3
Log Window
Log Window
View the Log Created by

the Program Execution
SAS Training 4
Output Window
Output Window
View the Values of a
Dataset in this Window
SAS Training 5
SAS Dataset, Variables and
Observations
 SAS expects your data to be in a
special form. This special form is
called a SAS data set
 The SAS data set is a tabular form
with Variables and Observations
 The rows are the Observations
 The columns are the Variables
SAS Training 6
Example of a SAS Data set
Variables
ID N HT WT
1 53 AME 42
Lucy 41
2 54 Tom 46 54
Observation 3 55 Dan 43 .
s 4 56 Tim 45 56
5 57 42 48
6 58 Mary 48 43
•ID, HT and WT are Numeric Variables

•NAME is a Character Variable
•Character Variables if blank are represented by a space
•Numeric Variables if blank are represented by a ‘.’
SAS Training 7
Building Blocks of a SAS Program
A SAS program is constructed from two building

blocks
2) DATA Step
3) PROC Step
A typical SAS program starts with a DATA step to
create a SAS dataset and then passes on to the
PROC step to do the analysis.
SAS Training 8
Basic Components of SAS, Continued
 Data Step
SAS statement that read data, create new datasets or
variables, modify datasets, perform calculation.
 Procedures
SAS statements that can perform statistical
analyses, create & print reports & graphs
SAS Training 9
Basic Components of SAS
 Every SAS program is constructed using the Data Step
and/or Procedures
e.g. DATA distance;
miles = 23; DATA Step
kilometer = 1.61 * miles;
RUN;
PROC PRINT DATA = distance;

PROC Step
RUN;
 Any combination of Data Step and/or Procedures may be

used
 Run statement should be used throughout the program
SAS Training 10
Difference Between a DATA step and
a PROC step
DATA steps PROC

steps
 Begin with DATA statements Begin with PROC
statements
 Read and modify data Perform specific analysis or

function
Note: The table is not meant to imply that PROC can never create
 Create
SAS a (some
data sets SAS datado), set Produce
or that DATA results
step can neverorcreate
report
reports (they can)
But it is much easier to write SAS programs if one can understand
the basic functions of DATA and PROC steps.
SAS Training 11
Execution of SAS data set
 Data Steps execute line by line and observation by
observation
 SAS takes the first observation and runs it all the way
through the data step (line by line) before looping back
to pick up the second observation
 SAS sees one observation at a time.
Input data set DATA step Output data
set
Observation 1 Line 1
Observation 1
Line 2
Observation 2 Line 3 Observation 2
Observation 3 Line 4
Observation 3
Line 5
SAS Training 12
Rules for SAS programs
 Every SAS statement end with a semicolon.

e.g. Data test;
 Names must be 8 characters or fewer in length.
e.g. valid names:- distance invalid names is distance_a
 Names must be start with letter or an underscore (_).
Valid Names are
e.g. distance, _abc are valid.
 Names can contain only letters, numerals and the underscore
(_).
No %$!*&#@ please.
SAS Training 13
Rules for SAS program
Statements
SAS program statements can
 Be in upper or lower case
 Continue on the next line
 Be on the same line as other statements
 Start in any column
SAS Training 14
READING DATA FROM
EXTERNAL FILES
SAS can read data and create a
data set from external files like txt,
csv, etc.
Basic Code Structure
DATA dataset-name;
INFILE file-specification <options> <host-options>;
INPUT <specification(s)><@|@@>;
Run;
SAS Training 15
Reading data using
DATALINES
A SAS data set can also be created bytyping
values in the SAS program editor using
DATALINES;
Basic Code Structure
DATA dataset-name;
DATALINES;
…………..
…………..’
;
Run;
SAS Training 16
INPUT
Describes the arrangement of

values in the input data record
and assigns input values to the
corresponding SAS variables
SAS Training 17
INPUT (SPECIFICATIONS)
variable - names a variable that is assigned input
values
$ - indicates to store the variable value as a

character value rather than as a numeric value.
pointer-control - moves the input pointer to a

specified line or column in the input buffer.
informat. - specifies an informat to use to read the

variable value
SAS Training 18
EXAMPLE 1 (EXTERNAL
FILE)
Mary 24
Dat.txt in C:/ Suzan 34
Resulting SAS data set

Data newdata;
(newdata)
Infile ‘C:/dat.txt’;
Input name $ age;
Run;
SAS Training 19
INPUT (DATALINES)
Data newdata;
Input name $ age;
DATALINES;
Mary 24
Suzan 32
;
Run;
SAS Training 20
INPUT TYPES
INPUT, COLUMN : Reads input values
from specified columns and assigns
them to the corresponding SAS
variables
Syntax:
INPUT variable <$> start-column <--
end-column>
<.decimals> <@ | @@>;
SAS Training 21
Example
data scores;
input name $ 1-18 score1 25-27 score2 30-32 score3
35-37;
datalines;
Joseph 11 32 76
Mitchel 13 29 82
Sue Ellen 14 27 74
;
Run;
SAS Training 22
INPUT TYPES
INPUT, Formatted : Reads input values
with specified informats and assigns
them to the corresponding SAS
variables.
Syntax:
INPUT <pointer-control> variable
informat. <@ | @@>;
SAS Training 23
Example
data sales;
infile file-specification;
input item $10. +5 jan comma5. +5 feb comma5. +5
mar comma5.;
run;
It can read these input data records:

----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4
trucks 1,382 2,789 3,556
vans 1,265 2,543 3,987
sedans 2,391 3,011 3,658
SAS Training 24
INPUT TYPES
INPUT, List : Scans the input data record
for input values and assigns them to the
corresponding SAS variables.
Syntax :
INPUT <pointer-control> variable <$>
<&> <@ | @@>;
SAS Training 25
Example
data scores;
input name $ score1 score2 score3 team $;
datalines;
Joe 11 32 76 red
Mitchel 13 29 82 blue
Susan 14 27 74 green
;
SAS Training 26
Merge Statement
 The MERGE statement is flexible
and has a variety of uses in SAS
programming
 One-to-One
 Match Merge
SAS Training 27
One-to-one matching
 To combine variables from several
data sets where there is a one-to-
one correspondence between the
observations in each of the data
sets, list the data sets to be joined
on a merge statement.
SAS Training 28
Match Merge
 When there is not an exact one-to-
one correspondence between data
sets to be merged, the variables to
use to identify matching observations
can be specied on a by statement.
 The data sets being merged must be
sorted by the variables specified on
the by statement.
SAS Training 29
Example – One to One
Merge
SAS Training 30
Example – Match Merge
SAS Training 31
Example – Match Merge
SAS Training 32
Manipulating result of merge statement
with IN values
* IN option indicates which data set record

came from;
DATA new;
MERGE old1 (IN=INOLD1) old2 (IN=IN0LD2);
BY NAME
IF INOLD1 and INOLD2;RUN;
* If statement keeps only those records
that are in both data sets;
SAS Training 33
SAS Functions
 Definition of Functions
A SAS function performs a computation or system
manipulation on arguments and returns a value. Most
functions use arguments supplied by the user, but a few
obtain their arguments from the operating environment.
In base SAS software, you can use SAS functions in DATA step
programming statements, in a WHERE expression, in macro
language statements, in PROC REPORT, and in Structured
Query Language (SQL).
SAS Training 34
Syntax of Functions
 The syntax of a function is
function-name (argument-1<. . .,argument-n>)
function-name (OF variable-list)
where
function-name
names the function.
argument
can be a variable name, constant, or any SAS expression,
including another function. The number and kind of arguments
allowed are described with individual functions. Multiple
arguments are separated by a comma.
SAS Training 35
Selected SAS Functions
 Numeric Functions
 ROUND : Rounds to the nearest round-off unit.
Syntax
ROUND(argument,round-off-unit)
Arguments
argument
is numeric.
round-off-unit
is numeric and nonnegative.
Details : The ROUND function returns a value rounded to the nearest

round-off unit. If round-off-unit is not provided, a default value of 1
is used and argument is rounded to the nearest integer.
SAS Training 36
Function ROUND Examples :
SAS Statement Results
var1=223.456; 223.00000
x=round(var1,1); put x
9.5;
var2=223.456; 223.46000
x=round(var2,.01); put x
9.5;
x=round(223.456,100); 200.00000
put x 9.5;
x=round(223.456); put x 223.00000
9.5;
x=round(223.456,.3); put 223.33333
x 9.5;
SAS Training 37
 SUM : Returns the sum of the nonmissing
arguments.
Syntax
SUM(argument,argument, ...)
Arguments
argument
is numeric. The argument list can consist of a variable
list, which is preceded by OF.
SAS Training 38
Function SUM Examples :
x1=sum(4,9,3,8); 24
x2=sum(4,9,3,8,.); 24
x3=sum(of x1-x2); 48
x4=sum(of x1-x3, 101

5);
y1=20; 50
y2=30;
x5=sum(of y:);
SAS Training 39
 MEAN : Returns the arithmetic mean (average)
Syntax
MEAN(argument,argument, . . .)
Arguments
argument
is numeric. At least one argument is required. The
argument list may consist of a variable list, which is
preceded by OF.
Examples : SAS Statement Results
x1=mean(2,.,.,6); 4
x2=mean(1,2,3,2); 2
x3=mean(of x1-x2); 3
SAS Training 40
 INT : Returns the integer value.
Syntax
INT(argument)
Arguments
argument
is numeric.
Details
The INT function returns the integer portion of the
argument (truncates the decimal portion). If the value of
argument is positive, INT(argument) has the same result
as FLOOR(argument). If the value of argument is negative,
INT(argument) has the same result as CEIL(argument).
SAS Training 41
Function INT Examples :
var1=2.1; 2
x=int(var1);
put x=;
var2=-2.4; -2
y=int(var2);
put y=;
a=int(3); 3
put a=;
b=int(-1.6); -1
put b=;
SAS Training 42
 LAG : Returns values from a queue.
Syntax
LAG<n>(argument)
Arguments
n
specifies the number of lagged values.
argument
is numeric or character.
Details
The LAG functions, LAG1, LAG2, . . . , LAG100 return values from a
queue. LAG1 can also be written as LAG. A LAGn function stores a
value in a queue and returns a value stored previously in that
queue.
SAS Training 43
Function LAG Examples :
 Creating a Data Set
The following program creates a data set that contains the values
for X, Y, and Z.
options pagesize=25 linesize=64 nodate pageno=1;
data one;
input X @@;
Y=lag1(x);
Z=lag2(x);
datalines;
123456;
proc print;
title 'Lag Output';
run;
SAS Training 44
Function LAG Examples :
 Creating a Data Set :LAG1 returns one missing value and the
values of X (lagged once). LAG2 returns two missing values and the
values of X (lagged twice).
Lag Output 1
Obs X Y Z
1 1 . .
2 2 1 .
3 3 2 1
4 4 3 2
5 5 4 3
6 6 5 4
SAS Training 45
 Character Functions
 UPCASE: Converts all letters in an argument to
uppercase.
Syntax
UPCASE(argument)
Arguments
argument
specifies any SAS character expression.
Details :
The UPCASE function copies a character argument, converts all
lowercase letters to uppercase letters, and returns the altered
value as a result.
SAS Training 46
Function UPCASE Examples :
name=upcase('John B. JOHN B. SMITH

Smith'); put name;
SAS Training 47
 LOWCASE: Converts all letters in an argument to
lowercase.
Syntax
LOWCASE(argument)
Arguments
argument
Details :
The LOWCASE function copies a character argument, converts all
uppercase letters to lowercase letters, and returns the altered
value as a result.
SAS Training 48
Function LOWCASE Examples :
x='INTRODUCTION'; introduction
y=lowcase(x);
put y;
SAS Training 49
 SUBSTR (left of=): Replaces character value
contents
Syntax
SUBSTR(argument,position<,n>)=characters-to-replace
Arguments
argument
specifies a character variable.
position
specifies a numeric expression that is the beginning
character position.
n
specifies a numeric expression that is the length of the
substring that will be replaced.
characters-to-replace
specifies a character expression that will replace the
contents of argument.
SAS Training 50
Details
When you use the SUBSTR function on the left side of an
assignment statement, SAS places the value of argument with the
expression on right side. SUBSTR replaces n characters starting at
the character you specify in position.
Function SUBSTR(left of =) Examples :
a='KIDNAP'; CATNAP
substr(a,1,3)='CAT';
put a;
b=a; CATTY
substr(b,4)='TY';
put b;
SAS Training 51
 SUBSTR(right of=):Extracts a substring from an
argument
Syntax
<variable=>SUBSTR(argument,position<,n>)
Arguments
variable
specifies a valid SAS variable name.
argument
position
specifies a numeric expression that is the beginning
character position.
n
specifies a numeric expression that is the length of the
substring to extract.
SAS Training 52
Details
The SUBSTR function returns a portion of an expression that you
specify in argument. The portion begins with the character specified
by position and is the number of characters specified by n.
A variable that is created by SUBSTR obtains its length from the
length of argument.
Function SUBSTR(right of =) Examples :
----+----1----+----2
date='06MAY98'; MAY 98
month=substr(date,3,3);
year=substr(date,6,2);
put @1 month @5 year;
SAS Training 53
 SCAN : Selects a given word from a character
expression.
Syntax
SCAN(argument,n<, delimiters>)
Arguments
argument
specifies any character expression.
n
specifies a numeric expression that produces the
number of the word in the character string you want
SCAN to select.
delimiters
specifies a character expression that produces
characters that you want SCAN to use as word
separators in the character string.
SAS Training 54
Details
Leading delimiters before the first word in the character string do
not effect SCAN. If there are two or more contiguous delimiters,
SCAN treats them as one.
Function SCAN Examples :
arg='ABC.DEF(X=Y)'; X=Y
word=scan(arg,3);
put word;
word=scan(arg,-3); ABC
put word;
SAS Training 55
 TRIM: Removes trailing blanks from character
expressions and returns one blank if the
expression is missing.
Syntax
TRIM(argument)
Arguments
argument
Details :
TRIM copies a character argument, removes all trailing blanks, and
returns the trimmed argument as a result. If the argument is
blank, TRIM returns one blank. TRIM is useful for concatenating
because concatenation does not remove trailing blanks.
Assigning the results of TRIM to a variable does not affect the
length of the receiving variable. If the trimmed value is shorter
than the length of the receiving variable, SAS pads the value with
new blanks as it assigns it to the variable.
SAS Training 56
Function TRIM Examples :
2. Removing Trailing Blanks
These statements and this data line produce these results:
data test;
input part1 $ 1-10 part2 $ 11-20;
hasblank=part1||part2;
noblank=trim(part1)||part2;
put hasblank;
put noblank;
datalines;
Data Line Results
apple sauce ----+----1----+----2
apple sauce
applesauce
SAS Training 57
 TRANSLATES : Replaces specific characters in a
character expression.
Syntax
TRANSLATE(source,to-1,from-1<,...to-n,from-n>)
Arguments
source
specifies the SAS expression that contains the original
character value.
to
specifies the characters that you want TRANSLATE to
use as substitutes.
from
specifies the characters that you want TRANSLATE to
replace.
SAS Training 58
Details
The maximum number of pairs of to and from arguments that
TRANSLATE accepts depends on the operating environment you use
to run SAS. There is no functional difference between using several
pairs of short arguments, or fewer pairs of longer arguments.
Function TRANSLATE Examples :
x=translate('XYZW','AB','VW XYZB
'); put x;
SAS Training 59
 LENGTH: Returns the length of an argument.
Syntax
LENGTH(argument)
Arguments
argument
specifies any SAS expression.
Details :
The LENGTH function returns an integer that represents the
position of the right-most nonblank character in the argument. If
the value of the argument is missing, LENGTH returns a value of 1.
If the argument is a numeric variable (either initialized or
uninitialized), LENGTH returns a value of 12 and prints a note in
the SAS log that the numeric values have been converted to
character values.
SAS Training 60
Function LENGTH Examples :
SAS Statements Results

len=length('ABCDEF'); 6
put len;
SAS Training 61
 INDEX: Searches a character expression for a string
of characters.
Syntax
INDEX(source,excerpt)
Arguments
source
specifies the character expression to search.
excerpt
specifies the string of characters to search for in the
character expression.
Details :
The INDEX function searches source, from left to right, for the first
occurrence of the string specified in excerpt, and returns the
position in source of the string's first character. If the string is not
found in source, INDEX returns a value of 0. If there are multiple
occurrences of the string, INDEX returns only the position of the
first occurrence.
SAS Training 62
Function INDEX Examples :
SAS Statements Results

a='ABC.DEF (X=Y)'; 10
b='X=Y';
x=index(a,b);
put x;
SAS Training 63
SAS Statements
 Definition of Statements
A SAS statement is a series of items that may include keywords,
SAS names, special characters, and operators. All SAS statements end
with a semicolon. A SAS statement either requests SAS to perform an
operation or gives information to the system.
There are two kinds of SAS statements:
 those used in DATA step programming
 those that are global in scope and can be used anywhere in a SAS
program.
SAS Training 64
Selected SAS Statements
 DATA step Statements
 DELETE : Stops processing the current observation.
Syntax
DELETE;
Without Arguments
When DELETE executes, the current observation is not written to a
data set, and SAS returns immediately to the beginning of the
DATA step for the next iteration.
Details : The DELETE statement is often used in a THEN clause of

an IF-THEN statement or as part of a conditionally executed DO
group.
SAS Training 65
Statement DELETE Examples :
Example 1: Using the DELETE Statement as Part of an IF-THEN

Statement
When the value of LEAFWT is missing, the current observation is deleted:
if leafwt=. then delete;
Example 2: Using the DELETE Statement to Subset Raw Data

data topsales;
input region office product yrsales;
if yrsales<100000 then delete;
run;
SAS Training 66
 DO : Designates a group of statements to be
executed as a unit.
Syntax
DO;
...more SAS statements...
END;
Without Arguments
Use the DO statement for simple DO group processing.
Details : The DO statement is the simplest form of DO group

processing. The statements between the DO and END statements
are called a DO group. You can nest DO statements within DO
groups.
SAS Training 67
Statement DO Examples :
In this simple DO group, the statements between DO and END are

performed only when YEARS is greater than 5. If YEARS is less than
or equal to 5, statements in the DO group do not execute, and the
program continues with the assignment statement that follows the
ELSE statement.
if years>5 then
do;
months=years*12;
put years= months=;
end;
else yrsleft=5-years;
SAS Training 68
 DROP : Excludes variables from output SAS data
sets Syntax
DROP variable-list;
Arguments
variable-list
specifies the names of the variables to omit from the
output data set.
Details : The DROP statement applies to all the SAS data sets that
are created within the same DATA step and can appear anywhere
in the step. The variables in the DROP statement are available for
processing in the DATA step. If no DROP or KEEP statement
appears, all data sets that are created in the DATA step contain all
variables. Do not use both DROP and KEEP statements within the
same DATA step.
SAS Training 69
Statement DROP Examples :
 These examples show the correct syntax for listing variables with
the DROP statement:
• drop time shift batchnum;
• drop grade1-grade20;
 In this example, the variables PURCHASE and REPAIR are used in
processing but are not written to the output data set INVENTRY:
data inventry;
drop purchase repair;
input unit part purchase repair;
totcost=sum(purchase,repair);
run;
SAS Training 70

KEEP : Includes variables in output SAS data sets
Syntax
KEEP variable-list;
Arguments
variable-list
specifies the names of the variables to write to the
output data set.
Details : The KEEP statement causes a DATA step to write only

the variables that you specify to one or more SAS data sets. The
KEEP statement applies to all SAS data sets that are created within
the same DATA step and can appear anywhere in the step. If no
KEEP or DROP statement appears, all data sets that are created in
the DATA step contain all variables.
SAS Training 71
Statement KEEP Examples :
 These examples show the correct syntax for listing variables in the
KEEP statement:
• keep name address city state zip phone;
• keep rep1-rep5;
 This example uses the KEEP statement to include only the variables
NAME and AVG in the output data set. The variables SCORE1
through SCORE20, from which AVG is calculated, are not written to
the data set AVERAGE.
data average;
keep name avg;
input name $ score1-score20;
avg=mean(of score1-score20);
run;
SAS Training 72

LABEL : Assigns descriptive labels to variables
Syntax
LABEL variable-1='label-1' . . . <variable-n='label-n'>;
LABEL variable-1=' ' . . . <variable-n=' '>;

Arguments
variable
names the variable that you want to label
'label'
specifies a label of up to 256 characters, including
blanks.
''
removes a label from a variable. Enclose a single blank
space in quotation marks to remove an existing label.
SAS Training 73
Details
Using a LABEL statement in a DATA step permanently associates
labels with variables by affecting the descriptor information of the
SAS data set that contains the variables. You can associate any
number of variables with labels in a single LABEL statement.
Statement LABEL Examples :
 Specifying Labels
Here are several LABEL statements:
• label compound='Type of Drug';
• label date="Today's Date ";
• label n='Mark''s Experiment Number';
• label score1="Grade on April 1 Test" score2="Grade on May 1
Test";
SAS Training 74
 Removing a Label
This example removes an existing label:
data rtest;
set rtest;
label x=' ';
run;
SAS Training 75
 LENGTH : Specifies the number of bytes for storing
variables
Syntax
LENGTH variable-specification(s)
<DEFAULT=n>;
Arguments
variable-specification
is a required argument and has the form where
variable
names one or more variables that are to be assigned
a length. This includes any variables
in the DATA step, including those dropped
from the output data set.
$
indicates that the preceding variables are character
variables.
length
specifies a numeric constant that is the number of
SAS Training 76
bytes used for storing variable values.
DEFAULT=n
changes the default number of bytes that SAS uses to store
the values of any newly created numeric variables.
Details
In general, the length of a variable depends on
 whether the variable is numeric or character
 how the variable was created
 whether a LENGTH statement is present.
SAS Training 77
 RENAME : Specifies new names for variables in output
SAS data sets
Syntax
RENAME old-name-1=new-name-1 . . . <old-name-n=new-
name-n>;
Arguments
old-name
specifies the name of a variable or variable list as it
appears in the input data set, or in the current
DATA step for newly created variables.
new-name
specifies the name or list to use in the output data set.
Details
The RENAME statement allows you to change the names of one
or more variables, variables in a list, or a combination of
variables and variable lists. The new variable names are written to
the output data set only. Use the old variable names in
programming statements for the current DATA step. RENAME
applies to all output data sets.
SAS Training 78
Statement RENAME Examples :
 These examples show the correct syntax for renaming variables

using the RENAME statement
• rename street=address;
• rename time1=temp1 time2=temp2 time3=temp3;
• rename name=Firstname
score1-score3=Newscore1-Newscore3;
 This example uses the old name of the variable in program
statements. The variable Olddept is named Newdept in the output
data set, and the variable Oldaccount is named Newaccount.
rename Olddept=Newdept Oldaccount=Newaccount;
if Oldaccount>5000;
keep Olddept Oldaccount items volume;
SAS Training 79

WHERE : Selects observations from SAS data sets
that meet a particular condition
Syntax
WHERE where-expression-1
< logical-operator where-expression-n>;
Arguments
where-expression
is an arithmetic or logical expression that generally
consists of a sequence of operands and operators.
logical-operator
can be AND, AND NOT, OR, or OR NOT.
Details :Using the WHERE statement may improve the efficiency
of your SAS programs because SAS is not required to read all
observations from the input data set.
The WHERE statement cannot be executed conditionally; that is,
you cannot use it as part of an IF-THEN statement.
WHERE statements can contain multiple WHERE expressions that
are joined by logical operators.
SAS Training 80
Statement WHERE Examples :
 Basic WHERE Statement Usage

This DATA step produces a SAS data set that contains only
observations from data set CUSTOMER in which the value for NAME
begins with Mac and the value for CITY is Charleston or Atlanta
data testmacs;
set customer;
where substr(name,1,3)='Mac' and
(city='Charleston' or city='Atlanta');
run;
 Using Operators Available Only in the WHERE Statement
• Using BETWEEN-AND:
where empnum between 500 and 1000;
• Using CONTAINS:
where company ? 'bay';
where company contains 'bay';
SAS Training 81

IF-THEN/ELSE : Executes a SAS statement for
observations that meet specific conditions
Syntax
IF expression THEN statement;
<ELSE statement;>
Arguments
expression
is any SAS expression and is a required argument.
statement
can be any executable SAS statement or DO group.
SAS Training 82
Details :SAS evaluates the expression in an IF-THEN
statement to produce a result that is either nonzero,
zero, or
missing. A nonzero and nonmissing result causes the
expression to be true; a result of zero or missing
causes the
expression to be false.
If the conditions that are specified in the IF clause are

met, the
IF-THEN statement executes a SAS statement for
observations
that are read from a SAS data set, for records in an
external
file, or for computedSAS
values.
TrainingAn optional ELSE 83
Statement IF-THEN\ELSE Examples :
These examples show different ways of specifying the IF-THEN/ELSE
statement
• if x then delete;
• if status='OK' and type=3 then count+1;
• if age ne agecheck then delete;
• if x=0 then
if y ne 0 then put 'X ZERO, Y NONZERO';
else put 'X ZERO, Y ZERO';
else put 'X NONZERO';
SAS Training 84

BY : Controls the operation of a SET, MERGE,
MODIFY, or UPDATE statement in the DATA step and
sets up special grouping variables
Syntax
BY <DESCENDING> <GROUPFORMAT> variable-1
<. . .<DESCENDING> <GROUPFORMAT>
variable-n> <NOTSORTED>;
Arguments
DESCENDING
indicates that the data sets are sorted in descending order by
the variable that is specified. DESCENDING means largest to
smallest numerically, or reverse alphabetical for
character variables.
SAS Training 85
variable
names each variable by which the data set is sorted or indexed.
These variables are referred to as BY variables for the current
DATA or PROC step.
NOTSORTED
specifies that observations with the same BY value are grouped
together but are not necessarily sorted in alphabetical or
numeric order.
Details :In a DATA Step the BY statement applies only to the SET,
MERGE, MODIFY, or UPDATE statement that precedes it in the
DATA step, and only one BY statement can accompany each of
these statements in a DATA step
In PROC step you can specify the BY statement with some SAS
procedures to modify their action.
SAS Training 86
Statement BY Examples :
 Specifying One or More BY Variables
• Observations are in ascending order of the variable DEPT:

by dept;
 Specifying Sort Order
• Observations are in ascending order of SALESREP and, within

each SALESREP value, in descending order of the values of
JANSALES:
by salesrep descending jansales;
 BY-Processing with Nonsorted Data
• Observations are ordered by the name of the month in which

the expenses were accrued:
by month notsorted;
SAS Training 87

RETAIN : Causes a variable that is created by an
INPUT or assignment statement to retain its value
from one iteration of the DATA step to the next
Syntax
RETAIN <element-list(s) <initial-value(s) |
(initial-value-1) | (initial-value-list-1) >
< . . . element-list-n <initial-value-n |
(initial-value-n ) | (initial-value-list-n)>>>;
Without Arguments
If you do not specify an argument, the RETAIN
statement causes the values of all
variables that are created with INPUT or assignment
statements to be retained from one iteration of the
DATA step to the next.
SAS Training 88
Arguments
element-list
specifies variable names, variable lists, or array names
whose values you want retained.
initial-value
specifies an initial value, numeric or character, for one
or more of the preceding elements.
(initial-value-list)
specifies an initial value, numeric or character, for
individual elements in the preceding list. SAS
matches the first value in the list with the first variable
in the list of elements, the second value with the
second variable, and so on.
SAS Training 89
Details:
Without a RETAIN statement, SAS automatically sets
variables that are assigned values by an INPUT or
assignment statement to missing before each
iteration of the DATA step.
Use a RETAIN statement to specify initial values for
individual variables, a list of variables, or members of
an array. If a value appears in a RETAIN statement,
variables that appear before it in the list are set to
that value initially. (If you assign different initial
values to the same variable by naming it more than
once in a RETAIN statement, SAS uses the last
value.) You can also use RETAIN to assign an initial
value other than the default value of 0 to a variable
whose value is assigned by a sum statement.
SAS Training 90
Statement RETAIN Examples :
 This RETAIN statement retains the values of variables MONTH1
through MONTH5 from one iteration of the DATA step to the next:
retain month1-month5;
 This RETAIN statement retains the values of nine variables and sets
their initial values:
retain month1-month5 1 year 0 a b c 'XYZ';
The values of MONTH1 through MONTH5 are set initially to 1; YEAR is
set to 0; variables A, B, and C are each set to the character
value
XYZ.
 This RETAIN statement assigns the initial value 1 to the variable

MONTH1 only:
retain month1-month5 (1);
Variables MONTH2 through MONTH5 are set to missing initially.
SAS Training 91

OUTPUT : Writes the current observation to a SAS
data set
Syntax
OUTPUT<data-set-name(s)>;
Without Arguments
Using OUTPUT without arguments causes the current
observation to be written to all data sets that are
named in the DATA statement.
Arguments
data-set-name
specifies the name of a data set to which SAS writes the
observation.
Details:
The OUTPUT statement tells SAS to write the current observation
to a SAS data set immediately, not at the end of the DATA step. If
no data set name is specified in the OUTPUT statement, the
observation is written to the data set or data sets that are listed in
the DATA statement.
SAS Training 92
Statement OUTPUT Examples :
These examples show how you can use an OUTPUT statement:
 /* writes the current observation */

/* to a SAS data set */
output;
 /* writes the current observation */
/* when a condition is true */
if deptcode gt 2000 then output;
 /* writes an observation to data */
/* set MARKUP when the PHONE */
/* value is missing */
if phone=. then output markup;
SAS Training 93

PUT : Writes lines to the SAS log, to the SAS
procedure output file, or to an external file that is
specified in the most recent FILE statement
Syntax
PUT <specification(s)><_ODS_><@|@@>;
Without Arguments
The PUT statement without arguments is called a null PUT
statement.
The null PUT statement

 writes the current output line to the current file, even if
the current output line is blank.

 releases an output line that is being held by a previous
PUT statement with a trailing @.
SAS Training 94
 Global Statements
 LIBNAME : Associates or disassociates a
SAS data library with a libref (a shortcut
name); clears one or all librefs; lists the
characteristics of a SAS data library;
concatenates SAS data libraries; implicitly
concatenates SAS catalogs.
Syntax
1. LIBNAME libref <engine> 'SAS-data-library'
< options > <engine/host-options>;
SAS Training 95
Arguments
libref
is a shortcut name or a "nickname" for the aggregate
storage location where your SAS files are
stored. It is any SAS name when you are
assigning a new libref. When you are
disassociating a libref from a SAS data library or when listing
attributes, specify a libref that was previously assigned.
'SAS-data-library'
must be the physical name for the SAS data library.
The physical name is the name that is recognized by the
operating environment. Enclose the physical name in single or
double quotation marks.
library-specification
is two or more SAS data libraries, specified by physical
names, previously-assigned librefs, or a combination of the
two. Separate each specification with either a blank or a
comma and enclose the entire list in parentheses.
SAS Training 96
engine
is an engine name.
Details:
The association between a libref and a SAS data library
lasts only for the duration of the SAS session or until you
change it or discontinue it with another LIBNAME
statement. The simplest form of the LIBNAME statement
specifies only a libref and the physical name of a SAS data
library:
SAS Training 97
Statement LIBNAME Examples :
 Assigning and Using a Libref
This example assigns the libref SALES to an aggregate storage
location that is specified in quotation marks as a physical
pathname. The DATA step creates SALES.QUARTER1 and stores it in
that location. The PROC PRINT step references it by its two-level
name, SALES.QUARTER1
libname sales 'SAS-data-library';
data sales.quarter1;
infile 'your-input-file;
input salesrep $20. +6 jansales febsales
marsales;
run;
proc print data=sales.quarter1;
run;
SAS Training 98

TITLE : Specifies title lines for SAS output
Syntax
TITLE <n> <'text' | "text">;
Without Arguments
Using TITLE without arguments cancels all existing
titles.
Arguments
n
specifies the relative line that contains the title line.
'text' | "text"
specifies text that is enclosed in single or double
quotation marks.
Details:
A TITLE statement takes effect when the step or RUN group with
which it is associated executes. Once you specify a title for a line,
it is used for all subsequent output until you cancel the title or
define another title for that line. A TITLE statement for a given line
cancels the previous TITLE statement for that line and for all lines
with larger n numbers.SAS Training 99
Statement TITLE Examples :
 This statement suppresses a title on line n and all lines after it:
titlen;
 These are examples of TITLE statements:
• title 'First Draft';

• title2 "Year's End Report";
• title2 'Year''s End Report';
 These statements illustrate #BYVAL, #BYVAR, and #BYLINE.
• title 'Quarterly Sales for #byval(site)';

• title 'Annual Costs for #byvar2';
• title 'Data Group #byline';
SAS Training 100


FOOTNOTE : Prints up to ten lines of text at the
bottom of the procedure or DATA step output
Syntax
FOOTNOTE<n > <'text' | "text" >;
Without Arguments
Using FOOTNOTE without arguments cancels all existing
footnotes.
Arguments
n
specifies the relative line to be occupied by the
footnote.
'text' | "text"
specifies the text of the footnote in single or double
quotation marks.
SAS Training 101

Details:
A FOOTNOTE statement takes effect when the step or RUN
group with which it is associated executes. Once you specify a
footnote for a line, SAS repeats the same footnote on all pages
until you cancel or redefine the footnote for that line. When a
FOOTNOTE statement is specified for a given line, it cancels the
previous FOOTNOTE statement for that line and for all footnote
lines with higher numbers.
Statement FOOTNOTE Examples :

These examples of a FOOTNOTE statement result in the
same footnote:
• footnote8 "Managers' Meeting";

• footnote8 'Managers'' Meeting';
SAS Training 102

SAS Options
 Definition of Options
Data set options specify actions that apply only to the SAS data set
with which they appear. They let you perform such operations as
 renaming variables
 selecting only the first or last n observations for processing
 dropping variables from processing or from the output data set
 specifying a password for a SAS data set.
SAS Training 103

Syntax of Options
 Specify a data set option in parentheses after a SAS data set name. To
specify several data set options, separate them with spaces.
(option-1=value-1<. . . option-n=value-n>)
These examples show data set options in SAS statements:
 data scores(keep=team game1 game2 game3);

 proc print data=new(drop=year);
 set old(rename=(date=Start_Date));
SAS Training 104

Selected SAS Options
 DROP : Excludes variables from processing or from
output SAS data sets.
Syntax
DROP=variable(s)
Syntax Description
variable(s)
lists one or more variable names. You can list the
variables in any form that SAS allows.
Details : If the option is associated with an input data set, the

variables are not available for processing. If the DROP= data set
option is associated with an output data set, SAS does not write
the variables to the output data set, but they are available for
processing.
SAS Training 105

Option DROP Example :
 Excluding Variables from Input
In this example, the variables SALARY and GENDER are not included
in processing and they are not written to either output data set:
data plan1 plan2;

set payroll(drop=salary gender);
if hired<'01jan98'd then output plan1;
else output plan2;
run;
You cannot use SALARY or GENDER in any logic in the DATA step
because DROP= prevents the SET statement from reading them
from PAYROLL.
SAS Training 106

 KEEP : Specifies variables for processing or for
writing to output SAS data sets
Syntax
KEEP=variable(s)
Syntax Description
variable(s)
lists one or more variable names. You can list the
variables in any form that SAS allows.
Details : If the KEEP= data set option is associated with an input

data set, only those variables that are listed after the KEEP= data
set option are available for processing. If the KEEP= data set
option is associated with an output data set, only the variables
listed after the option are written to the output data set, but all
variables are available for processing.
SAS Training 107

Option KEEP Example :
In this example, only IDNUM and SALARY are read from PAYROLL,
and they are the only variables in PAYROLL that are available for
processing:
data bonus;
set payroll(keep=idnum salary);
bonus=salary*1.1;
run;
SAS Training 108

 RENAME : Changes the name of a variable.
Syntax
RENAME=(old-name-1=new-name-1 < . . . old-name-
n=new- name-n>)
Syntax Description
old-name
the variable you want to rename.
new-name
the new name of the variable. It must be a valid SAS
name.
Details : If you use the RENAME= data set option when you create a
data set, the new variable name is included in the output data set.
If you use RENAME= on an input data set, the new name is used in
DATA step programming statements.
SAS Training 109
Option RENAME Example :
 Renaming a Variable at Time of Output
This example uses RENAME= in the DATA statement to show that
the variable is renamed at the time it is written to the output data
set. The variable keeps its original name, X, during the DATA step
processing:
data two(rename=(x=keys));
set one;
z=x+y;
run;
SAS Training 110

 FIRSTOBS : Causes processing to begin at a
specified observation.
Syntax
FIRSTOBS=n
Syntax Description
n
is a positive integer that is less than or equal to the
number of observations in the data set.
Details : The FIRSTOBS= data set option is valid when an existing

SAS data set is read. You cannot use this option when a WHERE
statement or WHERE= data set option is specified in the same
DATA or PROC step.
SAS Training 111

Option FIRSTOBS Example :
 This PROC step prints the data set STUDY beginning with
observation 20:
proc print data=study(firstobs=20);
run;
 This SET statement uses both FIRSTOBS= and OBS= to read only
observations 5 through 10 from the data set STUDY. Data set NEW
contains six observations.
data new;
set study(firstobs=5 obs=10);
run;
SAS Training 112

 OBS : Causes processing to end with the nth
observation.
Syntax
OBS=n|MAX
Syntax Description
n
specifies a positive integer that is less than or equal to
the number of observations in the data
set or zero.
MAX
represents the total number of observations in the data
set.
Details : This option specifies the number of the last observation to
process, not how many observations should be processed. It is
valid only when an existing SAS data set is read.
Use OBS=0 to create an empty data set that has the structure, but
SAS Training 113
not the attributes, of another data set.
Option OBS Example :
 In this example, the OBS= data set option in the SET statement
reads in the first ten observations from data set OLD:
data new;
set old(obs=10);
run;
 This statement prints only observations 5 through 10 in data set
STUDY:
proc print data=study(firstobs=5 obs=10);
SAS Training 114

 WHERE : Selects observations that meet the
specified condition
Syntax
WHERE=(where-expression)
Syntax Description
where-expression
is an arithmetic or logical expression that consists of a
sequence of operators, operands, and SAS
functions. The expression must be enclosed
in parentheses.
Details : Use the WHERE= data set option with an input data set
to select observations that meet the condition specified in the
WHERE expression before SAS brings them into the DATA or PROC
step for processing. Selecting observations that meet the
conditions of the WHERE expression is the first operation SAS
performs in each iteration of the DATA step.
SAS Training 115
Option WHERE Example :
 Selecting Observations from an Input Data Set
This example uses the WHERE= data set option to subset the SALES
data set as it is read into another data set:
data whizmo;
set sales(where=(product='whizmo'));
run;
 Selecting Observations from an Output Data Set
This example uses the WHERE= data set option to subset the SALES
output data set:
data whizmo(where=(product='whizmo'));
set sales;
run;
SAS Training 116

SAS Format
 Definition of Format
A format is an instruction that SAS uses to write data values. You
use formats to control the written appearance of data values, or, in
some cases, to group data values together for analysis. For example,
the WORDS22. format, which converts numeric values to their
equivalent in words, writes the numeric value 692 as six hundred
ninety-two
SAS Training 117

Syntax of Format
 SAS formats have the following form:
<$>format<w>.<d>
where
$
indicates a character format; its absence indicates a numeric
format.
format
names the format.
w
specifies the format width, which for most formats is the number
of columns in the output data.
d
specifies an optional decimal scaling factor in the numeric
formats.
SAS Training 118
Selected SAS Formats
 $CHARw: Writes standard character data.

Syntax
$CHARw.
Syntax Description
w
specifies the width of the output field.
SAS Training 119

Format $CHARw Example :
put @7 name $char4.;
Values Results
----+----1
XYZ XYZ
SAS Training 120

 $w: Writes standard character data.

Syntax
$w.
Syntax Description
w
specifies the width of the output field. You can
specify a number or a column range.
SAS Training 121

Format $w Example :
put @10 name $5.;
put name $ 10-15;
Values Results
----+----1----
+----2
#Cary Cary
Tokyo Tokyo
*The character # represents a

blank space.
SAS Training 122

 DOLLARw.d: Writes numeric values with dollar
signs, commas, and decimal points
Syntax
DOLLARw.d
Syntax Description
w
specifies the width of the output field.
d
optionally specifies the number of digits to the right of
the decimal point in the numeric value.
Details:The DOLLARw.d format writes numeric values with a leading
dollar sign, with a comma that separates every three digits, and a
period that separates the decimal fraction
SAS Training 123

Format DOLLARw.d Example :
put @3 netpay dollar10.2;
Values Results
----+----1----+
1254.71 $1,254.71
SAS Training 124

SAS Informat
 Definition of Informat
An informat is an instruction that SAS uses to read data values into
a variable.
Unless you explicitly define a variable first, SAS uses the informat to
determine whether the variable is numeric or character. SAS also uses
the informat to determine the length of character variables.
SAS Training 125

Syntax of Informat
 SAS Informats have the following form:
<$>informat<w>.<d>
where
$
indicates a character format; its absence indicates a numeric
format.
informat
names the informat.
w
specifies the informat width, which for most informats is the
number of columns in the input data.
d
specifies an optional decimal scaling factor in the numeric
informats.SAS divides the input data by 10 to the power of d.
SAS Training 126

Selected SAS Informats
 $CHARw: Reads character data with blanks.
Syntax
$CHARw.
Syntax Description
w
specifies the width of the input field.
Details:The $CHARw. informat does not trim leading and trailing
blanks or convert a single period in the input data field to a blank
before storing values. If you use $CHARw. in an INFORMAT or
ATTRIB statement within a DATA step to read list input, then by
default SAS interprets any blank embedded within data as a field
delimiter, including leading blanks.
SAS Training 127

Informat $CHARw Example :
put @1 name $char5.;
Data lines Results
----+----1
XYZ XYZ##
XYZ #XYZ#
. ##.##
X YZ #X#YZ

blank space
SAS Training 128
 $w: Reads standard character data.

Syntax
$w.
Syntax Description
w
specifies the width of the input field. You must
specify w because SAS does not supply a
default value.
Details: The $w. informat trims leading blanks and left aligns
the values before storing the text. In addition, if a field
contains only blanks and a single period, $w. converts the
period to a blank because it interprets the period as a
missing value. The $w. informat treats two or more periods
in a field as character data.
SAS Training 129
Format $w Example :
input @1 name $5.;
Data lines Results
----+----1
XYZ XYZ##
XYZ XYZ##
X YZ X#YZ#

blank space
SAS Training 130
SAS Procedures
 Print
 Format
 Sort
 Append
 Contents
 Transpose
 SQL
SAS Training 131
Proc Print
The PRINT procedure prints the

observations in a SAS data set,
using all or some of the
variables.
SAS Training 132

Syntax
 PROC PRINT <option(s)BY

<DESCENDING> variable-1
<...<DESCENDING> variable;
VAR variable(s);
Options: Obs=n
SAS Training 133

Hands-On Exercise
Create a List Report from the Cake Dataset
displaying the first 10 Observations
Expected Output:
SAS Training 134

Solution
proc print data = cake (obs=10);
var lastname flavor pscore;
run;
SAS Training 135

User Defined Format
 Proc Format
The FORMAT procedure enables
you to define your own informats
and formats for variables.
SAS Training 136

Syntax
 PROC FORMAT <option(s)>;

VALUE <$>name <(format-
option(s))>
value-range-set(s);
SAS Training 137

Example
 Proc Format;
 value $genders
 ‘m’=“Male”
 ‘f’=“Female”
 Run;
 Proc Print data=customer.demo;

format sex $gender.;
run;
SAS Training 138

Output
Cust_id Name Address Sex
2335 Jimmy
Birmingham,UK Male
5889 Chen, Len
Birmingham,UK Female
3878 Davis, Brad Plymouth,UK
Male
4553 Maria Miami USA
SAS Training 139
Hands-On Exercise
Display the values of the variable SEX in Class
dataset as 1 and 2 , instead of the default values.
SAS Training 140

Hands-On Exercise
Expected Output
SAS Training 141

Solution
proc format;
value $sex 'M' = 1
'F' = 2
;
run;
proc print data = train.class;
format sex $sex.;
run;
SAS Training 142
Proc Sort
The SORT procedure sorts

observations in a SAS data set by
one or more character or numeric
variables, either replacing the
original data set or creating a
new, sorted data set.
SAS Training 143

Syntax
PROC SORT <option(s)>

<collating-sequence-option>
BY <DESCENDING> variable-1
<...<DESCENDING> variable-n>;
Options(s) :nodupkey
SAS Training 144

Example
Account
Company Debt Town
Paul's Pizza 83.00 Apex
Apex World Wide 119.95 Apex
Electronics
Garner Strickland 657.22 Apex

Industries
Morrisville Ice 299.98 Apex
Cream Delight
SAS Training 145

 proc sort data=account
out=bytown;
by town company;
run;
proc print data=bytown;
var company town debt;
title 'Customers with Past-Due
Accounts';
title2 'Listed Alphabetically
SAS Training 146
Output
Customers with Past-Due Accounts
Listed Alphabetically within Town
Obs Company Town
Debt
1 Apex World Wide Electronics Apex 119.95
2 Garner Strickland Industries Apex 657.22
3 Morrisville Ice Cream Delight Apex 299.98
4 Paul's Pizza Apex 83.00
SAS Training 147

Duplicate observations
proc sort data=account out=towns nodupkey;
by town; run;
proc print data=towns;

var town company debt ;
title 'Towns of Customers with Past-Due
Accounts‘;
run;
SAS Training 148

Output
Towns of Customers with Past-Due Accounts
Obs Town Company Debt

1 Apex Paul's Pizza 83.00
2 Garner World Wide Electronics 119.95
3 Holly Springs Ice Cream Delight 299.98
4 Morrisville Strickland Industries 657.22
SAS Training 149

Hands-On Exercise
SORT DUPOBS dataset to create dataset A. sort the
data by descending tourtype and vendor and
ascending
Expected landcost
Output
SAS Training 150

Solution
proc sort data = dupobs ;
by descending tourtype descending
vendor landcost;
run;
SAS Training 151

Proc Append
The APPEND procedure adds the observations from
one SAS data set to the end of another SAS data set
Remember:
• Both data sets contained the same variables.

• If Appending data sets with different variables,
use the FORCE option
SAS Training 152

Syntax
 PROC APPEND
BASE=<libref.>SAS-data-set
<DATA=<libref.>SAS-data-set>
<FORCE> ;
SAS Training 153

Example
Class – 1 Class
-2
name age height name ag heigh
Andre 15 67 Andrea e
16 t60
w
Robert 15 78 Linda 13 55
Stephe 17 72
Philip 14 70
n
SAS Training 154

Example
 PROC APPEND BASE=class1
DATA=class2; RUN;
SAS Training 155

Output
name age height
Andrew 15 67
Robert 15 78
Philip 14 70
Andrea 16 60
Linda 13 55
Stephen 17 72
SAS Training 156

Hands On - Exercise
Append datasets DEPT1 and DEPT2 and create
replace DEPT1 with the appended dataset
Expected Output
SAS Training 157

Solution
proc append base = dept1 data=dept2;
run;
proc print data = dept1;

run;
SAS Training 158

Proc Contents
The CONTENTS procedure shows the contents of a
SAS data set and prints the directory of the SAS data
library.
SAS Training 159

Example
 proc contents data=test.records;
run;
SAS Training 160

Output
SAS Training 161

Hands-On Exercise
Display the Dataset structure of DUPOBS dataset
SAS Training 162

Proc Transpose
The TRANSPOSE procedure creates an output data set

by restructuring the values in a SAS data set, transposing
selected variables into observations.
Original data Transposed data

X Y Z _NAME_ COL1 COL2 COL3 COL4
12 19 14 X 12 21 33 14
21 15 19 =) Y 19 15 27 32
33 27 82 Z 14 19 82 99
14 32 99
SAS Training 163

Syntax
 PROC TRANSPOSE <DATA=input-data-set> <LABEL=label> <LET>

<NAME=name> <OUT=output-data-set> <PREFIX=prefixBY
<DESCENDING> variable-1
<...<DESCENDING> variable-n>
<NOTSORTED>;
COPY variable(s);
ID variable;
IDLABEL variable;
VAR variable(s);
SAS Training 164

To do this Use this

statement
Transpose each BY group BY
Copy variables directly without COPY

transposing them
Specify a variable whose values name ID

the transposed variables
Create labels for the transposed IDLABEL

variables
List the variables to transpose VAR
SAS Training 165

Hands-On Exercise
Transpose the dataset grp_tran in the Train

library to get the output as shown below
SAS Training 166

Solution
proc sort data = grp_tran;
by grp;
run;
proc transpose data = grp_tran out =
result (drop= _name_);
by grp;
run;
proc print data = result;
run;
SAS Training 167
Proc SQL
The SQL procedure implements

Structured Query Language
(SQL) for the SAS System. SQL is
a standardized, widely used
language that retrieves and
updates data in tables and views
based on those tables
SAS Training 168

Syntax
 PROC SQL <option(s)>;
ALTER TABLE table-name

<constraint-clause> <,constraint-clause>...>;
<ADD column-definition <,column-definition>...>
<MODIFY column-definition
<,column-definition>...>
<DROP column <,column>...>;
CONT….
SAS Training 169
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table-name (column-definition <,column-
definition>...);
(column-specification , ...<constraint-specification > ,...) ;
DROP TABLE table-name <,table-name>...;
DROP VIEW view-name <,view-name>...;
INSERT INTO table-name|sas/access-view|proc-sql-

view<(column<,column>...)>
VALUES (value<,value>...)
<VALUES (value <,value>...)>...;
CONT….
SAS Training 170
Syntax

SELECT <DISTINCT> object-item <,object-item>...
FROM from-list
<WHERE sql-expression>
<GROUP BY group-by-item
<,group-by-item>...>
<HAVING sql-expression>
<ORDER BY order-by-item
<,order-by-item>...>;
SAS Training 171

Example
 Proc Sql;
select Lname, Fname, City, State,
IdNumber, Salary, Jobcode
from staff, payroll
where idnumber=idnum ;
Quit;
SAS Training 172

Hands-On Exercise
Create Table for Females from the Class

dataset using Proc Sql.
Expected Output
SAS Training 173

Solution
proc sql;
create table females as select * from
class where sex = 'F';
select * from females;
quit;
SAS Training 174

Proc GPLOT
The GPLOT procedure plots the

values of two or more variables
on a set of coordinate axes (X
and Y). The coordinates of each
point on the plot correspond to
two variable values in an
observation of the input data
set.
SAS Training 175
Syntax
PROC GPLOT <DATA=input-data-set>
</option(s) >;
PLOT plot-request(s) </option(s)PLOT2 plot-
request(s) option(s)>;
SAS Training 176

Example
proc gplot data = dupobs;
goptions reset = all;
plot landcost*country;
run;
SAS Training 177

Output
SAS Training 178

Example
proc gplot data = dupobs;
goptions reset=all;
symbol1 color = green value=triangle ;
symbol2 color=blue value=circle;
symbol3 color=red value=square;
plot landcost*country=vendor;
run;
SAS Training 179

Output
SAS Training 180

PROC MEANS
The MEANS procedure provides data
summarization tools to compute
descriptive statistics for variables across
all observations and within groups of
observations.
SAS Training 181

Syntax
PROC MEANS <option(s)>
BY <DESCENDING> variable-1 <...
<DESCENDING> variable-
n><NOTSORTED>;
CLASS variable(s) </ option(s)>;
OUTPUT <OUT=SAS-data-set>
<output-statistic-specification(s)>
SAS Training 182

PROC MEANS (OPTIONS)
Specify the number of MAXDEC=
decimal places for the
statistics
Suppress all displayed output NOPRINT
Order the values of the class ORDER=

variables according to the
specified order
Limit the output statistics to NWAY
the observations with the
highest _TYPE_ value
SAS Training 183
PROC MEANS (BY)
Produces separate statistics for each BY
group.
Example: Input Data
set
proc sort data = temp; by cat;

run;
proc means data = temp;
by cat;
output out = temp1;
run;
SAS Training 184

PROC MEANS (CLASS)
Specifies the variables whose values
define the subgroup combinations for
the analysis.
SAS Training 185

PROC MEANS (NWAY)
proc means data = prod nway;
class cat product;
var sales;
output out = prodsta n=n sum=total;
run;
SAS Training 186

PROC MEANS (OUTPUT)
Outputs statistics to a new SAS data
set
Input Data set
proc means data = sales;

class prod;
output out = temp n = Cost_n sal_n mean=Cost_m
Sale_m;
run;
SAS Training 187

PROC MEANS (CLASS)
proc means data = prod;
class cat product;
var sales;
output out = prodsta n=n sum=total; run;
SAS Training 188

PROC MEANS (VAR)
Identifies the analysis variables and their

order in the output.
If you omit the VAR statement, PROC

MEANS analyzes all numeric variables that
are not listed in the other statements.
When all variables are character variables,
PROC MEANS produces a simple count of
observations.
SAS Training 189
PROC Summary
The SUMMARY procedure
provides data summarization
tools that compute descriptive
statistics for variables across all
observations or within groups of
observations SAS Training 190
Syntax
PROC SUMMARY <option(s)> <statistic-keyword(s)BY
<DESCENDING> variable-1<...<DESCENDING> variable-n>
<NOTSORTED>;
CLASS variable(s) </ option(s)>;
FREQ variable;
OUTPUT <OUT=SAS-data-set><output-statistic-specification(s)>
<id-group-specification(s)> <maximum-id-specification(s)>
<minimum-id-specification(s)></ option(s)> ;
VAR variable(s)</ WEIGHT=weight-variable>;
SAS Training 191

Difference Between Proc
Means & Proc Summary
Both PROC MEANS and PROC SUMMARY
compute descriptive statistics for an
entire SAS data set.
The Difference Between them :
. PROC MEANS produces PROC SUMMARY
subgroup statistics only automatically produces
when a BY statement is statistics for all
used and the input data subgroups, giving you all
has been previously the information in one
sorted (use PROC run
SORT) by the BY
variables
SAS Training 192
Difference Between Proc
Means & Proc Summary
.
PROC MEANS produce PROC SUMMARY does not
information in the output produce any information in
window. your output so you will
always need to use the
OUTPUT statement to
create a new data set and
use PROC PRINT to see the
computed statistics.
SAS Training 193

PROC REPORT
Overview:
The REPORT procedure combines features of
the PRINT, MEANS, and TABULATE procedures
with features of the DATA step in a single
report-writing tool that can produce a variety
of reports
SAS Training 194

PROC REPORT (TYPES)
SAS Training 195

PROC REPORT (TYPES)
SAS Training 196

SAS Training 197
PROC REPORT (Concept)
The most important thing to figure
out is the layout of the report.
Once you understand the layout of
the report, use the COLUMN and
DEFINE statements in PROC
REPORT to construct the layout.
SAS Training 198

Typical Report Example
Input Data set
proc report data = rep nowd headline

headskip;
column product sales;
define product / 'Product Name' order;
define sales / 'Sales Occured' format=8.2;
run;
SAS Training 199

PROC REPORT (Syntax)
PROC REPORT <option(s)>;
BY <DESCENDING> variable-1
COLUMN column-specification(s);
COMPUTE
LINE specification(s); . . . select SAS
language elements . . .
ENDCOMP;
DEFINE report-item ;
REBREAK location </ option(s)>; 200
SAS Training
PROC REPORT (OPTIONS)
Select the windowing or the nonwindowing WINDOWS|
environment NOWINDOWS
Specify the default number of characters for COLWIDTH=
columns containing computed variables or
numeric data set variables
Underline all column headers and the spaces HEADLINE
between them
Write a blank line beneath all column headers HEADSKIP
Specify the split character SPLIT=
Specify the number of blank characters SPACING=

between columns
SAS Training 201
PROC REPORT (COLUMN)
Describes the arrangement of all
columns and of headers that span
more than one column.
• column-specification(s) is one or
more of the following:

• report-item(s)
• report-item-1, report-item-2 <. . . , report-item-
n>
• (`header-1 ' < . . . `header-n '> report-item(s) )
• report-item=name
SAS Training 202

PROC REPORT (COLUMN)
Examples
• column sector manager N sales;
• column sector sales,min;
• column ('Individual Store Sales as a
Percent of All Sales' sector manager);

• column manager department sales
sales=salesmin sales=salesmax;
SAS Training 203

PROC REPORT
Decide the usage of a variable in
DEFINE statement
these usages are
• DISPLAY
• ORDER
• ACROSS
• GROUP
• ANALYSIS
SAS Training 204
PROC REPORT (DEFINE)
• DISPLAY – Do not affect the order of
variables in a row
• ORDER – Used to change order of variables
(Ascending/Descending/Formatted)
• ACROSS - creates a column for each value
of an across variable.
• GROUP – Creates Groups
• Analysis – To calculate statistics
• Computed – Variables defined for the report
not on input data set
SAS Training 205
PROC REPORT (DEFINE OPTIONS)
Assign a SAS or user-defined format to the item FORMAT=
Order the values of a group, order, or across ORDER=
variable according to the specified order
Define the number of blank characters to leave SPACING=

between the column being defined and the
column immediately to its left
Define the width of the column in which PROC WIDTH=

REPORT displays the report item
Reverse the order in which PROC REPORT DESCENDING

displays rows or values of a group, order, or
across variable
JUSTIFY Formatted Values CENTER, LEFT, RIGHT
SAS Training 206

PROC REPORT (BREAK)
Produces a default summary at the
beginning or end of a report or at
the beginning and end of each BY
group.
Write a RBREAK location
blank line for the </of option(s)>;
last break line a break SKIP
located at the beginning of the report
Include a summary line as one of the break lines SUMMARIZE
Start a new page after the last break line of a break PAGE
located at the beginning of the report
SAS Training 207
Example
Input Data set
proc report data = rep nowd headline headskip

split='*';
column ('This is sales report' product N sales
sales,min discount newprice);
define product / 'Product Name' group;
define sales / 'My*Sales' format=8.2;
define min / 'Min';
define newprice / 'Discount Price' computed;
compute newprice;
newprice = _c3_ - _c5_;
endcomp;
break after product / skip;

run;
SAS Training 208

SAS Date
SAS Date : is a value that represents
the
number of days between January 1,
1960, and
a specified date. SAS can perform
calculations
on dates ranging from A.D. 1582 to
A.D.
19,900. Dates before January 1, 1960,
are
negative numbers; dates after are 209
SAS Training
SAS Date
How SAS Converts Calendar Dates to
SAS
Date Values :
SAS Training 210

SAS Date
Working with SAS Dates :
The SAS System converts date values back
and forth between calendar dates with
SAS language elements called formats
and informats.
 Formats present a value, recognized by
SAS, such as a date value, as a calendar

date in a variety of lengths and
notations.
 Informats read notations or a value, such
as a calendar date, which may be in a

variety of lengths, and then convert the
data to a SAS date.
SAS Training 211
SAS Date
Example: Reading, Writing, and
Calculating Date Values
data meeting;
options nodate pageno=1 linesize=80 pagesize=60;
input region $ mtg : mmddyy8.;
sendmail=mtg-45;
datalines;
N 11-24-99
S 12-28-99
E 12-03-99
W 10-04-99
;
SAS Training 212

SAS Date
proc print data=meeting;
format mtg sendmail date9.;
title 'When To Send Announcements';
run;
SAS Training 213

SAS Date
Date formats
DATEw. Format: Writes date values in
the form ddmmmyy or ddmmmyyyy.
Syntax :
DATEw.
SAS Training 214

SAS Date
Examples
The example table uses the input value of 15415, which is
the
SAS date value that corresponds to March 16, 2002.
SAS Training 215

SAS Date
DDMMYYw. Format : Writes date
values in the form ddmmyy or
ddmmyyyy.
Syntax
DDMMYYw.
SAS Training 216

SAS Date
Examples : The example table uses the input value of 15415,
which is
the SAS date value that corresponds to March 16, 2002.
SAS Training 217

SAS Date
Date Informats
DATEw. : Reads date values in the form
ddmmmyy or ddmmmyyyy.
Syntax
DATEw.
SAS Training 218

SAS Date
Example :
input calendar_date date11.;
SAS Training 219

SAS Date
DDMMYYw. Informat :Reads date
values in
the form ddmmyy or ddmmyyyy.
Syntax
DDMMYYw.
SAS Training 220

SAS Date
Example :
input calendar_date ddmmyy10.;
SAS Training 221

SAS Date
Functions
DATE Function : Returns the current date as a
SAS date value
Syntax :
DATE()
Details : The DATE function produces the

current date
in the form of a SAS date value, which is the
number of
days since January 1, 1960.
SAS Training 222
SAS Date
Example :
tday=date();
Put tday ddmmyy8.;
SAS Training 223

SAS Date
TODAY function : Returns the current date as a
SAS date value.
Syntax :
TODAY()
Details : TODAY is identical to the DATE

function.
The TODAY function produces the current date
in the form of a SAS date value, which is the
number of
days since January 1, 1960.
SAS Training 224
SAS Date
YEAR function : Returns the year from a
SAS date value.
Syntax :
YEAR(date)
Details : The YEAR function produces a

four-digit numeric value that represents
the year.
SAS Training 225
SAS Date
Example :
SAS Training 226

SAS Date
MONTH function : Returns the month from a
SAS date value.
Syntax :
MONTH(date)
Details : The MONTH function returns a numeric

value that represents the month from a SAS
date value. Numeric values can range from 1
through 12.
SAS Training 227
SAS Date
Example :
SAS Training 228

SAS Date
DAY Function : Returns the day of the month
from a SAS date value.
Syntax :
DAY(date)
Details : The DAY function produces an integer

from 1 to 31 that represents the day of the
month.
SAS Training 229

SAS Date
Example :
SAS Training 230

SAS Date
QTR function: Returns the quarter of the year
Syntax :
QTR(date)
Details : The QTR function returns a value of

1, 2, 3, or 4 from a SAS date value to indicate
the quarter of the year in which a date value
falls.
SAS Training 231

SAS Date
Example :
SAS Training 232

SAS Date
WEEKDAY Function : Returns the day of the week
Syntax :
WEEKDAY(date)
Details : The WEEKDAY function produces an

integer
that represents the day of the week, where
1=Sunday,
2=Monday, . . . , 7=Saturday.
SAS Training 233
SAS Date
Example :
SAS Training 234

SAS Date
MDY Function :Returns a SAS date value
from month, day, and year values.
Syntax :
MDY(month,day,year)
SAS Training 235

SAS Date
Example :
SAS Training 236

INTRODUCTION TO
MACROS
SAS Training 237

What is a Macro Facility?
The macro facility is a tool for

extending and customizing the
SAS System and for reducing the
amount of text you must enter
to do common tasks
SAS Training 238

Replacing Text Strings Using Macro Variables
Macro variables are an efficient way of replacing

text strings in SAS code
The Simplest way to define a macro variable is to

use the %LET statement to assign the macro
variable a name and a value.
Eg:
%let macname = Test;
SAS Training 239

Replacing Text Strings Using Macro Variables
Resolve a Macro Variable Value using the ‘&’

symbol
Eg:
%let macname = Test;
title “This is a &macname”
The macro processor resolves the reference to
the macro variable MACNAME, and the
statement becomes
Title “This is a Test”
SAS Training 240
Generating SAS Code Using Macros
Macros Allow you to execute a SAS code multiple

times without compiling it.
A macro definition is placed between a %MACRO
statement and a %MEND (macro end) statement,
as follows:
%MACRO macro-name;
SAS code
%MEND macro-name;
Execute the macro using %macro-name
SAS Training 241
Eg:
%macro mac1;
data temp1;
set temp;
x= ‘Hello’;
run;
%mend mac1;
%mac1;
Execution of this macro SAS

produces
Training the following 242
Execution of this macro produces the

following program:
data temp1;
set temp;
x= ‘Hello’;
run;
SAS Training 243

Hands – On Exercise
Create a macro datcrt that

creates a data set cake1 from
train.cake
SAS Training 244

Solution
%macro datcrt;
data cake1;
set train.cake;
run;
%macro datcrt;
%datcrt;
SAS Training 245

Passing Information into a Macro Using
Parameters
A macro variable defined in parentheses in a

%MACRO statement is a macro parameter
Macro parameters allow you to pass information
into a macro
SAS Training 246

Passing Information into a Macro Using
Parameters
Eg:
%macro mac2 (dest= , src = );
data &src;
set &dest;
x= ‘Hello’;
run;
You invoke the macro by providing values for the parameters, as
follows:
%mac2 (dest=temp1, src=temp) ;

%mac2 (dest=temp2, src=temp);
SAS Training 247
Create a Macro datprnt that

prints the data set cake and
dept1 when passed as a macro
parameter
SAS Training 248

Solution
%macro datprnt (dat= );

proc print data = &dat;
run;
%mend datprnt;
%datprnt (dat=cake);
%datprnt (dat=dept1);
SAS Training 249

Conditionally Generating SAS Code
Use %IF-%THEN-%ELSE macro statements to

conditionally generate SAS code with a macro.
Eg:
%macro test (info= , mydata = );
%if &info = print %then %do;
proc print data = &mydata; run;
%end;
%else %if &info = report %then %do;
proc report data = &mydata; run;
%end;
SAS Training 250
%mend test;
Conditionally Generating SAS Code
%test(info=print,mydata = data1); /* Calling

the Macro */
Result of the macro execution:
Proc print data = data1;
run;
SAS Training 251

Macro Variables
• Macro variables are tools that enable you to dynamically

modify the text in a SAS program through symbolic
substitution.
You can assign large or small amounts of text to macro
variables, and after that, you can use that text by
simply referencing the variable that contains it.
• Macro variables defined by macro programmers are
called user-defined macro variables.
Eg: %let name = Henry Woodbridge is Male;
• Those defined by the SAS System are called automatic
macro variables
Eg: Sysdate,Sysday, SysProcessID, etc.
SAS Training 252

Methods to create User Defined Macro Variables
 %Let
 iterative %DO statement
 %GLOBAL statement
 %INPUT statement
 INTO clause of the SELECT statement in
SQL
 %LOCAL statement
 %MACRO statement
 SYMPUT routine
 %WINDOW statement.
SAS Training 253
Using Macro Variables
After a macro variable is created, you typically use the

variable by referencing it with an ampersand preceding its
name (&variable-name), which is called a macro variable
reference.
These references perform symbolic substitutions when they
resolve to their value.
Eg: %let dsn=Newdata;
title1 "Contents of Data Set &dsn";
data temp;
set &dsn;
if age>=20;
run;
SAS Training 254
Using Macro Variables
if macro variable JERRY is misspelled as JERY, the following
produces an unexpected result:
%let jerry=student;
data temp;
x="produced by &jery";
run;
This produces the following message:
WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference JERY not resolved.
Note: Display the macro variable value using %put

Eg:
%put &jerry;
SAS Training 255

Combining Macro Variable References with
Text
When the macro variable is appended after a text,
directly reference it with the text.
When a text is appended after a macro variable, use
the delimiter ‘.’ between the macro variable reference
and the text
DATA=PERSNL&YR.EMPLOYES, where &YR contains two characters for a year
Data = &MONTH&YR
%let name=sales;
data new&name;
set save.&name;
more SAS statements
run;
The SAS system sees it as

DATA NEWSALES;
SET SAVE.SALES;
more SAS statements
RUN; SAS Training 256
Combining Macro Variable References with
Text
Eg:
DATA=PERSNL&YR.EMPLOYES, where &YR contains two characters
for a year
Data = &MONTH&YR
%let name=sales;
data new&name;
set save.&name;
more SAS statements
run;
The SAS system sees it as

DATA NEWSALES;
SET SAVE.SALES;
more SAS statements SAS Training 257
Create a data set newcake

from cake by passing cake as
a macro parameter
SAS Training 258

Solution
%macro app(dat=);
data new&dat;
set cake;
run;
%mend app;
%app(dat=cake);
SAS Training 259

Create a data set cakenew

from cake by passing cake as
a macro parameter
SAS Training 260

Solution
%macro app(dat=);
data &dat.new;
set cake;
run;
%mend app;
%app(dat=cake);
SAS Training 261

Referencing Macro Variables Indirectly
It is also useful to be able to indirectly reference macro

variables that belong to a series so that the name is
determined when the macro variable reference
resolves.
Eg: %let City1 = Mumbai; %let City2 = Delhi; %let City3

= Chennai
For example, you could use the value of macro
variable N to reference a variable in the series of macro
variables named CITY1 to CITY3. If N has the value 1,
the reference would be to CITY1. If the value of N is 3,
the reference would be to CITY3.
%put &city&n; /* incorrect */
SAS Training 262

Referencing Macro Variables Indirectly
% put &&city&n; /* correct */
When the macro processor encounters multiple

ampersands, its basic action is to resolve two
ampersands to one ampersand. For example, to append
the value of &N to CITY and then reference the
appropriate variable name
Assuming that &N contains 3, when the macro
processor receives this statement, it performs the
following steps:
 resolves && to &
 passes CITY as text
 resolves &N into 3
 returns to the beginning of the macro variable reference,
&CITY3, starts resolving from the beginning again, and prints
the value of CITY3 which SAS Training
is Chennai. 263
Debugging a Macro Program
Use the following Options to Debug a Macro code:
1) MLOGIC : Controls whether macro execution is traced for

debugging
Each line generated by the MLOGIC option is identified with
the prefix MLOGIC(macro-name)
2) MPRINT : Controls whether SAS statements generated by

macro execution are traced for debugging
The MPRINT option displays the text generated by macro
execution. Each SAS statement begins a new line. Each line of
MPRINT output is identified with the prefix MPRINT(macro-
name):
3) SYMBOLGEN : Controls whether the results of resolving

macro variable references are displayed for debugging
SYMBOLGEN displays the results in this form:
SAS Training 264
options mlogic mprint symbolgen;
%macro test(x=);
%if &x = 1 %then %do;
%put "Value of x is 1";
proc print data = train.names;
run;
%end;
%else %do;
%put "Value of x is not 1";
%end;
%mend test;
%test(x=1); SAS Training 265

MLOGIC(TEST): Beginning execution.
MLOGIC(TEST): Parameter X has value 1
SYMBOLGEN: Macro variable X resolves to 1
MLOGIC(TEST): %IF condition &x = 1 is TRUE
MLOGIC(TEST): %PUT "Value of x is 1"
"Value of x is 1"
MPRINT(TEST): proc print data = train.names;
MPRINT(TEST): run;
NOTE: There were 4 observations read from the data set

TRAIN.NAMES.
NOTE: PROCEDURE PRINT used:
real time 0.01 seconds
cpu time 0.00 seconds
MLOGIC(TEST): Ending execution.

SAS Training 266
Manipulating Macro Variable Values with Macro
Functions
When you define macro variables, you can include

macro functions in the expressions to manipulate the
value of the variable before the value is stored
Eg: To scan for words in macro variable values, use the

%SCAN function. For example,
%let address=123 maple avenue;
%let frstword=%scan(&address,1);
Result:
address resolves to 123 maple avenue
frstword resolves to 123
SAS Training 267

Scope of Macro Variables
• Every macro variable has a scope. A macro variable's
scope determines how it is assigned values and how the
macro processor resolves references to it.
• Two types of scope exist for macro variables: global and

local
• Global macro variables exist for the duration of the SAS

session and can be referenced anywhere in the
program--either inside or outside a macro
• Local macro variables exist only during the execution of
the macro in which the variables are created and have
no meaning outside the defining macro.
SAS Training 268

Scope of Macro Variables
Eg:
%macro A;
%let Loc1 = xyz;
%macro B;
%let Loc2 = abc;
%mend B;
%mend A;
LOC1 is local to both A and B. However, LOC2 is local only to
B.
Macro variables are stored in symbol tables, which list the

macro variable name and its value
There is a global symbol table, which stores all global macro

variables.
Local macro variables are stored in a local symbol table that
SAS Training 269
is created at the beginning of the execution of a macro.
Global Macro Variables
%let county=Clark;
%macro concat;
data _null_;
length longname $20;
longname="&county"||" County";
put longname;
run;
%mend concat;
%concat
Calling the macro CONCAT produces the following statements:

data _null_;
length longname $20;
longname="Clark"||" County";
put longname;
run;
The PUT statement writes the following to the SAS log:

Clark County
SAS Training 270
The new macro variable definition simply

updates the existing global one.
SAS Training 271

Local Macro Variables
• Local macro variables are defined within an

individual macro
• Each macro you invoke creates its own local
symbol table.
• Local macro variables exist only as long as a
particular macro executes; when the macro
stops executing, all local macro variables for
that macro cease to exist.
SAS Training 272

Eg:
%macro holinfo(day,date);
%let holiday=Christmas;
%put *** Inside macro: ***;
%put *** &holiday occurs on &day, &date, 1997.
***;
%mend holinfo;
%holinfo(Thursday,12/25)
%put *** Outside macro: ***;

%put *** &holiday occurs on &day, &date, 1997.
***; SAS Training 273
The %PUT statements write the following to the SAS log:
*** Inside macro: ***

*** Christmas occurs on Thursday, 12/25, 1997. ***
*** Outside macro: ***

WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference HOLIDAY not
resolved.
WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference DAY not resolved.
WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference DATE not
resolved.
*** &holiday occurs on &day, &date, 1997. ***
As you can see from the log, the local macro variables
DAY, DATE, and HOLIDAY resolve inside the macro, 274
SAS Training
but
outside the macro they do not exist and therefore do
SAS Training 275

Data Step Interfaces
DATA step interfaces consist of tools that enable a

program to interact with the macro facility during
DATA step execution.
1) CALL SYMPUT : Assigns DATA step information to a

macro variable
2) SYMGET : Returns the value of a macro variable

during DATA step execution
SAS Training 276

CALL SYMPUT
Syntax:
CALL SYMPUT(macro-variable,value);
Eg:
1)call symput('new','testing');
Assigns the character string testing to macro variable NEW
2) data team1;
input position : $8. player : $12.;
call symput(position,player);
cards;
shortstp Ann
pitcher Tom
frstbase Bill ;
This DATA step creates the three macro variables SHORTSTP, PITCHER,
and FRSTBASE and respectively assign them the values ANN, TOM, and
BILL. SAS Training 277
CALL SYMPUT
3) data team2;
input position $12. player $12.;
call symput('POS'||left(_n_), position);
cards;
shortstp Ann
pitcher Tom
frstbase Bill
;
This form is useful for creating a series of macro
variables. For example, the CALL SYMPUT statement
builds a series of macro variable names by combining
the character string POS and the left-aligned value of _N_
and assigns values to SAS
theTraining
macro variables POS1, POS2,
278
Create macro varialbes ssn1,

ssn2,….sssn from ssn variable
in dept1 dataset using CALL
SYMPUT
SAS Training 279

Solution
Data _null_;
set dept1;
call symput (‘ssn’||left(_n_),ssn);
run;
SAS Training 280

SYMGET
Syntax
SYMGET(argument)
Eg:
1) x=symget('g');
Assign the value of the macro variable G to the DATA step
variable X.
2) length key $ 8;
input code $;
key=symget(code);
Assigns the value stored in the DATA step variable CODE,
which contains a macro variable name, to the DATA step
variable KEY
3) score=symget('s'||left(_n_));
Assigns the letter sSAS
and the number of the current
Training 281
Macro Functions and Expressions
The macro functions and expressions are similar to data
step functions except that they are used with macro
variables only and are preceded by % symbol
Eg:
%upcase(&macvar);
%substr(&macvar,3,2);
%EVAL(&num1 + &num2);
%If &x = 1 %then %do;

%end;
%do i=1 %to 5;

data dat&i
%end;; SAS Training 282
Macro Quoting
Macro quoting functions tell the macro processor to
interpret special characters and mnemonics as text
rather than as part of the macro language.
If you did not use a macro quoting function to mask the
special characters, the macro processor or the rest of
the SAS System might give the character a meaning you
did not intend.
Eg:
• Is %sign a call to the macro SIGN or a phrase "percent sign"?
• Is OR the mnemonic Boolean operator or the abbreviation for
Oregon?
• Is the quote in O'Malley an unbalanced single quotation mark
or just part of the name?
• Is Boys&Girls a reference to the macro variable &GIRLS or a
group of children?
SAS Training 283

Macro Quoting
The following macro quoting functions are most commonly
used:
• %STR and %NRSTR
• %BQUOTE and %NRBQUOTE
• %SUPERQ
Eg:
%let print=proc print; run;; /* ERROR */
To avoid the ambiguity and correctly assign the value

of PRINT, you must mask the semicolons with the
macro quoting function %STR, as follows:
%let print=%str(proc print; run;);
SAS Training 284

Sas

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What is SAS?

 Statistical Analysis Software

 Main Uses of SAS

View the Log Created by

•ID, HT and WT are Numeric Variables

A SAS program is constructed from two building

PROC PRINT DATA = distance;

 Any combination of Data Step and/or Procedures may be

DATA steps PROC

 Read and modify data Perform specific analysis or

 Every SAS statement end with a semicolon.

 Continue on the next line

 Be on the same line as other statements

 Start in any column

Describes the arrangement of

$ - indicates to store the variable value as a

pointer-control - moves the input pointer to a

informat. - specifies an informat to use to read the

Resulting SAS data set

It can read these input data records:

* IN option indicates which data set record

Details : The ROUND function returns a value rounded to the nearest

SAS Statement Results

SAS Statement Results

x4=sum(of x1-x3, 101

SAS Statement Results

SAS Statement Results

name=upcase('John B. JOHN B. SMITH

SAS Statement Results

Function SUBSTR(left of =) Examples :

SAS Statement Results

SAS Statement Results

Function SCAN Examples :

SAS Statement Results

Function TRANSLATE Examples :

SAS Statement Results

SAS Statements Results

SAS Statements Results

There are two kinds of SAS statements:

 those used in DATA step programming

Details : The DELETE statement is often used in a THEN clause of

Example 1: Using the DELETE Statement as Part of an IF-THEN

if leafwt=. then delete;

Example 2: Using the DELETE Statement to Subset Raw Data

Details : The DO statement is the simplest form of DO group

In this simple DO group, the statements between DO and END are

Details : The KEEP statement causes a DATA step to write only

LABEL variable-1=' ' . . . <variable-n=' '>;

Statement LABEL Examples :

 These examples show the correct syntax for renaming variables

 Basic WHERE Statement Usage

If the conditions that are specified in the IF clause are

• if status='OK' and type=3 then count+1;

• if age ne agecheck then delete;

• Observations are in ascending order of the variable DEPT:

• Observations are in ascending order of SALESREP and, within

• Observations are ordered by the name of the month in which

 This RETAIN statement assigns the initial value 1 to the variable

 /* writes the current observation */

The null PUT statement

the current output line is blank.

PUT statement with a trailing @.