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Goals of Tourism Development
• Offer a framework for raising the standard of living
of the people through the economic benefits of
tourism.
• Improve the infrastructure and provide recreation
facilities for tourists and local residents.
• Create types of development within the tourist
centers and resorts that are suitable to the
purposes of these areas.
• Offer a development program that is in
accordance with the cultural, social, and economic
philosophy of the government and the people of
the host country or destination.
Hindrances to Tourism Development
Hindrances to Tourism Supply
These are hindrances in changing potential supply to
actual supply. These are the following:
• Lack of transportation and access routes to the
tourist center
• Lack of accommodation
• Inadequate financing of infrastructure such as
water supply, power supply, and sanitation
• Lack of sufficient number of trained personnel
Internal Hindrances
These are hindrances that are found within the
destination area that can be corrected or removed by
direct or voluntary means. These are the following:
• Price fluctuation, in general and price fluctuation
in tourist supply, in particular
• Increasing price of tourism
• Decrease in the income of potential tourists
• Lack of effective publicity
Theories on Tourism Development
Christaller’s Theory
Walter Christaller is a German geographer and
planner. He published his article on the process of
continuous development of tourist areas in 1963. His
ideas can be summarized as follows:
• Destinations develop and change over time;
• There are different types of visitors at different
times;
• The tourist experience changes over time;
• The impacts on the destinations change over time;
• The involvement of local in tourism destinations
change over time; and
• New cycles involving new tourist destinations will
occur.
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Plog’s Theory
Stanley Plog is an American researcher. In 1973, he
developed a theory that the popularity of a
destination is related to the inherent personalities of
travelers. He classified travelers according to their
personalities as follows:
• Psychocentrics – travelers who like to visit familiar
environments or cultures; they prefer ‘safe’
destinations; they do not like experimenting with
accommodations, food, nor entertainment; they
seek experience that do not create personal stress
or involve unusual situations.
• Allocentrics – travelers who have a strong need for
new and varied experiences; they seek
destinations that are unfamiliar and with totally
different culture and environments; they prefer to
stay in native lodgings and try new food and
entertainment.
• Midcentrics – travelers who are not adventurous
but they are not afraid to try new experiences so
long that these are not too challenging.
Cohen’s Theory
This researcher developed this theory in 1972. His
theory is related to the behavior of tourists. He
classified tourists into four (4) categories namely:
• Organized Mass Tourists. These tourists travel in
groups; they buy a packaged tour which is
arranged in advanced by a travel agent or a tour
operator.
• Individual Mass Tourists. Each member of this
group has a certain degree of control over his time
and itinerary and is not bound to a group. He
makes his individual decision about his activities.
• Explorers. These tourists arrange their own trip.
They associate with local residents and try to
speak the local language but they do not fully
adopt the lifestyle of the host destination.
• Drifters. These tourists avoid contact with other
tourists. They stay with the locals and share their
food, shelter, and habits. They are almost fully
immersed in the host culture and retain only the
most basic of their native custom. Most
importantly, they do not consider themselves as
tourists.
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Doxey’s Theory The processes during each stage are as follows:

This researcher developed this theory in 1975. He Stage Characteristics
called it Irritation Index, also known as Irridex. This Exploration Few adventurous tourists, visiting sites
theory suggests that over time, as the locals become with no public facilities
more hostile to visitors, the number of visitors will Visitors attracted to the resort by a
not continue to grow at the same previous rate and natural physical feature
may actually decline. The following figure is the Specific visitor type of a select nature
summary of the process: Involvement Limited interaction between locals and
the developing tourism industry leads to
Euphoria Visitors are welcome and there is the provision of basic services.
little planning. Increased advertising induces a definable
Apathy Visitors are taken for granted and pattern of seasonal variation.
contact becomes more formal. Definite market area begins to emerge.
Annoyance Saturation is approached and the Development Development of additional tourist
facilities and increased promotional
local people have misgivings.
efforts
Planners attempt to control via
Greater control of the tourist trade by
increasing infrastructure rather than
outsiders
limiting growth.
Number of tourists at peak periods far
Antagonism Open expression of irritation and
outweighs the size of the resident
planning is remedial, yet promotion population, inducing rising antagonism
is increased to offset the by the latter towards the former.
deteriorating reputation of the Consolidation Tourism has become a major part of the
resort. local economy but growth rates have
Doxey’s Irritation Index, Doxey, 1975
begun to level off.
Butler’s Theory A well-delineated business district has
Butler is a geographer who developed a theory that taken shape.
was built on the ideas of Christaller, Plog, Cohen, and Some of the older deteriorating facilities
Doxey. In 1980, he acknowledged that his theory was are perceived as second rate.
also based on the product life cycle. Local efforts are made to extend the
tourist season.
When applied to tourist destinations, the model Stagnation Peak numbers of tourists and capacity
suggests that resorts develop and change over time levels are reached.
and that there are certain stages as shown in the The resort has a well-established image,
figure below. He studied that during these stages, but it is no longer in fashion.
the destination has an increasing number of tourists. The accommodation stock is gradually
eroded and properly turnover rates are
high.
Post- Either extreme rejuvenation or decline is
stagnation possible, reflecting a range of options
that may be followed, depending partly
on the success of local management
decisions.

Reference:
The resort cycle of evolution. Butler, 1980 Lansangan-Cruz, Z. (2011). Tourism planning and development. Manila:
National Bookstore.

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