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CHAPTER 2 (C01-P03)
Learning Outcome
1) Able to determine deformation for statically determinate beams by using Castigliano’s 2nd theorem.
2) Able to determine deformation for statically determinate frames by using Castigliano’s 2 nd theorem.
3) Able to determine deformation for statically determinate trusses by using Castigliano’s 2 nd theorem.
In 1879 Alberto Castigliano, an Italian railroad engineer, published a book in which he outlined a method
for determining the deflection or slope at a point in a structure.
The formula for the Castigliano 2nd Theorem for beam and frame deflections is as follows.
Where
∆ = external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam or
frame.
M = internal moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and caused by both
In a similar manner, if the slope at a point is to be determine, we must find the partial derivative of the
internal moment M with respect to an external couple moment M’ acting at the point i.e.
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
The following step-by-step procedure can be used to determine the slopes and deflections of beams and
frames by Castigliano’s 2nd theorem.
1. Place a force P on the beam or frame at the point and in the direction of the desired displacement. If
the slope is to be determined, place a couple moment M’ at the point. It is assumed that both P and M’
have a variable magnitude.
2. Calculate reactions at the support in terms of P /M’ by using Equilibrium Equations.
3. For each segment of the beam/frame, determine the equation expressing the variation of the bending
moment along the length of the segment in terms of a position coordinate x. It is usually convenient
to consider the bending moments as positive in accordance with the beam sign convention.
4. Compute the partial derivative or for each coordinate x.
5. After M and or have been determined, assign P or M’ its numerical value if it has
replaced a real force or couple moment. Otherwise, set P or M’ equal to zero.
6. Apply Equation to determine the desired displacement or slope . If the resultant sum of all the
definite integral is positive, displacement or slope is in the same direction of P or M’.
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Below is a simply supported beam ABCD subjected uniformly distributed load of 25 kN/m along member
ABC whereas joint B and D are subjected to a point load of 100 kN and 150 kN, respectively. The total
length of the beam is 25 m. By taking E is 200 GPa and I is 500 x 106 mm4.
100 kN 150 kN
25 kN/m
B D
A 10 m 10 m C 5m
Figure 2.1
Solution:
Since the vertical displacement is to be determined at B, place a vertical force P on the beam at B as
shown. Then, determine reactions at each support using equilibrium equation in terms of P.
P 150 kN
25 kN/m
Ay
B D
Ay 10 m 10 m Cy 5m
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Solve the reactions for the real beam/system using Equilibrium Equation.
∑MA = 0,
Cy = (8750 + 10P) / 20
Cy = 437.5 + 0.5P
∑Fy = 0,
Ay + Cy - 25(20) - P - 150 = 0
Ay = 212.5 + 0.5P
∑Fx = 0,
Ax = 0 kN
Member AB (origin A) 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 m
25 kN/m
M
A
212.5 + 0.5P
∑M = 0,
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Member BC (origin A) 10 ≤ x ≤ 20 m
25 kN/m
x B
10 m ( x – 10) m
212.5 + 0.5P
∑M = 0,
Member CD (origin D) 0 ≤ x ≤ 5 m
150 kN
M
D
x
∑M = 0,
M + 100(x) = 0
M = -100x
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
∆B = +
1.∆D =
∆D =
∆D =
∆D =
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Since the rotation is to be determined at D, place a moment M’ on the beam at D as shown. Then,
determine reactions at each support using equilibrium equation in terms of M’.
100 kN 150 kN
25 kN/m
M’
B D
A 10 m 10 m C 5m
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
BC A 10 – 20
CD D 0-5
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Self-Learning Exercise
Question 1
Below is a cantilever beam ABCD subjected uniformly distributed load of 25 kN/m along member ABC
whereas joint B and D are subjected to a point load of 100 kN and 150 kN, respectively. The total length
of the beam is 25 m.
a) Using Castigliano’s 2nd theorem, determine vertical displacement at joint D in terms of EI.
b) If rotation at joint C is 0.05 radian clockwise, determine value of flexural rigidities, EI.
100 kN 150 kN
25 kN/m
B C D
A 10 m 10 m 5m
Figure 2.2
Solution:
a) Using Castigliano’s 2nd theorem, determine vertical displacement at joint D in terms of EI.
Step 1: Reactions in terms of P
Since the deflection is to be determined at D, place P on the beam at D as shown. Then, determine
reactions at each support using equilibrium equation in terms of P.
100 kN P
25 kN/m
B C D
A 10 m 10 m 5m
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
BC
CD
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
b) If rotation at joint C is 0.05 radian clockwise, determine value of flexural rigidities, EI.
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Question 2
Below is a cantilever beam ABCD subjected uniformly distributed load of 25 kN/m along member ABC
whereas joint B and D are subjected to a point load of 100 kN and 150 kN, respectively. The total length
of the beam is 25 m. Using Castigliano’s 2nd theorem determine vertical displacement at joint D in terms
of EI.
100 kN 150 kN
25 kN/m
2EI B 2EI C EI D
A
10 m 10 m 5m
Figure 2.3
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Question 3
Below is a simply supported beam ABCD subjected uniformly distributed load of 25 kN/m along member
ABC whereas joint B and D are subjected to a point load of 100 kN and 150 kN, respectively. The total
length of the beam is 25 m.
100 kN 150 kN
25 kN/m
B D
10 m 10 m C 5m
A
Figure 2.4
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Below is a rigid jointed plane frame ABCD with pinned supported at A and supported on roller at D.
There is a point load of 200 kN subjected at B. Beam CD is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of
magnitude 50 kN/m. By taking E is 200 GPa and I is 500 x 106 mm4.
50 kN/m
D
C EI
2EI 4m
200 kN B
2EI 4m
8m
Figure 2.5
Solution:
Analysis of frame is equal to analysis of beam since we only consider bending effect in the frame.
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
In the general case where L, A and E are constant for a given member, we may write the equation for
truss as
N L
N
P AE
Where
N = internal force in a member caused by both the force P and the loads on the truss.
L = length of a member
N
This equation is similar to that used for the method of virtual work, except n is replaced by . Notice
P
that in order to determine this partial derivative, it will be necessary to treat P as a variable (not a specific
numerical quantity), and furthermore, each member force N must be expressed as a function of P.
N
As a result, computing generally requires slightly more calculation than required to compute each n
P
force directly.
N
These terms will of course be the same since n or is simply the change of the internal member force
P
with respect to the load P, or the change in member force per unit load.
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
The following procedure provides a method that may be used to determine the displacement of any joint
of a truss using Castigliano’s 2nd theorem.
Example 3
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in Figure 6 using Castigliano’s
second theorem. The cross-sectional area of each member is A = 300 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
F E
3m
D
A
B C
3m 3m 3m
20 kN 20 kN
Figure 2.6
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Solution:
Place a force P on the truss at the joint where the desired displacement is to be determined. This force is
assumed to have a variable magnitude and should be directed along the line of action of the displacement.
F E
A D
0
B C
0.333P+13.33 20 kN P 0.667P+6.67
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Determine the force N in each member caused by both the real loads and the variable force P. Assume
tensile forces are positive and compressive forces are negative.
N
Compute the respective partial derivative for each member.
P
N
After N and have been determined, assign P its numerical value if it has replaced a real force on the
P
truss. Otherwise, set P equal to zero.
BC
CD
FE
BF
CE
AF
BE
DE
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Apply Castigliano’s 2nd theorem to determine the desired displacement Δ. It is important to retain the
N
algebraic signs for corresponding of N and when substituting these terms into the equation.
P
N L
Cv N
P AE
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Question 4
A pin-jointed truss is shown in Figure 2.8. The truss has pinned support at A and D as shown. The truss
is subjected to a vertical load of 150 kN at joint C and 50 kN at joint B. By assuming that EA is constant
for all members, Take E = 200 GPa and A = 500 mm2 for all members.
50 kN 150 kN
B C
A
3m
E
D
4m 6m
Figure 2.8
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
Question 5
A pin-jointed truss is shown in Figure 2.9. The truss has pinned support at A and supported on roller at E
as shown. The truss is subjected to a vertical load of 150 kN at joint D and unknown horizontal load, Q at
joint C. By assuming that EA is constant for all members, Take E = 200 GPa and A = 500 mm2 for all
members.
C
P
4m 150 kN
B 30o
D
6m
A E
Figure 2.9
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
April 2009
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
April 2006
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
November 2005
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
October 2009
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Chapter 2 Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem 2012
October 2006
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