A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land through cells where each cell

includes a fixed location transceiver known as base station. These cells together provide radio coverage
over larger geographical areas. User equipment (UE), such as mobile phones, is therefore able to
communicate even if the equipment is moving through cells during transmission.

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that puts data from
different sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own
separate light wavelength. Using DWDM, up to 80 (and theoretically more) separate wavelengths or
channels of data can be multiplexed into a lightstream transmitted on a single optical fiber.

A core network is a telecommunication network's core part, which offers numerous services to the
customers who are interconnected by the access network. Its key function is to direct telephone calls
over the public-switched telephone network.

The core network delivers routes to exchange information among various sub-networks. When it comes
to enterprise networks that serve a single organization, the term backbone is often used instead of core
network, whereas when used with service providers the term core network is prominent.

Mesh networking is a type of network topology in which a device (node) transmits its own data as
well as serves as a relay for other nodes. Routers are used to provide the best and most efficient data
path for effective communication. In the event of a hardware failure, many routes are available to
continue the network communication process.

There are two types of mesh networking topologies:

 Total Mesh Topology: This kind of topology is in effect when every node in the network is
connected to all the other nodes with direct links. This provides greater redundancy, because if
any node fails, the network traffic can be directed using other nodes. Each node accesses the
working nodes in close proximity and finds the best route for efficient and reliable
communication.

 Partial Mesh Topology: This kind of topology is in effect when some nodes are connected with
all the other nodes using direct links, while some are just connected to one or two nodes only.
This is less expensive to implement compared to total mesh topology, but has less redundancy.

Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) is a mechanism used within computer network

infrastructures to speed up the time it takes a data packet to flow from one node to another. It enables
computer networks to be faster and easier to manage by using short path labels instead of long network
addresses for routing network packets.

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a telecommunications protocol

describing fixed and fully mobile Internet access services. The protocol conforms to certain parts of the
IEEE 802.16 Standard.
A PBX (private branch exchange) is a telephone system within an enterprise that switches calls
between enterprise users on local lines while allowing all users to share a certain number of external
phone lines. The main purpose of a PBX is to save the cost of requiring a line for each user to the
telephone company's central office

An IP PBX is a private branch exchange (telephone switching system within an enterprise)

that switches calls between VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol or IP) users on local lines while allowing
all users to share a certain number of external phone lines. The typical IP PBX can also switch calls
between a VoIP user and a traditional telephone user, or between two traditional telephone users in the
same way that a conventional PBX does. The abbreviation may appear in various texts as IP-PBX, IP/PBX,
or IPPBX.

Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is the process of transmitting and broadcasting television
programs through the Internet using Internet Protocol (IP). IPTV gives dynamic features to the user to
improve the user experience compared to a traditional television transmission such as radio frequency
broadcast, satellite broadcast and/or cable television. A broadband connection is used as the medium of
transmission for IPTV, which is very efficient compared to earlier transmission modes.

Network capacity planning is the process of planning a network for utilization, bandwidth, operations,
availability and other network capacity constraints.

It is a type of network or IT management process that assists network administrators in planning for
network infrastructure and operations in line with current and future operations.

Network capacity planning (upgrade) is generally done to identify shortcomings or

parameters that can affect the network’s performance or availability within a predictable future time,
usually in years. Typically, network capacity planning requires information about:

 Current network traffic volumes

 Network utilization

 Type of traffic

 Capacity of current infrastructure

This analysis helps network administrators understand the maximum capability of current resources and
the amount of new resources needed to cater to future requirements. In addition to technical network
infrastructure, network capacity planning may also include planning for human resources that will
manage and/or monitor the network.
Network major software upgrade
Have a rollback plan

I’m a DBA by trade, and that means I know you must always have a rollback plan. No matter where you
are in the process, you have to be able to revert back to an earlier state. I’ve lost many hours on
upgrade projects where, in the absence of a rollback plan, we kept pushing forward until we got things
to work in production.

2. Gather metrics

You need to gather metrics regarding application and database performance prior to the upgrade.
Another aspect often overlooked are application and database configuration settings, so make an effort
to collect those prior to the upgrade as well. You don’t want to get 95% done and find your stuff failing
because of some obscure missing DNA alias.

3. Look for new features

If you are making the effort to upgrade your systems, then take time to understand what new features
might be available for you to use. It may be the case that after the upgrade, you want to use a feature
that might require additional resources or hardware, so you will want to get those requests made
sooner rather than later.

4. Go to the latest version possible

Too many times I have watched companies upgrade software and systems in too small of an increment.
I always advocate for systems to be no more than one major version behind the platform they are using.
For example, with the June 1 Microsoft SQL Server 2016 release, I would advocate upgrading to SQL
Server 2014 at a minimum.

5. Decide the upgrade method

There are typically three options when it comes to software upgrades: You can upgrade in place,
upgrade side-by-side or migrate to new servers. Each has its own benefits and drawbacks. I prefer to
migrate to a new server as opposed to trying to reuse existing hardware.

6. Review configurations

Once the upgrade is complete, and before you hand the systems over to end users, take the time to
review your application and server configurations to make sure they match the previous settings. This is
where it pays to have a lot of these checks automated either with scripts or third-party tools.

7. Test workloads
Once end users start testing their applications, it's important for you to capture new performance
metrics and compare them to the performance baselines captured prior to the upgrade. You don’t want
to hear your end users complaining about the new system being slow without any data to know what is
happening.

As it turns out, this list works pretty well for bathroom projects, too. For example, our rollback plan was
the use of the second bathroom upstairs. Without that bathroom, I don’t know what we would have
done for three months except spend a lot of extra time at Starbucks.

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Upgrading network services

In computer networking, a network service is an application running at the network application layer
and above, that provides data storage, manipulation, presentation, communication or other capability
which is often implemented using a client-server or peer-to-peer architecture based on application layer
network protocols.

Each service is usually provided by a server component running on one or more computers (often a
dedicated server computer offering multiple services) and accessed via a network by client components
running on other devices. However, the client and server components can both be run on the same
machine.

Clients and servers will often have a user interface, and sometimes other hardware associated with it.

Upgrading network technologies

1) User complaints
2) New technology has been adopted
3) Business merges and expansion
4) Business is good , let’s spend money