 Society is derived from the Latin word ‘socius’, which means companionship or friendship.

 The Three Major Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

 Symbolic-Interaction Theory (Micro Level Analysis). Focuses on how individuals interact with
one another in society.
Max Weber
- Social action-a person intends to act in a way that others expect.
 Structural-functional Theory (Macro Level Analysis). Focuses on society as a set of interrelated
parts that work together to produce a stable social system.
Emile Durkheim
- He believes society is a system of interdependent units or parts. Each member plays an
important role in helping maintain the total system.
 Conflict Theory (Macro Level Analysis). The main assumption is that conflict in society arises
over competition for scarce resources which leads to social change.
Karl Marx
- Introduced the idea of class struggles, and believes conflict is the main source of social change.
 Aristotle believes “Man is social and political animal.” Know your society, and you will also
know things about yourself. Knowing that in the determination of who we are, it is impossible to
totally detached ourselves from the society. Society also allows man to be moral and practice
human virtue.
 Pre-industrial societies are characterized as having limited forms of production, with limited
division of labor and social stratification.
 Hunting and gathering societies. is the longest running type of society, which occupies 90% of
human history. The use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation is the feature of this
society.
 Horticulture and pastoral Societies – is characterized by the domestication of animals and
cultivation of plants respectively.
 Industrial society – in general has provided more and better opportunities. Developed
technologies that harnessed new forms of energy. Fields of specialization were developed.
 Post- Industrial Society – is characterized by its orientation towards knowledge and service.
Education and technology become very important in this society. Human relationships are now
mostly mediated by computers.
 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) is the redistribution of public and private
agricultural lands to farmers and farm-workers who are landless, irrespective of tenurial
arrangement.
 The legal basis for CARP is the Republic Act No. 6657, otherwise known as Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), signed by President Corazon C. Aquino on June 10, 1988.
 Karl Marx Stages of Society:
 1. Primitive Communism
 2. Ancient society/Slavery
 3. Feudalism- Peasants controls land and their labor.
4. Capitalism
5. Socialism/communism
 Ren/Jen is a principle of Awareness of others presence according to Confucius.
 Ren/Jen, is a principle of moral action. This means that the origin of our actions must always
be our fellowmen.
 Ren/Jen is a principle of moral justification. The righteousness or the wrongness of our action
is to be judged whether it hurts or it promotes other persons.
 Social names refer to the names that the human being has, as a member of the society, like
father, mother, brother, sister, teacher, student, leader, and follower.
 Death according to Religious definition : -as a transition-a shift from earthly life to the life
after(earthly) death.
 Death according to Existential-is a transition from “being to “non-being”.
 Martin Heidegger’s Perspective of Death: He says that the human being is a being-towards-
death.
 authentic being-towards-death is a being who knows that he/she will die and for that reason
he/she does not waste time. He/she is always on the go towards making his/her life productive.
 inauthentic being-towards-death knows also that he/she is going to die but he/she keeps on
saying that it is not yet now. Hence, he/she is always wasting time doing unproductive work.
 Heidegger’sstarting point is the man (Dasein-German term of man) as “being there.”