Thermodynamics

ME271

Chapter 7
Lecture 1

Entropy
 Summary
Remind Chap.6
Chapter 7 - Lecture 1
Objectives
Reminder
Today’s
Subjects - Chapter 6: The 2nd law of Thermodynamics -
7.1-Introduction
& Definitions 6.1 Introduction to the 2nd law of thermodynamics
7.2-Entropy
 Introduction to the 2nd law of thermodynamics - Major uses of the 2nd law: - Direction
- Quality
Increase 6.2 Thermal Energy Reservoirs: - Source & - Sink
- Performance
7.3-Entropy Change 6.3 Heat Engines
of Pure Subs.
 Thermal efficiency:
7.4-Entropy It is impossible for any device that operates
Processes  Kelvin-Planck statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics: on a cycle to receive heat from a single
reservoir and produce a net amount of work
7.5-Entropy 6.4 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
Property Diagrams
 Coefficient Of Performance (COP):
7.6-What is  Clausius statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in
Entropy ? a cycle & produces no effect other than the transfer
6.5 Perpetual Motion Machines of heat from a lower-To body to a higher-To body.
Summary
Chapter 7 6.6 Reversible & Irreversible Processes
 Irreversibilities - Internally and Externally irreversible processes.
Examples
6.7 The Carnot Cycle
 The reversed Carnot cycle.
6.8 The Carnot Principles
6.9 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
6.10 The Carnot Heat Engine
6.11 The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
Examples

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6
Chapter 7
Objectives
Entropy
Today’s
Subjects - Objectives -
7.1-Introduction
& Definitions The objectives of Chapter 7 are to:
7.2-Entropy
Increase 1. Apply the 2nd law of thermodynamics to processes.
7.3-Entropy Change
of Pure Subs. 2. Define a new property called entropy to quantify the 2nd law effects.
7.4-Entropy
Processes 3. Establish the increase of entropy principle.
7.5-Entropy
Property Diagrams
4. Calculate the entropy changes that take place during processes for pure
7.6-What is substances, incompressible substances and ideal gases.
Entropy ?

Summary 5. Examine a special class of idealized processes, called isentropic processes, and
Chapter 7
develop the property relations for these processes.
Examples
6. Derive the reversible steady-flow work relations.

7. Develop the isentropic efficiencies for various steady-flow devices.

8. Introduce and apply the entropy balance to various systems.

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6
Chapter 7 - Lecture 1
Objectives
Subjects of
Today’s
Subjects - Chapter 7 - Lecture 1 -
7.1-Introduction
& Definitions 7.1 Entropy
7.2-Entropy
Increase
 Clausius inequality.
7.3-Entropy Change  Validity of the Clausius inequality.
of Pure Subs.
 Clausius definition of entropy.
7.4-Entropy
Processes  A special case: Internally reversible isothermal heat transfer processes.
7.5-Entropy
Property Diagrams
Example
7.6-What is
Entropy ?

Summary
Chapter 7

Examples

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6
Chapter 7 - Lecture 1
Objectives
- Entropy -
Today’s
Subjects
- 7.1: Entropy: Introduction & Definitions -
7.1-Introduction 7.1 Entropy – Definition
& Definitions

7.2-Entropy
 The 2nd law of thermodynamics often leads to expressions that involve inequalities:
Increase • For 2 HE operating between the same two thermal energy reservoirs: ηirrev < ηrev .
7.3-Entropy Change • Likewise: COPR,irrev < COPR,rev and COPHP,irrev < COPHP,rev .
of Pure Subs.
 Another important inequality that has major consequences in thermodynamics is:
7.4-Entropy
Processes • The Clausius inequality, first stated by German physicist R. J. E. Clausius (1822–1888).
7.5-Entropy
Property Diagrams
• Expressed as: where: T represents TBoundary.

7.6-What is  Clausius inequality is valid for all thermodynamic cycles, reversible or irreversible
Entropy ?
including the refrigeration cycles.
Summary
Fig. 7.1
Chapter 7
 Validity of Clausius inequality? Consider system of Fig. 7.1 :
Examples Energy balance: →  Q R  Wrev  W syst  dE rev  dE syst  0
Wrev  Wsyst   QR  dErev  dEsyst
Wcomb.   QR  dEcomb. (*)

 δ QR δ Q T
    QR  R δ Q (**)
Reversible →  TR T T
cycle dE
 comb.  0 (***) (Net change of property during a cycle is zero)
TR
(*) , (**) & (***) → δWcomb.  Q 
T
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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6
Chapter 7 - Lecture 1
Objectives
- Entropy -
Today’s
Subjects - 7.1: Entropy: Introduction & Definitions (Cont.1) -
7.1-Introduction
& Definitions
7.1 Entropy – definitions
7.2-Entropy is the cyclic integral of δWC , and it represents the net work for the combined cycle.
Increase 
7.3-Entropy Change • It appears that the combined system is exchanging heat with a single thermal energy reservoir
of Pure Subs. while involving (producing or consuming) work WC during a cycle.
• Kelvin–Planck-2nd law: ‘No system can produce a net amount of work while operating in a cycle
7.4-Entropy
Processes
and exchanging heat with a single thermal energy reservoir’
• Thus: - WC cannot be a work output → it cannot be a positive quantity,
7.5-Entropy
Property Diagrams
- TR being the thermodynamic Temp. (TR > 0) → (7.1)
7.6-What is
Entropy ?
 If no irreversibilities occur within the system as well as the reversible cyclic device,
Summary then the cycle is internally reversible. This leads to:
Chapter 7 (7.2)

Examples
 Now consider the volume occupied by a gas in a piston–cylinder device undergoing
a cycle (fig. 7.2). When the piston returns to its initial position at the end of a cycle,
the volume of the gas also returns to its initial value. Thus:
(7.3)

Fig. 7.2
 Clausius realized in 1865 that he had discovered a new thermodynamic The net change in volume
property, and named it entropy:
(7.4) (a property) during a
cycle is always zero.
Formal definition of Entropy

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6 Chapter 7 - Lecture 1
Objectives
- Entropy -
Today’s
Subjects
- 7.1: Entropy: Introduction & Definitions (Cont.2) -
7.1-Introduction
& Definitions
7.1 Entropy – definitions
 Entropy is an extensive property of a system.
7.2-Entropy
Increase
 The entropy change of a system during a process can be determined by integrating
7.3-Entropy Change Equation 7.4 between initial & final states: 2
of Pure Subs. δ Q
ΔS  S 2 - S1  1  T int rev (kJ/kg) (7.5)
7.4-Entropy
Processes
• Equation 7.5 actually defines the change in entropy instead of
7.5-Entropy
Property Diagrams entropy itself.

7.6-What is • Absolute values of entropy are determined on the basis of the third
Entropy ? law of thermodynamics that states that: “The entropy of a pure
Summary
crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero” since
Chapter 7 there is no uncertainty about the state of the molecules at that
instant.
Examples
• To perform the integration, one needs to know the relation between
Q & T during a process. This relation is often not available, and the
integral in Equation 7.5 can be performed for a few cases only. For
the majority of cases, one has to rely on tabulated data for entropy.
• Note that entropy is a property, and like all other properties, it has Fig. 7.3
The entropy change between
fixed values at fixed states. Therefore, the entropy change ΔS two specified states is the
between two specified states is the same no matter what path, same whether the process is
reversible or irreversible, is followed during a process (Fig. 7.3). reversible or irreversible.

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6
Chapter 7 - Lecture 1
Objectives
- Entropy -
Today’s
Subjects - 7.1: Entropy: Introduction & Definitions (Cont.3) -
7.1-Introduction
& Definitions  Entropy-Special Case: Internally reversible isothermal heat transfer processes
7.2-Entropy
Increase
 Isothermal heat transfer processes are internally reversible.

7.3-Entropy Change  Therefore, the entropy change during such a process can be determined by performing
of Pure Subs.
the integration of equation 7.5 :
7.4-Entropy
Processes

7.5-Entropy
Property Diagrams

7.6-What is
 Leading to:
Entropy ? (7.6) where: T0 : is the constant temperature of the system, and
Summary Q : the heat transfer for the internally reversible process.
Chapter 7

Examples • This equation is particularly useful for determining the entropy changes of thermal energy
reservoirs.
• Entropy change of a system during an internally reversible isothermal process can be
positive or negative, depending on the direction of heat transfer,
• Heat transfer to a system increases the entropy of a system, whereas heat transfer from a
system decreases it.
• In fact, losing heat is the only way the entropy of a system can be decreased.

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Summary
Remind Chap.6
Chapter 7 - Lecture 1
Objectives
- Entropy -
Today’s
Subjects - 7.1: Entropy-Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat transfer Processes -
7.1-Introduction  Example 7.1: Entropy change during an isothermal process
& Definitions
A piston–cylinder device contains a liquid–vapor mixture of water at 300K.
7.2-Entropy
Increase During a constant-pressure process, 750kJ of heat is transferred to the water
7.3-Entropy Change
As a result, part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporizes.
of Pure Subs. Determine the entropy change of the water during this process.
7.4-Entropy
Processes

7.5-Entropy
Property Diagrams

7.6-What is  Solution 7.1:

Entropy ?

Summary • No irreversibilities within the system chosen ( entire water : liquid + vapor ).
Chapter 7
• T = 300 K remains constant → isothermal process.
Examples
Q 750
ΔSsystem, isothermal    2.5 kJ/K
Tsystem 300
Note that the entropy change of the system is positive since the heat transfer is to the system.

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Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach