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INTRODUCTION
confined to the determination of the time
The determination of the parameters of constants and operational inductances of
synchronous machines has naturally been of synchronous machines. Five different types of
interest to both machine designers and plant input s i g n a l a r e available for the
operators since their introduction as the identification of system parameters:
s t a n d a r d m e a n s f o r g e n e r a t i o n and
distribution of electric power. The ultimate (f! Steps
desire would be the prediction of the machine (11) Ramps
parameters from design information together (iii) Impulses
with the confirmation of the parameters from Pseudo Random Noise
machine tests. Kilgore (1) and Wright ( 2 ) and (iv)
(v) Sinusoids
laid the foundations for such work over fifty
years ago but in that time the techniques For second order systems the step response is
available for the calculation of the very widely used in the investigation of
parameters have changed radically and the system stability and, whilst the parameters
means of testing have also undergone a re- of the system are not identified immediately,
appraisal. they can be obtained from further analysis of
the time response. This form of test has the
The use of finite element techniques to advantage that the step change in the input
determine the flux distribution in the signal is very easily obtained, usually by
machine is now commonplace and is the some form of switching function. When the
a c c e p t e d m e a n s for s u c h a n a l y s i s , complexity of the system is greater than
outstripping the limitations of previous second order the parameters cannot be
methods conceived before the availability of obtained immediately from the step response
almost unlimited computing power. and, except for information on stability
margins, the test is less valuable.
The use of frequency response tests to
confirm the design predictions is now Using a ramp input also enables the plant
becoming accepted as an alternative to parameters to be defined for simple systems,
sudden short circuit tests but there are some the need to generate extremely accurate
problems in the extraction of the machine ramps, however, and the limitations of the
parameters from the test results and it is results obtained make this form of test less
this topic which is the substance of this practical than step responses.
paper.
The response to an impulse is perhaps the
The reactances and time constants obtained ideal form of testing since it reveals the
from the time-honoured sudden short circuit transfer function of the system immediately.
tests have been the foundation of the model Again, for low order systems, or when the
of the synchronous machine for transient order of the system is known, the extraction
studies and the results from these tests were of the parameters from the measured response
used exclusively for the specification of is possible but for high order systems it is
machine performance and the analysis of, in once again difficult to extract the
particular, the dynamic response. parameters. Additionally, the generation of a
sufficiently good approximation to an ideal
Initial tests carried out to compare the impulse at the power levels required is
theoretical predictions with the actual difficult in practice.
responses of machines produced less than
favourable results. Busemann and Casson ( 3 ) The use of digital signals offers greater
reported on tests carried out at Cliff Quays possibilities of success than impulses.
power station in 1958 and Shackshaft and Either binary or ternary noise signals can be
Neilson ( 4 ) on the more significant tests at used to excite the system, cross correlation
Northfleet in 1972. As a result of these techniques then providing the means for the
tests Shackshaft proposed a new approach to determination of the impulse response and
the determination of machine parameters with extraction of the system parameters. When
a series of flux decay tests. pure white noise signals are used, the cross-
correlation of the input and output gives the
These were all examples of step response impulse response of the system. Very often
tests and as such represent only one of the pseudo random M sequences are used (pink
several types of test which can be carried noise) as an approximation to white noise and
out to identify systems. These will be successful results can still be obtained,
briefly described in the next section. Lang et. al. (5)
TEST METHODS AVAILABLE Stimulating the system with sinusoids to
determine the frequency response of the
Whilst the following methods apply to any plant follows well established concepts which
controlled system, their application will be form the kernel of linear control theory, the
measurements of gain and phase containing all
188
=,i l_l
Compendium of the EPRI Workshop on University.
Modelling for Stability Calculations.
4d
'kdl 'kd2
7 - - I--
I 1
log w
1/Td: l/ld' l/Td: 1/Td'
Flgure 1 E q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t s f o r the d i r e c t a x i s
Figure 2 Frequency response f o r the d i r e c t a x i s
Phase Xd
(degrees)