Biol 2420 Lecture 30

Cystic Fibrosis - when the CFTR is messed up (chloride channel)

reduced water secretion

greasy stool (less fat absorption)

many die young because of lung infections

Paneth Cells - antimicrobial molecules

cryptidins

defensins

Goblet Cells - mucus

Secretions mostly controlled by the local distention of bowel

secrete when food is present

can be increased by secretagogues - usually in response for infections

cholera toxin, prostaglandins, increase cAMP and Ca

Large Intestine

no villi, but still have crypts of lieberkuehn

LOADS of goblet cells - chyme to feces

1000mL a day of fluid

convert chyme to feces makes it all adhere together

colonic secretion by tactile stimulation and local irritation

parasympathetic increases the production

some emotional stresses can lead to exessive secretion- mucoid diarrhea

GI HORMONES

Gastrin - G-Cells in Stomach

Increased by: Distension, Peptides and AAs, Neuronal Stimulus

Decreased by: H+

Actions: Acid Secretion and Motility in the Stomach

Histamine - Enterochromaffinlike cells in Stomach

Increased by: Peptides and AAs, (via Gastrin)

Actions: Acid Secretion in Stomach

Somatostatin - D-Cells in Stomach

Increased by: H+

Actions: Inhibit Motility and Acid Secretion (opposite of Gastrin)

Secretin - S-Cells in Duodenum

Increased by: H+

Actions: Inhibit Motility and Acid Secretion in Stomach

HCO3 secretion in Pancreas

Bile production in Bile Duct

Motilin - M-Cells in Small Intestine

Increased by: Neuronal Stimulus

Actions: Motility and Emptying in stomach

Motility in Intestine

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide - Duodenum/Jejenum

Increased by: Peptides and AAs, Glucose, Fatty Acids

Actions: Release of Insulin in Pancreas

Inhibits Acid Secretion, Motility, Stomach Emptying in Stomach

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 - Intestine

 Increased by: Glucose and FAs

Actions: Inhibit Stomach stuff

Increase release of Insulin in pancreas and satiety in brain

CCK - in Duodenum

Increased by Polypeptides and AAs, and FAs

Actions: Inhibit Stomach emptying

Increase Enzyme secretion in Pancreas, Gallbladder emptying, Intestinal motility, and

satiety in brain

Digestion - the breakdown of things into smaller units

mechanical and chemical

Absorption and Transport - the movement from the lumen into circulation

mostly in the Small intestine

some in the stomach (e.g ethanol and aspirin)

Enzymatic Digestion

Salivary Glands

Gastric Pits

Exocrine Pancreas

Bile salts also involved

Enzymes on brush border of intestine (enteropeptidases)

Small Intestine has villi and microvilli - surface area of a double tennis court
Carbohydrates - 50% of the human diet

Polysaccharides - starch, glycogen, cellulose

Disaccharides

Sucrose - glu and fru

Lactose - glu and galac

Maltose - glu and glu

Monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galactose

Carbohydrate Digestion

Oral Cavity - Salivary Amylase - only 5%

Stomach - 30% denatured by pH

Duodenum - Pancreatic Amylase - completely hydrolyzed in 30 minutes

Isomaltase, Sucrase and Lactase

Carbohydrate Absorption

SGLT1 - takes glucose OR galactose with sodium

Fructose goes in by facilitated diffusion through GLUT5

All go through basolateral through GLUT2

All converted to GLUCOSE and stored as Glycogen

extras go to liver and are converted to lipids

Glucose does not diffuse because it would only diffuse during a meal. When not eating we would lose it

blood fructose is like nothing (it is converted right?) so diffusion works fine