Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HOST: NO MATTER
EMERGED IN AFRICA.
OF THE WORLD'S
6
00:00:32,433 --> 00:00:34,533
10
11
OF CIVILIZATION.
13
IN THIS SERIES,
14
OF HISTORY.
15
16
17
00:01:06,067 --> 00:01:08,667
DISCOVER ART OF
UNPARALLELED BEAUTY
18
19
AND MARVEL
AT THOUSANDS OF YEARS
20
OF BREATHTAKING ARCHITECTURE.
21
22
AND SUFFERED
23
SOMETIMES TRAGIC,
24
YET ENDLESSLY
FASCINATING HISTORY.
25
OF HOW AFRICANS,
26
27
AS WELL.
28
29
30
HOMO SAPIENS,
31
32
33
THROUGH AFRICA,
34
35
AND SAVANNAHS
36
37
38
IN WHICH TO EVOLVE.
39
40
41
42
43
44
THAT IS AROUND
46
GET REPLACED.
47
[THUNDER]
48
HOST: IN 1997,
49
IN ETHIOPIA'S
51
REVEALING
AN EXTRAORDINARY FIND--
52
A HUMAN SKULL.
53
54
TO BE FOUND ANYWHERE
IN THE WORLD.
55
56
57
58
59
60
THIS IS ONE
62
63
ABOUT THIS IS
64
65
66
67
68
69
OF IDALTU'S SKULL
70
EVIDENCE YET
71
EMERGED IN AFRICA.
73
OF THE EVOLUTION
74
75
76
77
78
HOMO SAPIENS
79
80
81
82
83
00:05:06,894 --> 00:05:09,027
84
RESPECTED PALEOANTHROPOLOGISTS
85
86
GROUNDBREAKING DISCOVERIES
87
88
89
HOW DO WE KNOW
90
HUMAN BEINGS
91
EVOLVED ON
92
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
93
94
95
96
THIS IDEA
97
WAS SO DISTURBING
IN SOME QUARTERS?
98
OF PALEOANTHROPOLOGY
99
100
101
PRIMITIVE, HEATHEN,
WHO KNOWS.
102
OF THE SUBHUMAN
STATUS OF AFRICANS
103
BEGINS, REALLY,
IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT,
IRONICALLY ENOUGH.
105
CONSIDERED TO BE
106
107
HOST: CONTINUING
ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS
108
SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS
109
AFRICA ABSOLUTELY
110
111
112
113
114
00:06:35,949 --> 00:06:38,216
115
HOST: GENETICISTS
HAVE IDENTIFIED
116
117
118
119
120
SHE'S KNOWN AS
MITOCHONDRIAL EVE.
121
122
REGION OF AFRICA
123
124
125
GENETIC DIFFERENCES
126
127
128
129
130
00:07:20,327 --> 00:07:23,362
131
132
HYPOTHETICALLY,
133
YEARS AGO,
134
IN A CONTINUOUS CHAIN,
135
00:07:32,906 --> 00:07:36,007
HER MITOCHONDRIAL
DNA SURVIVED.
136
ABSOLUTELY RIGHT.
137
NO MATTER WHAT
WE LOOK LIKE,
138
ARE DESCENDED
139
YEAH, THAT IS
EXACTLY,
140
141
142
143
WE ARE DESCENDED
144
IN AFRICA.
145
146
IN THIS VALLEY?
147
I WOULD IMAGINE
148
QUITE SMALL.
149
MM-HMM.
150
WE HAD PREDATORS,
151
152
ALL AROUND.
153
MM-HMM.
154
IT'S DIFFICULT
FOR US TO IMAGINE
155
PREHISTORIC LIFE
OR A WORLD WITHOUT
156
ANY TRAPPINGS
157
158
AND SO,
159
160
IS ACTUALLY
THE POST-APOCALYPTIC
161
162
163
WORKING TOGETHER,
164
165
166
167
INTERESTING PARALLELS
168
169
170
171
SLOWLY SPREADING
172
00:09:06,433 --> 00:09:08,767
173
YEARS AGO,
174
TO POPULATE
175
176
177
178
BUT THERE'S
NO DOUBT AT ALL
179
POPULATION
180
SOMEWHERE IN THAT
TIME ZONE
181
A HUGE ADVANTAGE.
182
183
I DON'T KNOW
WHAT IT WAS.
184
185
186
WAS BLACK.
187
188
189
190
191
WITHIN THEM.
192
IT WAS CULTURE.
194
DEVELOP TO INCLUDE
195
OF HUMAN CREATIVITY,
196
197
IN 1991, ARCHAEOLOGIST
CHRISTOPHER HENSHILWOOD,
198
00:10:17,938 --> 00:10:20,305
EXPLORING HIS
GRANDFATHER'S LAND,
199
TO A CAVE
200
ON A CLIFF FACE
201
202
203
204
INSIDE IS EVIDENCE
205
OF HUMAN HABITATION,
206
207
WE THOUGHT
208
OF ARTWORK
209
IN FRANCE,
210
DATING BACK
211
212
THEY REALIZED
213
OF ARTISTIC PRODUCTION
214
215
216
217
IN SOUTHERN AFRICA,
218
219
00:11:16,897 --> 00:11:20,398
220
WE DO IN AFRICA,
221
WE CONDUCT,
222
OF HOW
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
COMPLETELY CHANGED
HOW WE UNDERSTAND
230
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF HUMAN CREATIVITITY.
231
232
IS NOW HOUSED IN
233
IN TERMS OF
234
FIRSTLY WHERE
IT WAS FOUND
235
236
MM.
237
WHAT IS INTERESTING
IS THE ETCHING.
238
239
WITH PURPOSE.
240
THAT IF
241
ON IT,
242
AS A STAMP,
243
WHICH TO ME SCREAMS
ARTISTIC EXPRESSION.
244
MM-HMM. MEANING.
245
MEANING.
SYMBOLIC MEANING.
246
247
ARTISTIC ARTIFACTS
THAT WE HAVE.
248
THIS IS A SIGN OF
249
HAD MANAGED
TO EMERGE ABOVE
250
IMMEDIATE CONCERNS
FOR FOOD
251
AND BASIC
HUMAN SURVIVAL.
252
253
I THINK SO.
IT SHOWS THAT
254
COGNIZANT OF
THEIR SURROUNDINGS.
255
256
257
OF A VERY RICH
CULTURAL HERITAGE
258
259
THIS IS ARTWORK.
260
261
262
263
264
265
SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION,
266
267
268
269
270
TO OTHER MEMBERS
272
273
274
275
277
278
279
280
AT SOCIETIES TODAY,
281
282
OF THINGS THAT
283
284
HOST: DEEP
285
286
287
288
289
290
OF PEOPLE SWIMMING
291
GLIMPSES INTO
A LONG-LOST LANDSCAPE.
292
OF SWIMMERS.
293
294
295
296
OF THE SWIMMERS
298
299
300
HOST: HOWEVER,
301
A COMPLETELY
DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT,
302
303
304
305
306
A VERY VIBRANT
BIODIVERSITY.
307
308
ART VERIFIES
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE.
309
ABOUT HOW
310
THE LANDSCAPE
HAS CHANGED
311
HAS CHANGED.
312
00:15:54,608 --> 00:15:56,074
313
A GREEN SAVANNAH.
314
LAKES, RIVERS,
315
THE SAHARA,
316
317
318
THAT ATTRACTS
319
320
321
322
323
00:16:23,003 --> 00:16:24,369
324
CONTINUED TO BE
HUNTER-GATHERERS,
325
TO CULTIVATE PLANTS,
326
327
ACROSS AFRICA
328
329
330
331
332
MIRE: EVERYWHERE
333
335
336
AND SETTLE
IN A SEDENTARY SOCIETY.
337
338
OF AGRICULTURE,
339
IT BECOMES A CRADLE
OF CIVILIZATION.
340
341
342
343
344
345
OF TOWNS,
346
347
THESE COMMUNITIES,
348
349
CONTINUED TO EVOLVE.
350
FARMING DEVELOPED,
351
352
353
354
355
356
EVERYTHING CHANGES,
357
358
359
CHANGE IN CLIMATE,
360
361
00:18:16,850 --> 00:18:18,649
362
363
THE POPULATIONS OF
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
373
374
375
376
378
BECOMES DIVIDED
379
GROUPS
380
GROUPS,
381
PROFESSIONAL BUILDERS,
383
384
385
386
387
388
6,000 YEARS.
389
CREATIVE CULTURE.
390
391
TO BE ENJOYED BY ELITES.
392
394
REALLY? THIS IS
395
YEAH.
396
AND SISTERS
397
398
00:20:07,694 --> 00:20:10,061
399
THICK COMBS
400
401
402
IN THE BURIAL
404
405
SO THESE SYMBOLS
406
BLACK PEOPLE
407
ABSOLUTELY.
408
409
I THOUGHT WE INVENTED
410
[LAUGHTER]
411
AMAZING.
AT THAT DATE
412
OFTEN IT PRESERVES
414
ORGANIC MATERIALS.
415
WE CAN ACTUALLY DO
AN ARCHAEOLOGY
416
OF HAIRDOS
AND HAIRSTYLES.
417
OF HAIRSTYLES?
418
00:20:51,671 --> 00:20:53,171
419
420
421
THERE'S EVEN
422
423
THAT'S ASTONISHING.
424
425
HIGHLY-SKILLED
CRAFTSPEOPLE.
426
BEAUTIFUL POTTERY.
427
STONE VESSELS.
428
VERY VIBRANT,
430
PERSONAL CULTURE
431
MM-HMM.
432
433
LARGER-SCALE INSTITUTIONS
CAN BE BUILT,
435
436
ARE UNITING
437
OR PERHAPS
438
OR EMBLEMS,
439
GROUPS CONSOLIDATE.
440
441
442
443
HOST: IN 1988,
444
445
446
447
CREDITED WITH
448
ANCIENT EGYPT.
449
450
00:22:09,048 --> 00:22:10,881
AT THE END
451
452
OR HIS REIGN,
453
454
455
456
457
458
ANCESTORS COMMUNICATED.
459
AREN'T ARTWORKS.
460
461
AS WE KNOW IT,
462
AS IN FULLY DEVELOPED
EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS,
463
APPEAR FIRST
464
465
467
468
469
THIS IS
A FORMATIVE STAGE
OF HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING.
470
472
IT MIGHT BE
A PLACE NAME.
473
474
USED FOR?
475
THERE'S A HOLE
476
THROUGH THERE,
477
OR A BAG,
478
INDICATING PROPERTY.
479
480
"THIS PROPERTY
BELONGS TO ALICE"?
481
[LAUGHTER]
IT COULD'VE DONE,
482
OR IT COULD'VE SAID,
"THIS MATERIAL
483
COMES FROM
484
ANY IDEA
485
OF THIS
486
PROPERTY IDENTIFICATION
SYSTEM WAS?
487
THIS OBJECT
488
BY THE ELITE,
BY ROYALTY,
489
ROYAL OWNERSHIP OF
490
PARTS OF EGYPT,
PARTS OF LABOR,
491
OVER MATERIALS.
492
493
BEGAN IN MESOPOTAMIA,
494
495
HERE IN AFRICA.
496
498
DARNELL: I THINK
499
500
501
IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA,
502
503
APPEARS TO BE
504
505
506
507
LED TO A CONCENTRATION
OF POWER,
508
509
510
TO COMMUNICATE,
511
TO COMMUNICATE
512
OF WRITING.
513
514
515
IT BECAME A TOOL
516
517
TO MAINTAIN POWER
518
00:25:26,312 --> 00:25:29,513
OF ROYAL ASCENDANCY.
519
TOMB U-J,
520
521
522
IN A LINE OF DEVELOPMENT
THAT LEADS US
523
00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:43,561
524
525
526
OF AN EGYPTIAN BUREAUCRACY
527
YOU HAVE
528
00:25:56,242 --> 00:25:59,176
THE CONSTRUCTION
OF THE PYRAMIDS.
529
PYRAMID OF ALL
530
531
532
533
A TRIUMPH OF
SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION
534
535
536
537
538
539
00:26:27,273 --> 00:26:32,977
540
OF 2 1/2 TONS.
541
542
543
AN AFRICAN CONSTRUCTION,
544
545
546
AND SAYING,
547
548
MORE IMPRESSIVE."
549
550
OF ANCIENT EGYPT
551
552
553
EGYPTIAN MATHEMATICS
554
LABOR FORCE.
556
DER MANUELIAN:
557
HEBREW SLAVES
558
NO BASIS IN REALITY.
559
BUILT BY EGYPTIANS.
560
561
562
THAT, OF COURSE,
563
564
565
00:27:35,808 --> 00:27:38,442
566
567
IN ANCIENT EGYPT.
568
569
FURTHER SOUTH,
570
00:27:51,924 --> 00:27:53,791
IN MODERN-DAY SUDAN,
571
WAS GROWING.
572
573
574
575
577
578
579
580
582
583
BURIAL SITES
584
OF HUMAN SACRIFICE
585
586
00:28:43,275 --> 00:28:44,375
587
588
SEEMED TO BE SOMETHING
OF A SPECTACLE.
589
590
591
592
593
AND KILLED
594
595
SETTLEMENT IN KERMA
596
SETTLEMENTS IN MESOPOTAMIA
598
FORMED INTO
599
600
A COMPLEX SOCIETY
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
00:29:44,103 --> 00:29:45,903
609
BUILT AROUND
MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE
610
AS GRAND AS THAT
OF EARLY EGYPT.
611
612
CENTERED AROUND
WHAT SEEMS TO BE
613
614
615
DIFFERENT SCHOLARS
616
617
IN TERMS OF
618
IT CERTAINLY SEEMS
TO BE THE LARGEST
619
620
621
622
623
624
626
AS KINDRED CIVILIZATIONS
627
AT OPPOSITE ENDS
628
629
630
00:31:06,185 --> 00:31:09,353
631
WAS KUSH.
632
KUSH SUPPLIED
633
TO EGYPT'S FLOURISHING
18TH DYNASTY.
634
635
LED BY HATSHEPSUT
636
BY QUEEN NEFERTITI,
637
638
ENDLESS SUPPLIES
OF EXOTIC GOODS
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
TO ACCOMPANY HIM
647
648
OF THE GODS.
649
650
651
00:32:11,417 --> 00:32:15,352
652
653
AS BEING
654
655
656
657
658
659
REALLY FORCE
660
TO CONTINUE
661
662
663
NUBIA IS
664
BOTH SO ATTRACTIVE
665
666
667
THREATENED BY NUBIA
668
669
AND EGYPT
670
671
A DIFFICULT RELATIONSHIP.
672
673
674
A LOT OF VENOM
675
EVENTUALLY, RIVALRY
LED TO CONFLICT,
676
CULMINATING IN A WAR
15 CENTURIES OF INDEPENDENT
KUSHITE RULE.
678
679
680
681
683
684
OF A FLOTILLA OF SHIPS,
685
PHARAOH THUTMOSE I
686
687
OF ROYAL BLOOD,
689
690
691
692
IS THUTMOSE IS GOING
693
694
695
OF THIS KINGDOM
696
697
698
699
700
OF DIFFERENT WAYS.
701
OF THE CONQUEST,
702
703
HE DECLARED,
705
706
707
708
IN NUBIA EXPANDS.
709
710
EGYPTIAN RULE
711
712
713
KUSHITE ROYAL
TRADITIONS SURVIVED,
714
00:35:26,278 --> 00:35:28,912
715
IS INCORPORATED
716
717
718
719
721
722
723
724
725
00:35:58,110 --> 00:36:00,677
726
727
A LOCAL RELEVANCE
728
729
730
731
THEIR OWN,
732
INCORPORATING HIM
733
734
APEDEMAK.
735
736
00:36:31,076 --> 00:36:34,211
737
OF JEBEL BARKAL.
738
A SACRED PLACE
739
740
741
SYMBOLIZED A SERPENT
742
743
744
745
746
748
THEIR TEMPLES
749
750
PARTS OF KUSH
751
752
BY LIBYAN TRIBES,
753
AND FRAGMENTED.
754
755
756
757
758
00:37:27,366 --> 00:37:30,200
DRIVEN IN PART
759
760
761
762
HE VERY SIGNIFICANTLY
763
764
OF KINGSHIP.
765
NORTHWARD TO EGYPT,
766
PORTRAYING KUSH
767
DARNELL: NUBIA
768
BECAUSE THEY'RE
770
771
772
773
774
00:38:15,013 --> 00:38:18,081
775
CURRENTLY IN CONTROL
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
READY TO INVADE
783
EMPIRE OF EGYPT.
784
786
OF MY FINGERS."
787
IN A CAMPAIGN THAT
788
789
OF EGYPT'S PHARAOHS.
791
THE KUSHITES,
792
793
794
795
00:39:27,552 --> 00:39:28,952
796
TO THE NORTH,
797
AND OBVIOUSLY,
798
799
OVER AN EMPIRE
800
801
802
803
804
805
807
808
ARE SO CLOSELY
ASSOCIATED, IDEOLOGICALLY.
809
810
BY A DYNASTY
811
00:40:11,897 --> 00:40:16,499
812
RESTORING PROSPERITY
AND STABILITY
813
BACK TO EGYPT.
814
815
OF MODERN-DAY
816
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
817
818
SOMETIME BETWEEN
819
SMALL COMMUNITIES
OF CRAFTSPEOPLE
820
821
AFRICAN SOIL,
822
A BY-PRODUCT--IRON.
823
INVENTIONS THAT
824
ACTUALLY HAS
A TREMENDOUS IMPACT.
825
EHRET: WE SUSPECT
826
FOR ORNAMENTATION.
827
828
829
830
831
FOURSHEY: IN TERMS
OF CONVERTING ECONOMIES
833
TO AGRICULTURE,
834
PARTICULARLY AS CURRENCIES,
835
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION.
836
838
839
840
841
COULD BE SMELTED
842
843
844
BEGINS RIGHT
845
846
847
OVER IN MALI.
849
850
851
TO PRODUCE A SMELT
852
854
PEOPLE TALK
ABOUT CIVILIZATIONS,
855
856
857
LOOK AT HISTORY,
858
00:42:36,408 --> 00:42:41,044
859
860
861
862
863
865
866
ARTISTIC HERITAGE
867
868
OF MODERN-DAY NIGERIA
869
00:43:07,472 --> 00:43:09,739
MILLENNIUM B.C.,
870
871
HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED,
872
INTRICATELY DETAILED,
873
874
00:43:22,387 --> 00:43:24,354
REMAINS A MYSTERY.
875
THEY'RE KNOWN AS
876
877
IN 1943, A FARMER
878
879
ON CLOSER INSPECTION,
FAGG ESTIMATED
880
881
882
FOUND IN AFRICA.
883
ELABORATE HAIRSTYLES
884
SO, WE ASSUME
IT DEPICTS PEOPLE,
886
IN CEREMONIAL ATTIRE.
887
888
TRAVELING ARTISTS
889
FOR INDIVIDUALS.
890
891
OR DISTINCTIVE
RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS.
892
A LOT OF SENSE
893
894
896
IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY
897
898
HOST: THROUGHOUT
CENTRAL AFRICA,
899
NEW COMMUNITIES
901
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
902
903
IT'S KNOWN AS
904
905
00:44:57,849 --> 00:45:03,119
906
907
908
909
910
00:45:18,236 --> 00:45:20,937
911
THIS GREAT
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
912
913
THAN IN MEROE.
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
00:45:50,468 --> 00:45:55,672
922
923
924
EVIDENCE OF WHICH
925
AT MEROE.
926
927
OF MEROE.
928
929
930
ON ITS ABUNDANT
RESERVES OF GOLD,
931
932
933
934
935
THAT MEROE
936
938
939
940
941
942
943
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN--
944
945
946
947
ANNEXING TERRITORIES
FROM BRITAIN
948
949
ONTO KUSH.
950
951
BOUNDARY OF EGYPT
952
FURTHER INTO
MEROITIC TERRITORY,
953
00:47:21,659 --> 00:47:24,193
954
TO PUSH BACK.
955
ROMAN ADVANCE
956
957
958
959
960
961
WE HAVE 4 OF THESE
962
TERRIFICALLY EFFECTIVE.
963
NAMED AMANIRENAS,
965
966
967
968
AMANIRENAS REIGNED
969
00:48:11,376 --> 00:48:13,509
SAID TO HAVE
970
971
972
AS A MILITARY LEADER
AND STRATEGIST.
973
974
975
IN ROMAN DOCUMENTS,
976
977
MEROITIC SCRIPT.
978
979
MAN: IT DATES
FROM THE SECOND HALF
980
OF THE FIRST
CENTURY B.C.
981
SO...
982
983
984
THAT IS A PROBLEM.
986
987
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES,
988
989
990
991
NATIVE SPEAKER
992
TO READ ME A TEXT
IN POLISH.
993
TO READ IT PERFECTLY,
994
995
BE ABLE
TO UNDERSTAND IT,
996
AND NAMES.
997
998
999
EXACTLY. SO,
THIS IS GIVING US
1000
OF THE STORY
1001
OF THE WAR
1002
UNFORTUNATELY, WE ARE
1003
TO SEE WHAT
1004
HOST: AMANIRENAS
1005
AUGUSTUS CAESAR
1006
1007
1008
1009
IN THE KINGDOM
1010
ARE STEPPING
CAESAR AUGUSTUS,
IS THAT IT?
1012
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
1013
1014
1015
1016
00:50:10,461 --> 00:50:12,828
1017
AMANIRENAS' CLEVER
MILITARY TACTICS
1018
1019
NUBIAN QUEEN
1020
SUCCESSFULLY BROKERED
A PEACE TREATY
1021
00:50:23,875 --> 00:50:26,409
1022
TELLING ME
1023
A ONE-EYED
BLACK WOMAN
1024
1025
IN 23 B.C.,
1026
OF KUSH?
1027
YES. YEAH,
1028
HOST: AMANIRENAS,
1029
1030
1031
1033
1034
HISTORY FLOWS.
1035
1036
1038
1039
ACROSS MILLENNIA
1040
AS PROFOUND REFUTATIONS
OF THE CLAIM
1041
1042
1043
HISTORY OF AFRICA,
1044
1045
1046
1047
IN AFRICA,
1048
1049
1050
AS A RESULT,
1051
1052
ANNOUNCER: ON "AFRICA'S
GREAT CIVILIZATIONS"...
1053
00:52:03,841 --> 00:52:04,507
1054
1055
1056
1057
OF THIS EMPIRE
1058
1060
1061
1062
1063
ANNOUNCER:
1064
1065
1066
EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS
HAPPENED IN AFRICA,
1067
1068
1069
1071
OF THIS EMPIRE,
1072
OF THE CONTINENT,
1073
WOULD BE ALTERED
BY THE EMERGENCE
1074
OF GLOBAL CHANGE--
1075
1076
1077
PROFOUND EFFECTS
1078
TO WORSHIP GOD,
1079
1080
00:53:30,034 --> 00:53:33,168
1081
INTO CLASHES,
1082
IN BLOODY CONFLICTS.
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1092
SOUTHERN NEIGHBORS
1093
IN THE KINGDOMS
1094
1095
EAGER TO ACQUIRE
OF EGYPTIAN PHARAOHS.
1097
1098
1099
1100
1102
1103
"THE PERIPLUS
1104
REMARKABLE TEXTS
1105
SURVIVING FROM
1106
00:55:11,258 --> 00:55:14,893
1107
1108
HE ENCOUNTERED
1109
TO AN AFRICAN KINGDOM
1110
1111
00:55:26,473 --> 00:55:29,141
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
AND STRETCHED
ACROSS THE RED SEA
1117
1118
1119
1120
SILVER, GOLD,
1121
1122
00:56:02,576 --> 00:56:04,576
1123
1124
PROVIDING A GATEWAY
1125
1126
A COLORFUL ACCOUNT
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1134
1135
IN THE CENTER
1136
STUNNING EMPIRE,
1137
REMARKABLE MONUMENTS
1138
1139
PHALLIC SYMBOLS
1140
1141
1142
1143
OF A CIVILIZATION.
1144
ERECTED BETWEEN
1145
CENTURIES A.D.
1146
AS GRAVE MARKERS
1147
THEY'RE TALLER
1148
1149
TO EXPLAIN TO ME
1150
1151
1152
1153
1155
OF 5 KILOMETERS
1156
1157
1158
1159
00:57:57,091 --> 00:57:59,558
1160
1161
1162
THE CARVING
PROCESS, THEY
1163
DEFINITELY USED
CHISELING.
1164
SO, ERR,
1165
1166
TOOK PLACE
1167
...WOULD BE ERECTED.
1168
1169
00:58:19,880 --> 00:58:21,680
PROBABLY
10 YEARS, 9 YEARS.
1170
10 YEARS?
YEAH.
1171
TAKE TO MOVE IT
1172
1173
DRAG IT
1174
10 YARDS
1175
OR 15 YARDS A DAY.
1176
1177
ABOUT 3 YEARS.
1178
1179
WE DON'T KNOW
CERTAINLY,
1180
HISTORICAL SOURCES,
1181
FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL
1182
EXCAVATIONS THAT
ARE MADE AT
1183
DIFFERENT TIMES
IN THIS AREA,
1184
TO BE MADE FOR
1185
ELLA AMIDA.
1186
ELLA AMIDA
THE FIRST.
1187
AND WHEN
DID HE LIVE?
1188
1189
OF AXUM.
1191
1192
1193
1194
WE THINK THAT
1195
00:59:20,507 --> 00:59:23,575
1196
1197
1198
ABEBAW,
THAT'S AMAZING.
1199
LOOK AT THOSE
SHAFTS OF LIGHT.
1200
00:59:37,324 --> 00:59:38,390
YEAH.
1201
1202
AS OPPOSED TO
1203
THESE ARE
TOMBS OF KINGS.
1204
THEY DEPOSIT
1205
1206
THEY DEPOSIT
1207
THE VALUABLES
OF THE KINGS.
1208
IN EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS
1209
1210
1211
1212
IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS.
1213
REMAINS UNEXCAVATED
1214
MODERN BUILDINGS,
1215
ON THE STELE
1216
1217
WOMAN: AS YOU
1218
OF WINDOWS.
1219
1220
1221
OF 20,000 PEOPLE.
1222
A MONUMENTAL PALACE
1223
1224
WERE LINED
1225
ON ITS WEALTH,
1227
1228
1229
EXTRAORDINARY RESOURCES
1230
WAS PARAMOUNT--FRANKINCENSE.
1231
01:01:02,776 --> 01:01:06,978
AN INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY
1232
OF RELIGIOUS PRESTIGE
1233
BECAUSE INCENSE
1234
1235
OF A TREE
1236
OF ETHIOPIA,
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1243
SOUGHT-AFTER COMMODITY.
1244
THIS LED TO
LONG-DISTANCE TRADE.
1245
1246
1247
01:01:58,265 --> 01:02:00,899
AFRICAN EMPIRES,
1248
1249
1250
LIE IN AN EQUALLY
REMARKABLE CIVILIZATION
1251
THAT THRIVED
1252
1253
1254
1255
QUEEN OF SHEBA.
1256
1257
IS EXCAVATING ARTIFACTS
1258
1259
1260
TO HAVE BEEN
1261
OF ITS RULERS.
1262
CALLED SABA,
1264
IN SOUTHERN ARABIA.
1265
AS SHEBA,
1266
1267
THAT SABAEANS
1268
1269
1270
1271
SABAEAN ARCHITECTS
1272
AND IN FACT
1273
01:04:36,590 --> 01:04:38,790
1274
1275
AND CULTURE.
1276
1277
1278
CENTURY B.C.,
1279
1280
TESTIMONY WE HAVE
1281
OF PRE-CHRISTIAN BELIEFS
1282
WINDMULLER-LUNA:
1283
1284
AND INSCRIPTIONS
1285
THAT ARCHAEOLOGISTS
1286
1287
AS WELL AS
1288
1289
OF HORNED ANIMAL.
1290
1291
ARE SYMBOLS
1292
1293
1294
1295
A SHARED WORSHIP.
1296
1297
WORSHIPPED IN AXUM.
1298
1299
ABOUT TO BE TRANSFORMED
1300
BY A REVOLUTIONARY FORCE
SWEEPING THROUGH
1301
1302
A NEW RELIGION
1303
1305
IN THE PROCESS.
1306
KNOWN AS CHRISTIANITY.
1307
1308
PRACTICING CHRISTIANS
IN AFRICA,
1309
AND MANY OF US
1310
CHRISTIANITY CAME
TO THE CONTINENT
1311
1312
NOTHING COULD BE
1313
AS QUICKLY AS IT DID
1315
CHRISTIANITY IN AFRICA
1316
OF EUROPEAN MISSIONARIES
1317
1318
CORNER OF AFRICA,
1319
01:07:13,313 --> 01:07:16,714
CHRISTIANITY IS AS ANCIENT
1320
1321
1322
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES
1323
IN ALEXANDRIA
IN NORTHERN EGYPT.
1324
1325
IT WAS BUSTLING.
1326
1327
LIKE ALEXANDRIA
1328
1329
1331
[PEOPLE SINGING
IN NATIVE LANGUAGE]
1332
1333
FOR THEOLOGY.
1334
WERE EITHER
1336
SITTING IN ALEXANDRIA
OR IN TUNISIA OR ALGERIA.
1337
IN NORTHEAST AFRICA
1338
DEVELOPED: MONASTICISM.
1339
OLDEST MONASTERIES,
1340
1341
1342
AS THE FOUNDER
1343
SAINT ANTHONY.
1344
1346
AND THAT
1347
1348
THIS IS A VERY
EARLY DEVELOPMENT
1349
1351
1352
OF BEING SELF-SUFFICIENT,
OF WORKING TO MAKE
1353
1354
EDUCATED LEARNED
LITURGICAL CHRISTIANITY.
1355
1356
BECOMES A KIND OF
1357
1358
FOR THINKING,
1359
AND PRESERVING
1360
1361
1362
1363
DOMINANT RELIGIONS
1364
1365
IS TODAY ETHIOPIA,
1366
OF AXUM ITSELF
1367
RELIGIOUS CONVERSION.
1368
AND THIS
1369
1370
OF AXUM SOCIETY,
1371
BECAUSE ONE OF
1372
1373
1374
1375
BUT BECAUSE OF
A PERSONAL DECISION
1376
OF ETHIOPIA'S HISTORY,
1377
OF CHRISTIANITY ITSELF.
1378
1379
1380
IN AXUMITE HISTORY
1381
TO CHRISTIANITY.
1382
CONVERSION STORY,
1383
1384
1385
THEY TRAVELED
1387
A CHRISTIAN MERCHANT
1388
SUBJECTED TO PIRACY.
1389
1390
1392
HOST: ACCORDING
TO ONE RECOUNTING,
1393
1394
1395
IN THE EARLY
1396
01:11:35,441 --> 01:11:36,974
1397
WAS SO COMPELLING,
1398
DECIDED TO EMBRACE
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
HOST: NO MATTER
HOW IT ORIGINATED,
1407
1408
1409
IN THE KINGDOM
1410
1411
1412
01:12:27,627 --> 01:12:29,160
1413
1414
1415
AND A DISC.
1416
1417
1418
PIOUSLY WORSHIPPED
1419
1420
1421
1422
DRAMATICALLY CHANGED,
1424
IN THE WORLD
1425
1426
1427
1428
OF THE CROSS.
1429
1430
1431
HOST: SEEING
1432
1433
COMMERCIAL TIES
1435
WITH CHRISTENDOM.
1436
1437
HAD HIMSELF
1438
CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY
IN 325 A.D.
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
01:14:11,130 --> 01:14:14,632
WAS CONNECTED TO
1445
OR COMMERCIAL POLITICS
OF THE DAY.
1446
HOST:
1447
EZANA HAD
TERRITORIAL AMBITIONS.
1448
IN THE MIDDLE
1449
01:14:30,049 --> 01:14:34,118
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
RIVAL, EGYPT.
1458
1459
1461
AXUM APPEARED AS A
1462
AND BECAUSE
MEROE ECONOMY
1463
1464
1465
01:15:47,160 --> 01:15:49,660
1466
1467
1468
OF THESE GOODS.
1469
HOST: AN INSCRIPTION
1470
ON THE CITY
1471
BY KING EZANA'S
CONQUERING ARMY.
1472
1473
1474
1475
SHOWS THAT
1476
AND BURIED.
1477
ARE SMASHED
1478
1479
SO, WE HAVE
A REAL EVIDENCE
1480
FOR SOMETHING
HAPPENED THERE,
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
01:16:47,753 --> 01:16:50,988
1487
1488
1489
1490
IN NUBIA,
1491
FOR CHRISTIANITY
1492
TO ESTABLISH ITSELF
1493
HERE IN KHARTOUM
1494
IS HOUSED
AN EXTRAORDINARY COLLECTION
1495
OF CHRISTIAN ARTWORKS.
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
HAS A LOT TO DO
1501
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
01:17:57,490 --> 01:18:01,025
VARIOUS CONNECTIONS.
1508
1509
HAD CREATED
1510
1511
CHRISTIANITY THRIVED
1512
01:18:23,916 --> 01:18:26,383
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
AN EXTRAORDINARY DISCOVERY.
1520
1521
OF A SEVENTH-CENTURY
1522
1523
1524
OF LAKE NASSER,
1525
OF EXQUISITE FRESCOES
1526
1527
OF THESE FRESCOES
1528
1529
IS SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE
1530
1531
1532
1533
01:19:54,774 --> 01:19:57,274
ONCE COVERED
1534
AT FARAS CATHEDRAL.
1535
IN REPOSE
1536
A NUBIAN PRINCESS.
1537
1538
01:20:11,424 --> 01:20:14,191
1539
OF THE ANIMALS,
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
A NEW RELIGION--ISLAM--
1546
THE SPIRITUAL
LANDSCAPE OF AFRICA.
1547
1548
1550
1551
1552
1553
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
IN MECCA.
1560
1561
1562
1563
AXUM WAS.
1564
1565
1566
1567
THE UNPOPULAR
1568
OF THE MEDITERRANEAN.
1569
REFER TO THEM
1570
1571
I REFER TO THEM
1572
OF A FORCED CONVERSION
1573
1574
1575
01:22:18,818 --> 01:22:22,085
1576
1577
1578
1579
TO BELIEVE IN A RELIGION.
1580
01:22:43,209 --> 01:22:46,443
1581
1582
1583
OWN INITIATIVE
1584
1585
IN NORTH AFRICA
1586
1587
1588
1589
IN IMPORTANT PARTS
1590
1591
1592
BY THE BEGINNING
1593
OF ALL OF
1594
OF BYZANTIUM,
1595
1596
1597
1598
AT THE MOUTH
OF THE MEDITERRANEAN,
1599
1600
1601
SEEKING TO CONQUER
A EUROPEAN KINGDOM.
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
01:24:10,562 --> 01:24:14,598
1607
SO IMPRESSIVE WERE
1608
1609
1610
1611
KNOWN AS BERBERS
1613
1614
1615
OF A DEROGATORY REFERENCE
1616
1618
1619
1620
1621
FROM AT LEAST
1623
1624
1625
THEIR OWN
1626
1628
OF NORTH AFRICA.
1629
ELAZKEM: BERBERS
1630
1631
TO FIGHT TO LIVE
1633
EXCELLENT WARRIORS.
1634
1635
1636
1638
1639
OF AFRICAN CONQUESTS
1640
OF SOUTHERN EUROPE,
ESPECIALLY IBERIA.
1641
SIDE-BY-SIDE
1643
1644
TARIQ'S FORCE
1645
1646
AT THE MOUTH
OF THE MEDITERRANEAN,
1647
FROM TANGIERS,
1648
1649
1650
1651
OF A LEGENDARY
AFRICAN VICTORY.
1652
1653
1654
1655
5,000 STRONG.
1656
1658
1659
1660
OR WE SHALL PERISH."
1661
1662
OF NORTH AFRICA
1663
1664
1665
1666
HELPED ESTABLISH
1667
STRETCHING ACROSS
1668
1669
1670
1671
SO, INSTEAD OF
1672
1673
1674
BETWEEN TWO
1675
1676
AS POLITICAL ADVISORS, AS
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
IN DAMASCUS, BAGHDAD,
1684
1685
PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE
1686
THE KINGDOM'S
ECONOMIC LIFELINE.
1687
ON ADULIS
1689
BECAUSE OF ITS
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.
1690
1691
IN [INDISTINCT].
1692
AXUM STARTED
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
01:29:50,902 --> 01:29:52,335
LALIBELA.
1699
12 EXTRAORDINARY CHURCHES
1700
1701
1702
ARCHITECTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS
1703
1704
01:30:11,456 --> 01:30:14,924
1705
WHICH AROSE
1706
TRADE ROUTES
1707
IN CHRISTIAN ETHIOPIA.
1708
CATHEDRALS OF EUROPE,
1709
FEAT OF CONSTRUCTION,
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
WAS LALIBELA,
1715
1716
IN ETHIOPIA.
1717
1718
HE HAD A VISION,
1719
1721
1722
1723
1724
WOMAN: LALIBELA IS
1726
1727
EXTRAORDINARY CATHEDRALS.
1728
1729
1731
OF A CROSS,
1732
1733
1734
1736
PART OF LALIBELA.
1737
OF BIETE GOLGOTHA.
1738
IS AN EXPERT
1739
1740
01:32:32,631 --> 01:32:35,932
[INDISTINCT] LALIBELA,
YOU SEE.
1741
LOOK AT HERE.
1742
OH, LOOK AT
THE ALTAR.
1743
OH, THERE'S
KING LALIBELA.
1744
VIRGIN MARY.
1745
THEY MAKE--
1746
1747
THE EXCELLENCE
1748
OF THE BRAIN.
1749
1750
EXACTLY.
1751
1752
OF THE KING?
EXACTLY.
1753
HOLY [INDISTINCT],
1754
SO, IT'S
NOT ALLOWED.
1755
1756
REPRESENTATION OF JERUSALEM.
1757
1758
OF DECADES OF THAT,
1759
1760
1761
IS THE LONGING
1762
IN ETHIOPIA.
1763
IN THIS
1764
[INDISTINCT] CHURCH
IS SYMBOLIZED.
1765
LALIBELA SYMBOLIZES
EVERYTHING TO JERUSALEM.
1766
GOLGOTHA IS
A PLACE WHERE
1767
WAS BURIED...
YES.
1768
1769
1770
12 PILLARS.
ONE FOR EACH...
SYMBOLIZING--
1771
UH, APOSTLE.
EXACTLY.
1772
ALL OF LALIBELA IS
1773
A 3-DIMENSIONAL
BIBLICAL ALLEGORY.
1774
EXACTLY.
READ IT.
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
OF THE OTHER.
1783
1784
1785
LALIBELA IS LIKE
PRESTON BLIER:
1787
OF KIND OF AN IDEAL
PARADISIACAL SETTING
1788
OF LIVING ROCK,
1789
AFRICAN ARCHITECTURE,
1790
IT IS SCULPTURE
1792
REMARKABLE THERE
1793
1794
1795
HOST: 12 CHURCHES
1797
1798
BY SKILLED ARTISANS
1799
1800
1801
01:36:00,338 --> 01:36:03,673
ON ETHIOPIAN SOIL.
1802
IN AFRICA.
1803
[CLANKING]
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
20 ANCIENT MONASTERIES
1811
1812
OF ETHIOPIAN ART.
1813
1814
1815
1816
1818
1819
HOST: IN CHURCHES
1820
THE ETHIOPIAN
1821
1822
01:37:10,075 --> 01:37:12,341
PRESTON BLIER:
1823
1824
1825
THIS IS A PAINTING
OF SAINT MARY.
1826
1827
OF JESUS CHRIST.
1828
LIKE AN INTERMEDIARY
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
IN THE MURALS
1834
AND A MEANS
TO CONNECT INDIVIDUALLY
1835
1836
1837
OFTEN WITH
1839
1840
ETHIOPIAN TRADITION,
1841
TANA KIRKOS,
1842
KIND OF TREASURE,
1843
1844
1845
TO THIS DAY,
1846
1847
1848
01:38:37,395 --> 01:38:39,929
AT LEAST SINCE
1849
1850
1851
INSCRIBED WITH
THE 10 COMMANDMENTS
1852
IN THEIR COUNTRY.
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
IN 1270 A.D.,
1860
A VIOLENT COUP
1861
TO POWER IN ETHIOPIA.
1862
1863
WAS OVERTHROWN BY
A RIVAL--YEKUNO AMLAK--
1864
MYSTICAL CONNECTION
1865
TO THE BIBLE
1866
DIRECT DESCENT
1867
1868
IN JERUSALEM.
1870
1871
1872
1873
OF ETHIOPIAN MONARCHS.
1874
FOUNDED AS
1875
AN EXTENSION OF THIS
EXTRAORDINARY LINEAGE,
1876
1877
1878
HOST: MM-HMM.
1880
1881
THE DYNASTY
1882
MORE LEGITIMATE,
MORE ACCEPTABLE.
1883
THE AUDACITY IS
BREATHTAKING TO SAY
1884
01:40:31,042 --> 01:40:32,208
NOT ONLY
ARE WE LEGITIMATE
1885
1886
THROUGH SOLOMON,
1887
YEAH.
1888
TO GOD HIMSELF.
1889
TO GOD HIMSELF.
1890
GENEALOGICAL CHART.
1891
[LAUGHS]
1892
BELCHER: IT IS AN EXTRAORDINARY
WAY OF LEGITIMATING
1893
1894
1895
NATIONAL MYTH
1896
1897
1898
1899
OF THE ARK.
1901
BELCHER: IN ETHIOPIA,
1902
1903
1904
1906
1907
CHURCH'S CELEBRATION
1908
1909
[CHEERING]
1910
1911
OF ETHIOPIAN CHRISTIANITY
1912
WOULD BE A POWERFUL
1913
1914
PRESTON BLIER:
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
POPULATION OF ETHIOPIA
1921
1922
1923
STILL BELIEVE
1924
RESIDES IN ETHIOPIA,
1925
1926
1927
GREATEST CIVILIZATIONS
WAS BORN.
1928
1929
1930
1931
IN AXUM,
1932
1933
1934
TO THE WIDER
1935
1936
AS GUARDIAN
1937
1938
GREAT RELIGIONS--
1939
1940
1942
IN TURN BY AFRICANS,
1943
TO THE WORLD
1944
CULTURAL LEGACIES.
1945
SALAAM ALAIKUM.
1946
01:44:11,729 --> 01:44:15,498
CONNECTIONS FORGED
1947
1948
1949
OF NEW NETWORKS
1950
1951
01:44:26,844 --> 01:44:29,311
AT THE HEART
1952
ANNOUNCER: ON "AFRICA'S
GREAT CIVILIZATIONS"...
1953
1954
1955
A DRAMATIC TRANSFORMATION.
1956
1957
1958
AFRICAN SOCIETIES
1959
1960
1961
ANNOUNCER:
1963
1964
OR CALL 1-800-PLAY-PBS.
1965