CHAPTER 7 GUIDED NOTES Membrane Structure and Function AP BIOLOGY

Concept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins

 Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane

 Phospholipids are _______________ molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
 A phospholipid bilayer can exist as a stable boundary between two aqueous compartments
 The fluid mosaic model states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various
proteins embedded in it
 Proteins are not randomly distributed in the membrane

Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can ______________ within the bilayer

Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally
Rarely, a lipid may flip-flop transversely across
the membrane
As temperatures __________________l, membranes switch from a ________state to a __________ state
The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of lipids
Membranes rich in ___________________ fatty acids are more fluid than those rich in ________________ fatty
acids( see p 73)

Membranes must be _________ to work properly; they are usually about as fluid as salad oil
 The steroid cholesterol has different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures
 At _______________ temperatures (such as 37°C), cholesterol ________________ movement of phospholipids
 At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing
PROTEINS DETERMINE MOST OF THE MEMBRANE’S SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
 ___________________________ proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane
 ___________________________ proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core
 Integral proteins that span the membrane are called ____________________________ proteins
 The hydrophobic regions of an integral protein consist of one or more stretches of nonpolar
amino acids, often coiled into alpha helices
SIX MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell Recognition

 Cells recognize each other by binding to molecules, often containing ___________________________, on the
extracellular surface of the plasma membrane
 Membrane carbohydrates may be covalently bonded to lipids (forming glycolipids) or more commonly to
proteins (forming glycoproteins)
 Carbohydrates on the external side of the plasma membrane
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Concept 7.2: Membrane structure results in selective permeability
 _________________________ (nonpolar) molecules, such as hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and
pass through the membrane rapidly
 __________________________ molecules including ions and polar molecules do not cross the membrane easily
 __________________________ proteins allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane
 Some transport proteins, called channel proteins, have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can
use as a tunnel
 Channel proteins called ________________________ facilitate the passage of water(passive transport)
 Other transport proteins, called carrier proteins, bind to molecules &change shape to shuttle them across the
membrane
 A transport protein is _________________ for the substance it moves
 Substances diffuse down their ________________ ___________________, the region along which the density
of a chemical substance increases or decreases
 ______ _________________ must be done to move substances down the concentration gradient
 Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space
 The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane is passive transport because no energy is expended
by the cell to make it happen
  Osmosis is the diffusion of water across
a selectively permeable membrane
 Water diffuses across a membrane from
the region of lower solute concentration
to the region of higher solute
concentration until the solute
concentration is equal on both sides
Water Balance of Cells Without Cell Walls
 Tonicity is the ability of a surrounding
solution to cause a cell to gain or lose
water
 Isotonic solution: Solute concentration
is the same as that inside the cell; no net
water movement across the plasma
membrane
 Hypertonic solution: Solute
concentration is greater than that inside
the cell; cell loses water
 Hypotonic solution: Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water
 Osmoregulation, the control of solute concentrations and water balance, is a necessary adaptation for life in
such environments
CELL WALLS HELP MAINTAIN WATER BALANCE
 IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION a plant cell swells until the wall opposes uptake; the cell is now turgid
 IN A ISOTONIC no net movement of water into the cell;the cell becomes flaccid
 IN A HYPERTONIC ENVIRONMENT, plant cells lose water :The membrane pulls away from the cell wall causing the
plant to wilt, a usually lethal effect called plasmolysis
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins
 In _________________ ____________, transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across
the plasma membrane
TRANSPORT PROTEINS INCLUDE CHANNEL PROTEINS AND CARRIER PROTEINS
 Channel proteins provide corridors that
allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the
membrane
 _________________s facilitate the
diffusion of water
 Ion channels facilitate the diffusion of
ions
Some ion channels, called gated channels, open
or close in response to a stimulus
Concept 7.4: Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
 Facilitated diffusion is still passive because the solute moves down its concentration gradient, and the transport
requires no energy
 Some transport proteins, however, can move solutes against their concentration gradients
 Active transport moves substances ___________________ their concentration gradients
 Active transport requires energy, usually in the form of __________________
 Active transport is performed by specific proteins embedded in the membranes
 Active transport allows cells to maintain concentration gradients that differ from their surroundings
 The ________________ - _________________ ____________ is one type of active transport system

How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential

 Membrane potential is the ____________________ difference across a membrane
 Voltage is created by differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions across a membrane
Two combined forces, collectively called the electrochemical gradient, drive ions across a membrane
 A chemical force (the ion’s concentration gradient)
 An electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential on the ion’s movement)
An electrogenic pump is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
 The sodium-potassium pump is the major electrogenic pump of animal cells
 The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria is a proton pump
 Electrogenic pumps help store energy that can be used for cellular work
Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein
 ____________________ occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances
Concept 7.5: Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
 Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell through the lipid bilayer or via transport proteins
 Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, cross the membrane in bulk via __________________
 Bulk transport requires ________________ATP
 In __________________________ a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole
 The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle
 In _________________________, molecules dissolved in droplets are taken up when extracellular fluid is
“gulped” into tiny vesicles
 In receptor-mediated________________________, binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation
 A______________________ is any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule