A.

KONJUNCTIONS
1. Description
In Grammar, a Conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words,
sentences, phrases or clauses together. This definition may overlap with that of other
parts of speech, so what constitutes a ”conjunction” should be defined for each
language. In general, a Conjunction is in invariable grammatical particle, and it may
or may not stand between the items it conjoins.
The definition can be also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a
unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided by
that, etc). This use of conjunction is called parallel structure. However, modern
usage in both Spanish and English is accepting of allowing conjunctions to be used at
the beginning of a sentence to join it with a previous sentence.
2. The Types of Conjunction
a. Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating Conjunction also called coordinators, are conjunctions that
join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as word, main clauses,
or sentences. In English mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember
the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so. The word coordinate (verb)
means “of the same order or important; equal in rank.” So, coordinating
conjunctions often link similar grammaticalparts of a sentence together (i.e. parts
of speech + parts of speech ; phrase + phrase ; clause + clause).
Here are the meanings and some examples of Coordinators Conjunction :
 And : presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea
ex : Zulkifli and Akbar are watching TV at my home
 But : presents a contrast or exception
ex : Rani is pretty but lazzy
 Or : presents an alternate item or idea
ex : Zulkifli wants to watch TV or listen to some music
 Nor : presents a non-contrasting negative idea
ex : Neither my brother nor my parents are here
 For : presents a reason
ex : I was studying English for TOEFL examination tommorow
 Yet : presents a contrast or exception
ex : they were not study, yet they passed the exam.
 So : presents a consequence
ex : I was tired, so I went to bed

As you can see the above examples coordinating conjunction come between
the individual words, phrases, and independent clauses they are joining.
 b. Subordinating Conjunction
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that
introduce a dependent clause. Subordinating conjunctions join an independent
clause (contains both subject, and a verb and can act as a complete sentence) and
a dependent clause (also contains a subject, and a verb, but is not a complete
sentence). Basically, dependent clause cannot exist on their own; they need to
joined to an independent clause. Subordinating conjunctions do just that. The
word subordinate (Adjective) means something of lesser of unequal value, which
also gives you a clue about is position in a sentence in relation to an independent
clause. Subordinating conjunctions always come at the beginning of a dependent
clause. It’s important to note, however, that dependent clauses can sometimes
(not always) come before an independent clause.
The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language
include the following and the examples :

 after : After she graduates, she will get a job.

 although : Although it was very hot, they went running.
 as : As I was walking home, it began to rain.
 because : Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
 before : I will leave before she comes.
 as long as : I will never speak to her again as long as I live.
 if : If it rains, the streets get wet.
 once : Once it stops raining, we will leave.
 since : I have not seen her since she left this morning.
 as soon as : As soon as its stops raining, we will leave.
 now that : Now that the semester is finished, I am going to rest a
few days.
 even though : Even though I was not tired, I went to bed.
 that : That she arrived , we had already left.
 until : We stayed there until we finished our work.
 till : We stayed there till we finished our work.
 when : When I arrived, she was talking on the phone.
 whenever : Whenever I see her, I say hello.
 The first time : The first time I went to Jakarta, I went to University of
Indonesia
 while : While I was walking home, it began to rain.

While coordinating conjunctions join parts of sentence that are similar,

subordinating conjunctions often shows a contrasting or unequal relationship.

c. Correlative Conjunction

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to

coordinate two items. The word correlative (adjective) means a similar relationship
of some kind. Thus correlative conjunctions join similar concepts in a sentence
 together. Similar to coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions joins similar
grammatical parts of a sentence (parts of speech + parts of speech; phrase + phrase;
clause + clause).

Here are the meanings and some examples of Correlative Conjunction :

 both / and : Both my mother and my brother are here.

 not only / but also : Not only my mother but also my brother is here.

 either / or : I will take either chemistry or phyics next semester.

 neither / nor : Neither my brother nor my parents are here.

 whether / or : I’m going to go swimming tomorrow whether or not it is cold.

3. The Exercises of Conjunction

The following seven questions are sample conjunction exercises. The answers are
below:

1. I like chicken ____ not fish.

A. And B. Since C. But D. For E. Or

2. ____ it rains on Sunday, I will not be able to drive.

A. And B. Where C. Either D. If E. How

3. I like both dogs ______ cats.

A. Also B. But C. And D. If E. Until

4. The items are on sale in the local store _____ not online.

A. But B. And C. Though D. Or E. Nor

5. Neither my mother _____ my father will be able to attend the party on Sunday.

A. Or B. But not C. And D. Nor E. But also

6. Carrie didn’t know whether her bike would be fixed _____ if she would have to
walk.

A. But B. And C. Nor D. Or E. Either (D) Carrie didn’t know whether her bike
would be fixed or if she would have to walk. The situation described here is
 one in which one thing or the other will happen. The coordinating conjunction
or must be used.

7. Luke was late to the party ______ his car broke down on the highway.

A. If B. Because C. While D. Although E. Where

B. REDUNDANCY
1. Defription

Redundancy means redundancy or waste. A sentence is said to be redundant if

there is an additional word or group of words that are not necessary in the sentence
and without the word is the same.

2. Examples redundancy :

Advance forward (maju ke depan)

Return back (mengembalikan kembali)

Sufficient enough (cukup)

Compete together (bersaing bersama)

Join together (bergabung bersama)

Repeat again (mengulangi lagi)

New innovations (inovasi baru)

The time when (waktu ketika)

The place where (tempat di mana)

3. Examples of sentences :

a. The motorcycle advanced forward slowly in the rain.

b. You have to return back the car before Friday.
c. She did not have sufficient enough time to finish her homework.
d. We have to compete together very tightly in this game.
e. I want you to join together our tour next month.
f. Now, repeat again what he has said.
g. Students should have new innovation in learning.
h. I do not know the time when she left the party
BIBLIOGRAPHY