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BIol 2420 Lecture 34

Phagocytosis by neutrophils - they eat the bacteria

edema happens a little bit - causes swelling

puts pressure on nerve endings - pain

also respiration burst

Neutrophil Elimination

we don't want them to die exploding and releasing their contents

Macrophages

phagocytosis of neutrophils

then tissue healing can start

note this is a local response - only at the site of infection

Pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs

by streptococcus pneumoniae

potentially fatal

Lung inflammation

the normal response

neutrophil infiltration

causes loss of function - difficulty breathing

also tissue damage

then the neutrophils die by necrosis releasing all their enzymes and ROS

(bad)

Azithromycin - a penecillin derivative

antibiotic

induces cell death in the neutrophils but gives them enough time to do their job before
they die by APOPTOSIS (good way to die)
Acquired Immunity

the second line of defence

start with naive cells, they get educated

with experience the cells get better at their job

Macrophages tie in both immunities

here they are highly specific - different strains = different response

T lymphocytes (T-Cells) mature in Thymus - they are educated, but no practicum

Resistance is improved with memory

Pathogens, Antigens and Epitopes

Pathogens - infectious agents that cause disease

Antigens - induce immune responses, a component

Epitopes - little segments of antigens - the ones that interact with immune products

Lymphocytes - adaptive immunity

T Lymphocytes - born in BM, mature in Thymus

T-Helper Cells (TH1, TH2 etc) - the boss cells - they tell other cells what to do

T-Cytotoxic Cells - like NK cells, but are specific to certain strains

B Lymphocytes - born in BM stay in BM

B-Cells differentiate into Plasma Cells

generate antibodies, look different, have HUGE RER

Acquired Immunity Specificity

there are BILLIONS of potential antigens

we have to recognize them individually

T-Cells are taught a specific epitope - they may never even see it!
TCRs are unique for EVERY ANTIGEN

but there are only a certain amount of genes!

we have gene segment rearrangement

TCRs are in 3-4 segments - there are 2 sides

up to 109 different "alleles"

and we can have random changes

so there are 3 million possible receptors

but they can also mutate! and not be fixed again

What does a T-cell recognize?

Antigen Presentation - on an MHC

these are found on macrophages or dendritic cells

MHC is why Organ transplants and BM transplants fail

you kill organs, BM kills you because the MHCs don't always match up 100%

MHC Class I - on nearly every nucleated cell

T-C cells respond to this

MHC Class II - antigen presenting cells

macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

T-H Cells respond to this

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