Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS,
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS,
ENERGY TRANSFER & GENERAL
ENERGY ANALYSIS
Zafifah Zamrud
Objectives
10
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Density Specific gravity: The ratio of
the density of a substance to
the density of some standard
substance at a specified
temperature (usually water at
Specific volume
4°C).
Density is mass
per unit volume;
specific volume
is volume per
unit mass.
11
STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
12
TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
13
PRESSURE
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a
fluid per unit area
15
Variation of Pressure with Depth
16
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
The Barometer
• Atmospheric pressure is measured by a
device called a barometer; thus, the
atmospheric pressure is often referred
to as the barometric pressure.
• A frequently used pressure unit is the
standard atmosphere, which is defined
as the pressure produced by a column
of mercury 760 mm in height at 0°C
(Hg = 13,595 kg/m3) under standard
gravitational acceleration (g = 9.807
m/s2).
17
The Manometer
It is commonly used to measure small and
moderate pressure differences of gases or
liquids. A manometer contains one or more
fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.
18
First Law of Thermodynamics, Energy
Transfer and Energy Analysis
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• The first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of energy
principle) provides a sound basis for studying the relationships
among the various forms of energy and energy interactions.
• The first law states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed during a process; it can only change forms.
22
Energy Balance
24
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
25
Energy Transfer for Open Systems
PRESSURE
ENERGY TRANSFER
VARIATION OF PRESSURE
WITH DEPTH
WEIGHT
ENERGY BALANCE
W weight
FORCE ENERGY BALANCE
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration